Hypothetical Case Study-2015

Applied Groundwater Modelling Case study
Applied Groundwater Modelling

Hypothetical Case Study
East well field
West well field
Instruction for participants

2014
1
Table of contents
1. Case Description ................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Background information .............................................................................................. 3
1.2 Objectives of the hypothetical case ............................................................................. 8
2. Construction of a Steady Natural Model ............................................................................ 9
2.1 Objectives of the modelling ......................................................................................... 9
2.2 Model set-up ................................................................................................................ 9
2.3 Model parameters ........................................................................................................ 9
2.4 Flow processes ............................................................................................................. 9
2.5 Model run .................................................................................................................... 9
2.6 Analysis of results ..................................................................................................... 10
3. Construction of a Steady Development Model ................................................................. 11
3.1 Objectives of the modelling ....................................................................................... 11
3.2 Construction of the steady development model ........................................................ 11
4. Construction of a Transient Natural Model ...................................................................... 12
4.2 Construction of the transient model........................................................................... 12
5. Construction of a Transient Development Model ............................................................. 14
5.2 Construction of the transient development model ..................................................... 14
6. Construction of a Contaminant Transport Model ............................................................. 15
6.2 Construction of the transport model .......................................................................... 15
7. Design of Remediation Measures ..................................................................................... 16
7.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 16
7.2 Construction of the remediation model ..................................................................... 16
8. Simulation of Seawater Intrusion...................................................................................... 17
8.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 17
8.2 Construction of the present seawater intrusion model............................................... 17
8.3 Construction of the seawater intrusion model for Scenario 1 ................................... 18
8.5 Summary and conclusions ......................................................................................... 19
9. Report of the Case Study.................................................................................................... 20
2
1. Case Description
1.1 Background information
Topography
A hypothetical case, named as “Color Coastal Plain”, was created as a case study for groundwater
modelling (Figure 1.1). The coastal plain was formed by alluvial deposits from Blue River. The Blue
River is originated from mountains in north and discharges to Yellow Sea in south. The Orange City is
located in the coastal zone. The Blue River cut the city into the east and west parts. The population in
the Orange City is around 2,700,000. The area of the Coastal Plain is 1600km2: the width from
mountain front to coastal line is 40km and east-west length is also 40km. Groundwater seepage in
springs dominates the landscape in the middle plain forming a green corridor.
East well field
West well field
Figure 1.1 Illustration of the Color Coastal Plain
The land surface of the coastal plain area is very flat, ranging from the zero in the coastal line to 55m
above sea level in the mountain front (Figure 1.2).
3
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
Figure 1.2 Contour (m) map of land surface the Color Coastal Plain
Climate
The area has a temperate climate. The long-term average annual precipitation is around 750mm. The
potential evapotranspiration is around 550mm/year. There are clear 4 seasons: hot summer, cold winter,
dry spring and mild autumn. Crop agriculture is the dominated land use.
Hydrogeological formations
The alluvial plain consists of 5 hydrogeological formations (Figure 1.3). From top to bottom the following
formations are found: fist aquifer of sand and gravels; first aquitard of clay and silt; second aquifer of
sand; second aquitard of silty clay; and third aquifer of sand.
South North Layer
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 1.3 Longitudinal profile of the Color Coastal Plain
The geometry of the formations is presented in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Elevation and thickness of aquifers and aquitards

