Foundation Engineering
Chapter 9
by
Prof. Adel Ahmed Dif
Structural Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
El-Mansoura University
Chapter (9)
By
Adel Dif
Soft to
Firm Clay
Dense Sand
Strong Rock
9.1 Introduction
9.1 Introduction
Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of piles together to
support and transmit column loads to the piles.
Pile Cap
Initial Layout:
Final Layout:
Stability
All piles or pile groups should be stable. For normal-sized
piling, stability will be provided by pile groups consisting of
at least three piles supporting an isolated column.
Wall or strip footings not laterally supported should be
carried by a staggered row of piles.
Two-pile groups are stable if adequately braced in a
direction perpendicular to the line through the pile centers.
Individual piles are stable if the pile tops are laterally braced
in two directions by construction, such as a structural floor
slab, grade beams, struts, or walls.
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S=3D
1D
1D
1D
3D 3D
3D
3D
1D 1D
1D
1D
3D 1D 3D 1D
1D 1D
1D
1D
1D 3D 3D 3D 1D
1D
1D
3D
1D
3D
3 2D
3D 3D
1D
1D
1D 3 2D 3 2D 1D
1D 3D 3D 1D 3 2D 1 D
1D
1D
3D
3 3D
3D
1D 1D
1D 3D 3D 1D 3D 3D
9 PILES 10 PILES
1D 3D 3D 3D 1D
1D
1D
3D
3 3D
3D
1D 1D
3D 3D 1D 3D 3D 3D 1D
11 PILES 12 PILES
١٠
10 - 15 cm
1D
3D
3D
D
1D
3D 3D
1D 1D
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١٢
١٣
١٤
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Eccentricity of load
( Single )
Eccentricity of load
( Double)
١٦
Fz M y M x
Pi = + nx i 2 + n y i 2
n ∑ yi My
∑ xi
i =1 i =1
Fz Pi
Mx X
Y xi yi
N M x . y M y .x
σ = Fp A = ± ±
nA Ix Iy
N M x . y M y .x
σ = Fp A = ± ±
nA Σy2 . A Σx2 . A x ,y اﻟﻌﺰوم ﺣﻮل اﻟﻤﺤﻮرﯾﻦMx , My ﺣﯿﺚ
Q Mx. y My. x
اﻟﻰ أى ﺧﺎزوق ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔx واﻟﻤﺤﻮرy اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻮرx , y
± ±
nA Σy 2 . A Σx 2 . A
: ∑ ﻋﺰوم اﻟﻘﺼﻮر ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﺔx2 , ∑ y2
Ix = Io + A . y2
ﻧﺠﺪ أن، ( ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺨﺎزوق ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔA) )ﺣﯿﺚA وﺣﺬف اﻟﺤﺪ، ﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﮫIo ﺑﺈھﻤﺎل
: ﺣﻤﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺎزوق اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﺰوم اﻟﻤﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ھﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ
N Mx . y My .x
Fp = ± ±
∑y ∑x
2 2
n
∑x2 = sum of the square of the distance x of each pile from the centroid in the x direction.
∑y2 = sum of the square of the distance y of each pile from the centroid in the y direction.
١٧
H pile = H i = F x / N
Fx
Hi
Example : Design a pile cap with the given data: Load P col = 2000
KN (including pile cap weight) , MZ = 300 KN-m, Spacing S = 90 cm.
No. of Pile = 9, Column Dimension = 500mm x 500mm. Ultimate Load
Factor = 1.5.
Pile reaction:
P1,2,3 = 1.5x 2000 + 1.5x 300 x 0.9 = 416.67 KN
9 6 x (0.9x0.9)
١٨
Graphical Method
Installation error:
Until now we have been calculating theoretical force distribution on
piles. However during installation of piles slight changes in position do
occur and piles may miss their designed locations.
So the designer must compare theoretical and the actual load
distribution as a result of misalignment after pile installation.
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٢٠
٢١
٢٢
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Batter piles
When batter piles are used together with vertical piles, the
design of the foundation structure should consider that the
batter piles will accept a portion of the vertical load. The
inclination and position of the batter piling should be
selected so that when a lateral load is applied, the resultant
of the lateral and vertical loadings is axial, and the effects of
bending moments are kept to a minimum. Bending stresses
due to the weight of the pile itself, such as those that occur
for a long freestanding portion of a batter pile in marine
structures, should be taken into consideration.
٢٤
• If the pile group is analyzed with a flexible base, then the forces
required to design the base are obtained directly from the structure
model.
• If the pile group is analyzed with a rigid base, then a separate
analysis is needed to determine the stresses in the pile cap.
• An appropriate finite element model (frame, plate and plane stress
or plane strain) should be used and should include all external loads
(water, concrete, soil, etc. ) and pile reactions.
