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/+.%&'-0*( .'( '+3*+%$'&%>-( 0=( )*$*%-'&%>-( <%-='.( 0= '-,%"%$;,3%&'"(+'3'(.=3$%*-="(0+'3,#&".'"(0=(="+%-("=$%=-,=3*((1L$(
73*%,'.="(/,>$%&*"(0)<7/2 /L$(&*$*(=.=&,3*-="((+3*,*-="((-"'3M"(*(-=",3%-*"2

='=$+.*5( 0'0*"( /( =.=&,3*-="( +1(( +$( :( +/(( )':( 0%.=3=-,="

6=-"%0'0(=.=&,3>-%&'

.*3$'"(0=(0="&3%*%3.*"(&*-(,3="(*3*%,'.="(χ1, χ2, χ3.

"'-0*("-(0=,=3$%-'-,=(+*0=$*"(0="&3%*%3.*"('"=8"3'-0*(.'
-',"3'.=?'( '-,%"%$;,3%&'( 0=( .'( ."-&%>-( 0=( *-0'( 0-"=( &'$*%=
0=("%8-*("%(+=3$",'$*"(0*"(=.=&,3*-="(&"'.="-"%=3'2
3",=( 0=,=3$%-'-,=( "=( +"=0=
=++'-0%3( '( &"'.-"%=3( ->$=3*( 0=
6%",'-&%'(%-,=3-"&.='3 =.=&,3*-="(:(."-&%*-="(0=(*-0'
; <=('-".'("%(0*"(=.=&,3*-="(*(0*"
ψ = <' /' + <$ /$ + ((( + <; /; = ∑ <6 /6 ."-&%*-="( 0=( *-0'( ,%=-=-( =.
6 =' $%"$*(!'.*3(045(0=(35(0=(4'".%25
2'3#'(4*-,5(6+,*5(!"#$%&'(7389-%&'(:(4'3$'&;",%&'5(<=&&%>-(0=(2*0=.%?'&%>-(2*.=&".'35( -%!=3"%0'0(0=(#'!'33' $1 2'3#'(4*-,5(6+,*5(!"#$%&'(7389-%&'(:(4'3$'&;",%&'5(<=&&%>-(0=(2*0=.%?'&%>-(2*.=&".'35( -%!=3"%0'0(0=(#'!'33' $$

!"#$%&'()*$+",'&%*-'.(/+.%&'0' !"#$%&'()*$+",'&%*-'.(/+.%&'0'

4"-&%>-(0=(*-0'5(.'"(."-&%*-="(*'"=((1 4"-&%>-(0=(*-0'5(.'"(."-&%*-="(*'"=(($

G=+3="=-,'&%>-(0=(73*%,'.="(/,>$%&*"5()*-'"-,*"(,'"=5
%( )*-'"-,*"( *'"=5(
*'"= "*-( .'"( 3=+3="=-,'&%*-="
$',=$9,%&'"( 0=( .*"( *3*%,'.="( $*.=&".'3="( =-( "-'
$*.;&".'(0'0'

<=( +"=0=-( %-,=3+3=,'3( &*$*( .'"( 3=",3%&&%*-="( %$+"=",'"( '

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<*"( &*-'"-,*"( $':*3="( "*-( '-"=..*"( -"=( %$+*-=-( $=-*"

73*%,'.="(<.',=3(0<&72 H'""%'-'"(0H&72
3=",3%&&%*-="('(.*"( =.=&,3*-="( :( "=('&=3&'-( $'"( '( .'( .*3$'
93='.:(0=(.*"(*3*%,'.="((+=3*(3=-"%=3=-($':*3="(3=&"3"*"(0=
&9.&".*5

2'3#'(4*-,5(6+,*5(!"#$%&'(7389-%&'(:(4'3$'&;",%&'5(<=&&%>-(0=(2*0=.%?'&%>-(2*.=&".'35( -%!=3"%0'0(0=(#'!'33' $/ 2'3#'(4*-,5(6+,*5(!"#$%&'(7389-%&'(:(4'3$'&;",%&'5(<=&&%>-(0=(2*0=.%?'&%>-(2*.=&".'35( -%!=3"%0'0(0=(#'!'33' $7

 !"#$%&'()*$+",'&%*-'.(/+.%&'0' !"#$%&'()*$+",'&%*-'.(/+.%&'0'