Formations Properties Top elevation (m) Bottom elevation (m) Thickness (m)
Layer 1 Aquifer Contour map -10 Varies
Layer 2 Aquitard -10 -20 10
Layer 3 Aquifer -20 -70 50
Layer 4 Aquitard -70 -80 10
Layer 5 Aquifer -80 -130 50
4
Boundary conditions
The mountain front provides an inflow boundary for the coastal plain aquifer in the north. The inflow
consists of subsurface inflow and surface inflow generated during rain storms. The estimated inflow is
5m2/day per meter width in the central valley (2km) and 1 m2/day per meter width in the west area (19km)
and east area (19km). The coastal line can be treated as a constant head boundary for flow modelling. The
east and west boundaries are no flow boundaries.
Hydrogeological parameters
The hydrogeological zones are divided according to sediment properties (Figure 1.4). River zones are
located in the middle of the area and formed mainly by coarser river deposits. The west and east zones are
formed mainly by finer flood plain deposits. For each zone, the deposits change gradually from coarser
mountain front zones to finer coastal zones.
10km
West zone 1 River zone 1 East zone 1

10km

10km

10km
15km 10km 15km
Figure 1.4 Hydrogeological zones of the Color Coastal Plain
Hydraulic conductivities are listed in Table 1.1.
Table 1.2 Horizontal/vertical hydraulic conductivities (m/day)

Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5
West zone 1 30/3.0 15/1.5 25/2.5 15/1.5 25/2.5
West zone 2 25/2.5 10/1.0 20/2.0 10/1.0 20/2.0
West zone 3 20/2.0 5/0.5 15/1.5 5/0.5 15/1.5
West zone 4 15/1.5 1/0.1 10/1.0 1/0.1 10/1.0
River zone 1 40/4.0 20/2.0 30/3.0 20/2.0 30/3.0
River zone 2 35/3.5 15/1.5 25/2.5 15/1.5 25/2.5
River zone 3 30/3.0 10/1.0 20/2.0 10/1.0 20/2.0
River zone 4 25/2.5 5/0.5 15/1.5 5/0.5 15/1.5
East zone 1 30/3.0 15/1.5 25/2.5 15/1.5 25/2.5
East zone 2 25/2.5 10/1.0 20/2.0 10/1.0 20/2.0
East zone 3 20/2.0 5/0.5 15/1.5 5/0.5 15/1.5
East zone 4 15/1.5 1/0.1 10/1.0 1/0.1 10/1.0
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Recharge from precipitation infiltration

Recharge takes place in the top unconfined aquifer from the infiltration of precipitation. Four recharge
zones are divided according to soil properties (Figure 1.5). The average recharge rates were estimated and
shown in Figure 1.5.
Zone 1: 0.8mm/day
Zone 2: 0.6mm/day
Zone 3: 0.4mm/day
Zone 4: 0.2mm/day
Figure 1.5 Recharge zones and rates of the Color Coastal Plain
Evapotranspiration
Zones for calculating evapotranspiration (ET) rate are the same as the recharge. The maximum rate and
distinction depth are listed in Table 1.3. The surface elevation of the maximum ET is the contour map of
the land surface elevation (Figure 1.2).
Table 1.3 ET data

Maximum ET rate (m/day) Distinction depth (m)
Zone 1 0.0004 6
Zone 2 0.0005 5
Zone 3 0.0006 4
Zone 4 0.0008 3
River
The Blue River interacts with groundwater in the top unconfined aquifer. Four river segments are divided.
Table 1.4 lists data of river segments from upper to downstream.
Table 1.4 River data

Conductance Bottom
x,y coordinates Stage (m)
(m2/day)/m elevation (m)
River segment 1 (20,000,40,000) 2.5 45 44
River segment 2 (20,000,30,000) 2.0 36 35
River segment 3 (20,000,20,000) 1.5 30 29
River segment 4 (20,000,10,000) 1.0 17 16
(20,000,0) 1.0 5 4
Springs
Groundwater seepage in springs occurs in the middle plain forming a green corridor. The springs can
be simulated by drains lying cross the middle of the plain. Data for drains is listed in Table 1.5.
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Table 1.5 Data for drains

x,y coordinates Conductance (m2/day)/m Drain elevation (m)
Drain (0, 20,000) - (40,000, 20,000) 2.5 30
Well fields
Water supply for the Orange City is derived from two well fields: the west well field and the east well
field. For both well fields, pumping wells are installed in the second and third aquifers. Locations and
rates of pumping wells are listed in Table 1.6. The combined total abstraction rate is 270,000m3/day. The
per capita water use in the Orange City is 100 litres per day.
Table 1.6 Locations (m) and rates (m3/day) of pumping wells

