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Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction for plants, and is also

called vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication, orvegetative cloning. It is a process


by which new plant "individuals" arise or are obtained without production of seeds or spores. It is
both a natural process in many plant species (as well as non-plant organisms such as bacteria
and fungi) and one used or encouraged by horticulturists to obtain quantities of economically
valuable plants. A related technique used in cultivation is tissue culture, which involves vegetative
reproduction under sterile conditions.

Natural vegetative structures


The rhizome is a modified underground stem serving as an organ of vegetative reproduction, e.
g. Polypody, Iris, Couch Grass and Nettles.

Prostrate aerial stems, called runners or stolons are important vegetative reproduction organs in
some species, such as the strawberry, numerous grasses, and some ferns.

Adventitious buds form on roots near the ground surface, on damaged stems (as on the stumps
of cut trees), or on old roots. These develop into above-ground stems and leaves.

A form of budding called suckering is the reproduction or regeneration of a plant by shoots that
arise from an existing root system. Species that characteristically produce suckers
include Elm (Ulmus), Dandelion (Taraxacum), and members of the Rose Family (Rosa).

Another type of a vegetative reproduction is the production of bulbs. Plants like onion (Allium
cepa), hyacinth (Hyacinth), narcissus (Narcissus) and tulips (Tulipa) reproduce by forming bulbs.

Other plants like potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) and dahlia (Dahlia) reproduce by a method
similar to bulbs: they produce tubers.

Gladioli and crocuses (Crocus) reproduce by forming a bulb-like structure called a corm.

Apple
Avocado
Banana
Cacao
Canna
Cannabis
Citrus (lemon, orange, grapefruit)
Date
Fig
Grapes
Manioc (cassava)
Nut crops (walnut, pecan)
Pineapple
Pear
Poplar
Potato
Strawberry
Sugar cane
Tea
Vanilla
Willow

Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear
stress or extensional stress. In everyday terms (and for fluids only), viscosity is "thickness."

An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton (external skeleton), a segmented


body, and jointed appendages. Arthropods are members of
the PhylumArthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, "joint", and ποδός podos "foot", which
together mean "jointed feet"), and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others.
Arthropods are characterized by their jointed limbs and cuticles, which are mainly made of α-
chitin; the cuticles of crustaceans are also biomineralized withcalcium carbonate. The rigid cuticle
inhibits growth, so arthropods replace it periodically by molting.

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