4"-&%>-(0=(*-0'5(.'"(."-&%*-="(*'"=(($ 4"-&%>-(0=(*-0'5(.'"(."-&%*-="(*'"=((/
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)*-'"-,*( 0=( ."-&%*-="( $#-%$*5( &*-",%,"%0*( +*3( "-' <&7=OH5( -'(<&7(="(3=+3="=-,'0'(+*3("-'(&*$*%-'&%>-
."-&%>-( +'3'( &'0'( *3*%,'.( 0=( .'( ,=*3#'( 0=( !'.=-&%'( 01" .%-='.(0=(O(8'"""%'-'"(+3%$%,%!'"
+'3'(B(:(B=I(1"($"($++($+:($+?(+'3'("=8"-0'(.%.'2
$=-+H5( -'( 8'"""%'-'( &*-,3'%0'( &*$+"=",'( 0=( $
)*-'"-,*"( 0=( *'"="( 6**.=( N=,'( 06N2(( &3%+.=( N=,' 8'"""%'-'"(+3%$%,%!'"(+'3'(&'0'(*3*%,'.(',>$%&*(0=(&'+'"
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3==$+.'?'(+*3($((/555#(."-&%*-="5 +3%$%,%!'"(+'3'(&'0'(*3*%,'.(',>$%&*(0=(.'(&'+'(0=(!'.=-&%'
)*-'"-,*"( 0=( *'"="( <+.%,( D'.=-&=( 0<D25( &'0'( *3*%,'.
',>$%&*(0=(!'.=-&%'(=",9(0="&3%,*(+*3(#(."-&%*-="(*'"= $=-+HP5( 3"( $=-+H( $9"( ;( 8'"""%'-'"( ,%+*( 0( 0=
06N(( &N(555#N2( :( &'0'( *3*%,'.( %-,=3-*( +*3( 1( ."-&%>-( *'"= +*.'3%?'&%>-(+'3'(&'0'(9,*$*(=+&=+,*(.*"()%03>8=-*"5
0=-(=.(&'3**-*((=.(*3*%,'.(1"("=(0="&3%*=(+*3("-'(."-&%>-
*'"=(($%=-,3'"(-"=(=.($"(:(.*"(,3="($+(=",9-(0="&3%,*"(+*3 $=-+HPP5( 3"( $=-+HP( $9"( /( 8'"""%'-'"( ,%+*( +( 0=
0*"(."-&%*-="(*'"=(&'0'("-*2 +*.'3%?'&%>-(+'3'(&'0'(9,*$*(0=()%03>8=-*"5
2'3#'(4*-,5(6+,*5(!"#$%&'(7389-%&'(:(4'3$'&;",%&'5(<=&&%>-(0=(2*0=.%?'&%>-(2*.=&".'35( -%!=3"%0'0(0=(#'!'33' $8 2'3#'(4*-,5(6+,*5(!"#$%&'(7389-%&'(:(4'3$'&;",%&'5(<=&&%>-(0=(2*0=.%?'&%>-(2*.=&".'35( -%!=3"%0'0(0=(#'!'33' $;

!"#$%&'()*$+",'&%*-'.(/+.%&'0' !"#$%&'()*$+",'&%*-'.(/+.%&'0'

)*=.%&%=-,="(0=(&*$*%-'&%>-(:(3-=38#'(0=.("%",=$' <'(=-=38#'(0=.("%",=$'
-'(!=?(=.=8%0'(.'(.*3$'(0=(.'(."-&%>-(0=(*-0'('"#(&*$*(.' 3.( &9.&".*( 0=( ;",'( =-=38#'( '+.%&'-0*( -*3$'.$=-,=( =.
0=.( )'$%.,*-%'-*(( +*0=$*"( 3='.%?'3( =.( &9.&".*( 0=( .'( =-=38#' $;,*0*( 0=( !'3%'&%*-="( 0=*=( &"$+.%3( -"=( .'( =-=38#'
="+=3'0'(0=.("%",=$'5 &'.&".'0'( 032( '( +'3,%3( 0=( .'( =&"'&%>-( 0=( <&)3C0%-8=3(
4'3,%=-0*( 0=( .'( '+3*+%$'&%>-( )<7/=72(( "=( +3=,=-0= +3*!=-%=-,=( 0=( "-'( ."-&%>-( 0=( *-0'( "=39( $9"( 83'-0=( *
=-&*-,3'3(.'($='*3(&*$*%-'&%>-(0=(*3*%,'.="(',>$%&*"(+'3'(.' %8"'.( -"=( .'( =-=38#'( -"=( ,%=-=( =.( =",'0*( ."-0'$=-,'.( 03*2(
.*3$'&%>-(0=(.*"(*3*%,'.="($*.=&".'3="5 ;
="(0=&%3(5
ψ = <' /' + <$ /$ + ((( + <; /; = ∑ <6 /6
) ;
" ∑ <6 /6 = ! ∑ <6 /6
;
6 ='
∫ψ + "! ψ 1τ ≥ ! *