West wellfield East well field
x y Aquifer 2 Aquifer 3 x y Aquifer 2 Aquifer 3
15000 10000 -2000 -1000 21000 10000 -2000 -1000
15500 10000 -2000 -1000 21500 10000 -2000 -1000
16000 10000 -2000 -1000 22000 10000 -2000 -1000
16500 10000 -2000 -1000 22500 10000 -2000 -1000
17000 10000 -2000 -1000 23000 10000 -2000 -1000
17500 10000 -2000 -1000 23500 10000 -2000 -1000
18000 10000 -2000 -1000 24000 10000 -2000 -1000
18500 10000 -2000 -1000 24500 10000 -2000 -1000
19000 10000 -2000 -1000 25000 10000 -2000 -1000
15000 10500 -2000 -1000 21000 10500 -2000 -1000
15500 10500 -2000 -1000 21500 10500 -2000 -1000
16000 10500 -2000 -1000 22000 10500 -2000 -1000
16500 10500 -2000 -1000 22500 10500 -2000 -1000
17000 10500 -2000 -1000 23000 10500 -2000 -1000
17500 10500 -2000 -1000 23500 10500 -2000 -1000
18000 10500 -2000 -1000 24000 10500 -2000 -1000
18500 10500 -2000 -1000 24500 10500 -2000 -1000
19000 10500 -2000 -1000 25000 10500 -2000 -1000
15000 11000 -2000 -1000 21000 11000 -2000 -1000
15500 11000 -2000 -1000 21500 11000 -2000 -1000
16000 11000 -2000 -1000 22000 11000 -2000 -1000
16500 11000 -2000 -1000 22500 11000 -2000 -1000
17000 11000 -2000 -1000 23000 11000 -2000 -1000
17500 11000 -2000 -1000 23500 11000 -2000 -1000
18000 11000 -2000 -1000 24000 11000 -2000 -1000
18500 11000 -2000 -1000 24500 11000 -2000 -1000
19000 11000 -2000 -1000 25000 11000 -2000 -1000
15000 11500 -2000 -1000 21000 11500 -2000 -1000
15500 11500 -2000 -1000 21500 11500 -2000 -1000
16000 11500 -2000 -1000 22000 11500 -2000 -1000
16500 11500 -2000 -1000 22500 11500 -2000 -1000
17000 11500 -2000 -1000 23000 11500 -2000 -1000
17500 11500 -2000 -1000 23500 11500 -2000 -1000
18000 11500 -2000 -1000 24000 11500 -2000 -1000
18500 11500 -2000 -1000 24500 11500 -2000 -1000
19000 11500 -2000 -1000 25000 11500 -2000 -1000
15000 12000 -2000 -1000 21000 12000 -2000 -1000
15500 12000 -2000 -1000 21500 12000 -2000 -1000
16000 12000 -2000 -1000 22000 12000 -2000 -1000
16500 12000 -2000 -1000 22500 12000 -2000 -1000
17000 12000 -2000 -1000 23000 12000 -2000 -1000
17500 12000 -2000 -1000 23500 12000 -2000 -1000
18000 12000 -2000 -1000 24000 12000 -2000 -1000
18500 12000 -2000 -1000 24500 12000 -2000 -1000
19000 12000 -2000 -1000 25000 12000 -2000 -1000
Sum -90000 -45000 Sum -90000 -45000
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1.2 Objectives of the hypothetical case
The hypothetical case serves as a case study for the problem-based learning on groundwater modelling.
The hypothetical case is favoured over a real world case so that students will not spend too much time
struggling with data processing and more time can be used on learning and understanding of modelling.
The case is created such that all modelling processes can be studied and investigated. Students are divided
into groups to carry out the modelling studies independently. Lectures will be provided to explain
numerical method, simulation of hydrological and hydrogeological processes, modelling procedures,
model applications, and analysis of model results. The use of computer models will be learnt from
computer workshops using simple examples. A modelling study report of the hypothetical case will be
prepared and presented by the group.
The MODFLOW family models (MODFLOW+PMPATH+MT3DMS+SEAWAT) are selected to used to

