Different Concentration Measures and Standard States

Mole Fraction Molarity

P*B
PA*
P*B
PB
Pi PA = xA PA*
PB = cB kpc,B
kH,B PB = xB kH,B kpc,B •

pure B pure A
0 1 1M
xA → cB (M)

µ A = µ A* + RT ln xA solvent ideal
µ B = xµ B† + RT ln xB solute ideal dilute µ B = cµ°B + RT ln cB/c°
µ A = µ A* + RT ln aA solvent real
µ B = xµ B† + RT ln aB solute real µ B = cµ°B + RT ln caB
µ B = xµ B† + RT ln aB a B = x γB x B
µ B = cµ°B + RT ln caB c
aB = cγB cB/c°
µ B = mµ°B + RT ln maB m
aB = mγB mB/m°
x
γ ≅ cγ ≅ mγ solutions more dilute than 0.1 M

Changing Concentration Measures: ∆rG° = – RT ln Ka

N2O4 →
← 2 NO2
2
xNO2
Kx = = 8.70x10-11 ∆rG° = – RT ln Kx = 57.4 kJ mol-1
xN2O4

xi ci (mol L-1) mi (mol kg-1)

NO2 1.47x10-6 1.85x10-3 1.85x10-3
N2O4 2.48x10-2 0.324 0.335

(cNO2/c°)2 (mNO2/m°)2
Kc = = 1.09x10-5 Km = = 1.06x10-5
cN2O4/c° mN2O4/m°
∆rG° = – RT ln Kc = 28.4 kJ mol-1 ∆rG° = – RT ln Km = 28.5 kJ mol-1

Colby College