Pile Caps
• Driven piles are almost inevitably placed in groups
• Drilled shafts can be placed this way, but usually are not
• The reinforced concrete element that connects the column with its
multiple deep foundations is called a cap or a pile cap
• Design process is similar for spread footings
• Requirements for Pile Caps
Same as spread footings with the following additions
• Design must satisfy the punching shear in the vicinity of the
individual piles or shafts.
• The effective depth d must be at least 30 cm (12"). This implies
a minimum thickness T of 40 cm (18").
• The bearing force between the individual piles or shafts and the
caps must not exceed the capacity of either element.
٢٥
٢٦
•STEP 1: The size of the pile cap depends on pile spacing and
soil type.
•STEP 2: Assume a pile type. In most cases, concrete auger
cast piles are the cheapest and should be considered for
feasibility. Closed-end pipe piles are cheaper than any other
driven pile. If there are obstructions (such as boulders or
debris), then H-piles should be considered. Depending on site
conditions, precast concrete piles, timber piles, or composite
piles may be the most suitable pile type for the application.
٢٧
٢٨
٢٩
1- Circulage Method
2- Beam Method
3- FEM methods
٣٠
Force Diagram
S’
٣١
Pcol .S '
As =
Fs .n.d ' (2 cos( β ))
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٣٢
strut-and-tie model
The strut-and-tie model should be considered for the design
of deep footings and pile caps or other situations in which
the distance between the centres of applied load and the
supporting reactions is less than about twice the member
thickness.
Basic Principle
٣٣
٣٤
A- Required Data:
٣٥
B- Design Steps:
Pcol
n= * (1.1 − 1.2)
Qall
Notes:
§ In case of (N) only multiply by 1.1
§ In case of (M+N) multiply by 1.2
§ Number of piles used is rounded to the upper integer
٣٦
l d/2
P ton
b
b d/2
b+d
Pcol
τ punch = ≤ 8kg / cm2
d * 2 * (b + d + l + d )
٣٧
Qshea r
τ sh = ≤ 8kg / cm2
0.87bd
٣٨
٣٩
1) Entire reaction from any pile with its center located dpile /2 or
more outside the section shall be considered as producing shear
on that section.
2) Reaction from any pile with its center located dpile /2 or more
inside the section shall be considered as producing no shear on
that section.
3) For intermediate positions of pile center, the portion of the pile
reaction to be considered as producing shear on the section shall
be based on straight-line interpolation between full value at dpile
/2 outside the section and zero value at dpile /2 inside the section.
٤٠
Qshear @ M
τ bond = ≤ 10kg / cm2
0.87 d ∑ O
٤١
٤٢
٤٣
40 cm d=82 cm
2(63) ton
Bending moment:
40 cm 40 cm
2(63) ton
٤٤
10 -15
cm
٤٥
٤٧
In the design of the head details of H-piles, there are three typical cases
to be considered, namely compression piles, tension piles and piles with
bending moment at the head in addition to tension or compression. The
design of these piles recommended by G. M. Cornfield (1968) is listed
below:
i) Compression piles
For this type of piles, H-piles should be
embedded 150mm in concrete pile caps
and it is not necessary to use any dowels
and capping plates in their connection.
(ii) Tension piles
A number of hook-ended bars are
welded to the top of H-piles.
(iii) Piles with bending moment at their head
(tension or compression)
The depth of embedment of piles into
pile caps is substantially increased and
loads are transferred by horizontal bars
welded to piles’ flanges.
٤٨
٥٢
٥٣
Grade Beams
٥٤
Tie beams
Grade beams
٥٥
٥٦
As-Built Plans
Pile locations
٥٧
m
n
L1 L2
٥٨
b
P2
L
P1 P2 pu
Section A-A
Transverse reinforcement
h
pu
Vu
Mu
Transverse Reinforcement
c d/2
c+d
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٦٠
Design Principles
A piled raft takes into account the contribution of both the
piles and the cap acting as a raft footing in carrying the
imposed load. Poulos (2001) summaries the different design
philosophies for piled raft foundations :
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٦٢
For a piled raft where the raft bears on a competent stratum, the approach of
combining the separate stiffness of the raft and the pile group using the
elastic continuum method is based on the use of average interaction factor,
αcp, between the pile and the piled raft (or cap).
support--cost components
support components::
Pile•
Conventional
Profile (as a function of depth)
Cap•
Column (matching allowable pile loads to structure column •
loads)
System•
٦٣
Pile Cost
Pile Support Cost = _________________
Allowable Pile Load
In general, higher allowable pile loads result in lower pile support costs:
costs:
Spread pile length invested to penetrate through poor soils over more •
capacity
In competent soils, capacity generally increases faster with depth than •
does cost
٦٤
Cap Cost
Cap Support Cost = _________________
Design Column Load
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THANK YOU
Pile Foundations
by
Prof. Adel Ahmed Dif
Structural Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering, El-Mansoura University
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