construct flow and transport models. The graphic user interface PM (Processing Modflow) is chosen to
facilitate the model construction and results analysis. PM is chosen since it is the cheapest and easiest GUI
comparing to other commercial GUIs. The descriptions of the modelling processes are based on the PM
and MODFLOW family models.
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2. Construction of a Steady Natural Model
2.1 Objectives of the modelling

Groundwater level distribution and water budget of the steady natural groundwater flow provide
references for assessing the impact of abstraction. The calculated groundwater levels provide the initial
conditions for transient groundwater modelling.
2.2 Model set-up

 Use of a uniform model grid: 80 rows and 80 columns with a constant cell size of 500m; model
extent will be 40,000m in both row and column directions;
 Five model layers of 3 aquifers and 2 aquitards; the first model layer is unconfined, rest model layers
are confined;
 Model boundaries: The first row of the first model layer represents the inflow boundary. The last row
of all model layers represents the coastal line as the constant head boundary, the rest boundaries are
no flow.
 Layer elevations: The top elevation of the first model layer is the land surface elevation (Figure 1.2).
The data file containing the surface elevation is named as Plainsurface.dat. PMWIN field
interpolator can be used to interpolate surface elevation on model grid. The interpolated elevation is
saved as a matrix data file called Surfaceelevation.dat. The top and bottom elevations of other model
layers are constant (Table 1.1).
2.3 Model parameters

 The flow simulation type is steady;
 Time parameter: The time unit is day and simulation time can be specified as one day;
 Initial heads: The initial groundwater heads can be specified as 10m for all model layers. The initial
heads at the last row of all model layers must be specified as zero, which will be used as the value of
constant head boundary;
 Hydraulic conductivity: use of parameter zone code (ZoneID.dat) to input values of hydraulic
conductivities (Table 1.2). First, zone identification data is loaded into hydraulic conductivity data
editor, then search and modify option can be used to replace zone code with actual parameter values.
2.4 Flow processes

 Mountain front inflow: use of Well package to simulate the inflow, the boundary inflow rate must be
converted to cell injection rate;
 Recharge: recharge zone code (rechargezoneid.dat) can be used to input recharge rate similarly to
hydraulic conductivity;
 Parameters for ET include maximum ET rate, surface and extinction depth. ET surface is usually
taken as the land surface and is saved in the data file ETsurface.dat. ET rate and extinction depth are
zone values and can be modified from recharge zone code (Table 1.3);
 River: river can be specified using polyline input method to input values in Table 1.4;
 Spring: spring can be simulated with Drain using polyline input method with data in Table 1.5.
2.5 Model run

 Reduce the convergence criterion for head (0.00001) and flow (0.001) in the solver package;
 Check output control to include groundwater head, flow and drawdowns;
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 Run MODFLOW.
2.6 Analysis of results

 Prepare contour map of groundwater levels;
 Prepare water balance table;
 Analysis of flow system.
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3. Construction of a Steady Development Model

The total water demand in the Orange City amounts to 270,000 m3/day. The water demand is met by
groundwater abstraction from two well fields (Table 1.6). How does groundwater system response to the
abstraction? Will groundwater abstraction induce sea water intrusion? A steady state groundwater
development model is constructed to answer these questions.
3.2 Construction of the steady development model

 Create a new folder and copy all files of the steady natural model;
 Use of the calculated natural groundwater levels as initial heads in the development model, this can
be done by importing results in value option of PMWIN data editor;
 Use of the well package to simulate pumping wells. Pumping rate can be specified with data editor in
the well package. A data file containing the well data is already created and saved in Wel.dat and can
be loaded in Import Well Package option in PMWIN;
 Input of effective porosity listed in Table 1.7; tow data files are also available: ne1.dat for layers 1, 3
and 5; ne2.dat for layers 2 and 4.
 Run MODFLOW.
Table 1.7 Effective porosity

West zone 1 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
West zone 2 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
West zone 3 0.15 0.30 0.15 0.30 0.15
West zone 4 0.10 0.35 0.10 0.35 0.10
River zone 1 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
River zone 2 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
River zone 3 0.15 0.30 0.15 0.30 0.15
River zone 4 0.10 0.35 0.10 0.35 0.10
East zone 1 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
East zone 2 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
East zone 3 0.15 0.30 0.15 0.30 0.15
East zone 4 0.10 0.35 0.10 0.35 0.10

 Prepare contour map of groundwater levels;
 Prepare contour map of drawdowns;
 Prepare water balance table;
 Prepare capture zone of well fields;
 Analysis of effects of pumping.
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4. Construction of a Transient Natural Model

Transient groundwater flow means that groundwater levels and flow components change with time. The
transient flow may be caused by seasonal variation of recharges and/or discharges. The transitional
process from one steady state (natural) to another (equilibrium state with abstraction) is also transient. The
magnitude of variations of groundwater flow depends on storage parameters. The transient model is used
to understand the variations of groundwater levels in relation to change of recharge and storage.
4.2 Construction of the transient model

 Create a new folder and copy all files of the steady natural model;
 Flow simulation type: transient;
 Simulation time: 2 years, month as stress period: 24 periods, period length: actual days per month
from January until December;
 Use of the calculated natural groundwater levels as initial heads for the transient model, this can be
done by importing results in value option;
 Input of storage parameters as listed in Table 1.8; data files are also available: sy1.dat is the specific
storage for layers 1, 3 and 5; sy2.dat is the specific storage for layers 2 and 4; u1.dat is the specific
yield for the layer 1;
 Input of transient recharge values listed in Table 1.9. A data file containing the recharge data is
already created and saved in rch.dat and can be loaded in Import Recharge Package option in
PMWIN;
 Define observation wells (load file: flow.obs_borehole) in Head Observations, specify first 4 wells
in layer 1, next 4 wells in layer 3 and last 4 wells in layer 5;
 Run MODFLOW.
Table 1.8 Specific yield (-) and specific storage (1/m)

West zone 1 0.30 0.00030 0.000030 0.00030 0.000030
West zone 2 0.25 0.00025 0.000025 0.00025 0.000025
West zone 3 0.20 0.00020 0.000020 0.00020 0.00020
West zone 4 0.15 0.00015 0.000015 0.00015 0.00015
River zone 1 0.40 0.00040 0.000040 0.00040 0.000040
River zone 2 0.35 0.00035 0.000035 0.00035 0.000035
River zone 3 0.30 0.00030 0.000030 0.00030 0.000030
River zone 4 0.25 0.00025 0.000025 0.00025 0.000025
East zone 1 0.30 0.00030 0.000030 0.00030 0.000030
East zone 2 0.25 0.00025 0.000025 0.00025 0.000025
East zone 3 0.20 0.00020 0.000020 0.00020 0.00020
East zone 4 0.15 0.00015 0.000015 0.00015 0.00015
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Table 1.9 Transient recharge values

Time Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
1 0.00120 0.00090 0.00060 0.00030
2 0.00149 0.00112 0.00075 0.00037
3 0.00160 0.00120 0.00080 0.00040
4 0.00149 0.00112 0.00075 0.00037
5 0.00120 0.00090 0.00060 0.00030
6 0.00080 0.00060 0.00040 0.00020
7 0.00040 0.00030 0.00020 0.00010
8 0.00011 0.00008 0.00005 0.00003
9 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
10 0.00011 0.00008 0.00005 0.00003
11 0.00040 0.00030 0.00020 0.00010
12 0.00080 0.00060 0.00040 0.00020
13 0.00120 0.00090 0.00060 0.00030
14 0.00149 0.00112 0.00075 0.00037
15 0.00160 0.00120 0.00080 0.00040
16 0.00149 0.00112 0.00075 0.00037
17 0.00120 0.00090 0.00060 0.00030
18 0.00080 0.00060 0.00040 0.00020
19 0.00040 0.00030 0.00020 0.00010
20 0.00011 0.00008 0.00005 0.00003
21 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
22 0.00011 0.00008 0.00005 0.00003
23 0.00040 0.00030 0.00020 0.00010
24 0.00080 0.00060 0.00040 0.00020

 Prepare contour map of groundwater levels in wet and dry periods;
 Prepare time series plots of groundwater levels in key observation wells;
 Prepare water balance tables;
 Check changes of storages.
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5. Construction of a Transient Development Model

The steady state development model is converted into a transient development model to test the dynamic
response of the aquifer system to pumping. All model inputs remain constant. The transient process is the
dynamic change of groundwater system from natural steady state to a new equilibrium state. The time to
reach this new steady state depends on aquifer characteristics, recharge and discharges, and pattern and
rate of pumping wells.
5.2 Construction of the transient development model

 Create a new folder and copy all files of the steady development model;
 Flow simulation type: transient;
 Simulation time: 100 years, year as stress period: 1 period, period length=36500days, number of time
steps=100;
 Use of the calculated natural groundwater levels as initial heads for transient model;
 Input of storage parameters as listed in Table 1.8;
 Define observation wells (load file: flow.obs_borehole) and specify all observation wells in layer 3;
 Run MODFLOW.

 Prepare contour map of groundwater levels at the equilibrium state;
 Prepare contour map of drawdowns at the equilibrium state;
 Prepare time series plots of groundwater levels in key observation wells;
 Check changes of storages.
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6. Construction of a Contaminant Transport Model

A waste disposal site is located in the northwest side of the well field on the land surface (upper left
corner: row 45, col 25; lower right corner: row 46, col 30). One of chemical constitutes of the leaches is
chloride. The Cl concentration is measured as 1000 g/m3. Will the leaches migrate into the pumping wells
in the west well field? What will be the Cl concentration in the pumped water? How long it takes for the
leaches to transport from the disposal site to the wells? These questions can be only answered by
constructing a contaminant transport model.
6.2 Construction of the transport model

 Create a new folder and copy all files of the steady development model;
 Open the model in PM and revise the model as follows.
 From PM file menu, click Preferences, select MODFLOW version=MODFLOW-
2000/MODFLOW-2005;
 In PM Models menu, choose MT3DMS/SEAWAT and simulation settings;
 In the simulation mode, select Constant Density Simulation with MT3DMS
 Define one Species as Chloride
 Use MT3DMS model afterwards;
 Time parameter: one period, period length=36000 days, number of time steps = 100, transport step
size =30days;
 Boundary conditions: ICBUND=-1 in the locations of the waste disposal site in the first layer;
ICBUND=1 for all other cells;
 Initial concentrations: Cl=0 in all cells except in the cells of the disposal site: Cl=1000 g/m3;
 Advective transport: MOC method, particle tracking: Fourth-order Runge-Kutta method; maximum
number of particles=150,000;
 Dispersive transport: longitudinal dispersivity = 10m, the horizontal and vertical dispersivity = 1m
for all model cells;
 Concentration observation: load observation well file: trans.obs_borehole; places observation wells
in the following layers:
o Layer 1: observation wells 1,2,3 and 4;
o Layer 2: observation well 5;
o Layer 5: observation well 8.
 Output control: output frequency=101 (save concentration per year);
 Run MODFLOW;
 Run MT3DMS.

 Prepare break-through curves;
 Prepare contour maps of Cl concentrations;
 Prepare concentration distribution in cross-section (column 30);
 Animate contaminant plume migration.
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7. Design of Remediation Measures
7.1 Objectives
It is clear that the western well fields in the second and third aquifers will be polluted in 30 years.
Measures should be investigated to protect pollution of the well fields from the disposal site. First, the
source of the pollution has to be removed physically since the disposal site is located inside the
capture zones of the well fields. Wastes in the disposal site have to be excavated and moved to a safer
place outside the capture zones. Second, interception wells must be installed to capture leaches in
groundwater around the disposal site. The contaminant transport model is used to determine the
locations and rates of interception wells and simulate effects on the cleaning up of the polluted
groundwater.
7.2 Construction of the remediation model

 Use the same transport model;
 Boundary conditions: ICBUND=1 for all cells;
 Input of 6 interception wells at the downstream edge of the disposal site in the first layer, each with
a pumping rate of 1000m3/day;
 Run MODFLOW;
 Run MT3DMS.

 Prepare break-through curves;
 Prepare contour maps of Cl concentrations;
 Prepare concentration distribution in cross-section (column 30);
 Analyse the effectiveness of the interception wells.
16
8. Simulation of Seawater Intrusion
8.1 Objectives
In the coastal aquifers, seawater intrusion might occur as a result of groundwater abstraction and/or
sea level rise. To assess impacts of possible seawater intrusion on the water supply well fields, density
dependent groundwater flow/transport model should be constructed and used to simulate seawater
intrusion. In the case study, SEAWAT is used as it is a part of MODFLOW family model. First, the
seawater intrusion model is constructed for the present situation to check if there is any intrusion.
Based on this, 3 scenarios are analysed:
(1) Scenario 1: sea level rise by 1.0 m;
(2) Scenario 2: groundwater abstraction increases by 33% to meet the predicted increase of water
demand;
(3) Scenario 3: the combined sea level rise and groundwater abstraction increase.
8.2 Construction of the present seawater intrusion model

Step 1 Preparation
 Create a new folder (SWI-S0) and copy all files from the transport model;
 From PM file menu, click Open model and select the model from SWI-S0 folder;
 From PM file menu, click Preferences, select MODFLOW version=MODFLOW-
2000/MODFLOW-2005;
Step 2 Modification of MODFLOW model
 Grid→Cell Status→ICBOUND:
o cell value = -1 in last row (constant concentration at sea boundary) for all layers
o cell value =1 (active) for all other cells;
 Parameters→Time
o Period length=36000 days (around 100 years simulation)
o Number of time steps = 100
o Steady state simulation
o Transport step size=30 days
Step 3 Construction of SEAWAT model
(1) Simulation settings
a. Simulation mode: seawat
b. Species: Salt
c. DRHODC=0.75
d. SEAWAT
i. Reference density=1000
ii. Minimum density=1000
iii. Maximum density=1025
(2) Initial concentration
a. All cells =0
b. Cells in the last row=35kg/m3 for seawater for all layers
(3) Advection
a. Use default
(4) Dispersion
a. aT/aL=0.1
b. aL=10m for all cells and all layers
(5) Sink/Source concentration
a. Constant heat cells: Salt=35 kg/m3 for all layers
b. other cells: Salt=0 for all layers
17
(6) Solver
a. GCG
(7) Concentration observations
a. load observation well file: salt.obs_borehole;
b. places observation wells in the following layers:
o observation wells 1,2,3 and 4 in layer 3;
o observation well 5,6,7 and 8 in layer 5.
(8) Output times: minimum=360; maximum=360000; interval=360
Step 4 Run models

(1) Run MODFLOW
(2) Run SEAWAT
Step 5 Presentation of model results

(1) Contour map of groundwater levels
(2) Contour map of salt concentrations
(3) Break-through curves of salt
(4) Check if there is seawater intrusion
8.3 Construction of the seawater intrusion model for Scenario 1

Step 1 Preparation
 Create a new folder (SWI-S1) and copy all files of the SWI-S0 model;
 Parameters→Initial hydraulic Heads
o Cell value =1 for last row (sea level increases from 0 to 1m) for all layers
Step 3 Run models
(1) Run MODFLOW
(2) Run SEAWAT
Step 4 Analysis of model results

(3) Salt concentrations in cross-sections

Step 1 Preparation
 Well package
o Increase pumping rate of all wells in the layer 5 to 2000 m3/d
Step 3 Run models
(1) Run MODFLOW
(2) Run SEAWAT
18

(5) Water budget

Step 1 Preparation
 Parameters→Initial Hydraulic Heads
o Cell value =1 for last row (sea level increases from 0 to 1m) for all layers
Step 3 Run models
(1) Run MODFLOW
(2) Run SEAWAT

(4) Water budget
(5) Check how seawater intrusion changes
8.5 Summary and conclusions

(1) Compare different scenarios and drain conclusions
(2) Discuss how to control seawater intrusion
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9. Report of the Case Study
A report of the modelling study should be prepared using the same table of contents as this instruction.
However, Chapter 9 should be replaced with Conclusions and Recommendations.
20

Hypothetical Case Study-2015

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Hypothetical Case Study-2015

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Applied Groundwater Modelling Case study

Applied Groundwater Modelling

East well field

West well field

Instruction for participants

1.1 Background information

East well field

West well field

Figure 1.1 Illustration of the Color Coastal Plain

5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

South North Layer

Figure 1.3 Longitudinal profile of the Color Coastal Plain

The geometry of the formations is presented in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Elevation and thickness of aquifers and aquitards

West zone 1 River zone 1 East zone 1

West zone 2 River zone 2 East zone 2

West zone 3 River zone 3 East zone 3

West zone 4 River zone 4 East zone 4

15km 10km 15km

Figure 1.4 Hydrogeological zones of the Color Coastal Plain

Hydraulic conductivities are listed in Table 1.1.

Table 1.2 Horizontal/vertical hydraulic conductivities (m/day)

Recharge from precipitation infiltration

Table 1.3 ET data

Table 1.4 River data

Table 1.5 Data for drains

Table 1.6 Locations (m) and rates (m3/day) of pumping wells

1.2 Objectives of the hypothetical case

The MODFLOW family models (MODFLOW+PMPATH+MT3DMS+SEAWAT) are selected to used to

2. Construction of a Steady Natural Model

2.1 Objectives of the modelling

2.2 Model set-up

2.3 Model parameters

2.4 Flow processes

2.5 Model run

2.6 Analysis of results

3. Construction of a Steady Development Model

3.1 Objectives of the modelling

3.2 Construction of the steady development model

Table 1.7 Effective porosity

3.3 Analysis of results

4. Construction of a Transient Natural Model

4.1 Objectives of the modelling

4.2 Construction of the transient model

Table 1.8 Specific yield (-) and specific storage (1/m)

Table 1.9 Transient recharge values

4.3 Analysis of results

5. Construction of a Transient Development Model

5.1 Objectives of the modelling

5.2 Construction of the transient development model

5.3 Analysis of results

6. Construction of a Contaminant Transport Model

6.1 Objectives of the modelling

6.2 Construction of the transport model

6.3 Analysis of results

7. Design of Remediation Measures

7.2 Construction of the remediation model

7.3 Analysis of results

8. Simulation of Seawater Intrusion

8.2 Construction of the present seawater intrusion model

(8) Output times: minimum=360; maximum=360000; interval=360

Step 4 Run models

Step 5 Presentation of model results

8.3 Construction of the seawater intrusion model for Scenario 1