6 =' 6 =' ! ≥ !*
<=( +3"=*'-( 0%",%-,'"( ."-&%*-="( !'3%'&%*-'.="( :( ."=8*( "=( &'.&".'-( .*"
&*=.%&%=-,="(0!=&,*3="(+3*+%*"(-"=($%-%$%?'-(.'(3(0=(.'($*.;&".'25
2'3#'(4*-,5(6+,*5(!"#$%&'(7389-%&'(:(4'3$'&;",%&'5(<=&&%>-(0=(2*0=.%?'&%>-(2*.=&".'35( -%!=3"%0'0(0=(#'!'33' $? 2'3#'(4*-,5(6+,*5(!"#$%&'(7389-%&'(:(4'3$'&;",%&'5(<=&&%>-(0=(2*0=.%?'&%>-(2*.=&".'35( -%!=3"%0'0(0=(#'!'33' $@

!"#$%&'()*$+",'&%*-'.(/+.%&'0' !"#$%&'()*$+",'&%*-'.(/+.%&'0'

)9.&".*(0=(."-&%*-="(0=(*-0'5(B'3,3===4*&M(<)4 )9.&".*(0=(."-&%*-="(0=(*-0'5(B'3,3===4*&M(<)4
/04 /14
4'3'( "-( "%",=$'( $".,%=.=&,3>-%&*(( "=( +3*+*-=( "-( -"=!*
<'('+3*+%$'&%>-(0=(B'3,3===4*&M(*(0=.(&'$+*('",*&*-"%",=-,=(0<)42((="
"-( +3*&=0%$%=-,*( %,=3',%!*( +'3'(&'.&".'3(.'( $='*3( "*."&%>-( '( .'( =&"'&%>-
*+=3'0*3(=(((0*+=3'0*3(0=(4*&M2((+'3'(&'0'(=.=&,3>-(=-(=.
0=( <&)3C0%-8=3(( %-0=+=-0%=-,=( 0=.( ,%=$+*(( '+.%&'*.=( '( $*.;&".'" "%",=$'(( -"=( 3==$+.'?'( '.( B'$%.,*-%'-*( &*33="+*-0%=-,=
'%".'0'"((,'-,*(=-(=",'0*(."-0'$=-,'.(&*$*(=+&%,'0* =-(.'(=&"'&%>-(0=(<&)3C0%-8=35
<=(+'3,=(0=("-(&*-'"-,*(0=(*3*%,'.="('+3*+%$'0*"(0*3*%,'.="(0=("-(9,*$* "! 8ψ 8 #&6 % &α " = ! #&α "ψ 8 #&6 % &α "
)%03*8=-*%0=(+'3'("-(&9.&".*(',>$%&*I()<7/(+'3'(&9.&".*"($*.=&".'3="2

6'0'( .'( ."-&%>-( 0=( *-0'"( %-%&%'.( "=( =.%8=( "-( =.=&,3>-( :( "=( +3*$=0%' =6ψ 6 = !6ψ 6
$=0%'-,=("-(+*,=-&%'.(=.(=.=&,*($=0%*(0=.(3=",*(0=(.*"(=.=&,3*-="5(4'3'
=.( =.=&,3>-( =.=8%0*(( -"=( "=( $"=!=( =-( "-( &'$+*( 0=.%-%0*(( "=( &'.&".'( .' η $
' η$
& 4 8$ & 8$ & 8$
"! = − ∑ 2α ∨ $
− ∑ ∨ 6$ + ∑ ∑ α β − ∑∑ α + 2=>3' ∑∑
=&"'&%>-(0=(<&)3C0%-8=3((**,=-%;-0*"=("-'(."-&%>-(0=(*-0'"(0'0'5(<= $
α
$2 6 9αβ 96α
α α β >α α 6 6 6 > 7 967
3=+%,=(=.(+3*&="*(+'3'(&'0'(=.=&,3>-
3&(->&.=*" 3&(=.=&,3*-=" G=+"."%>- /,3'&&%>- G=+"."%>-
)*-( .'( -"=!'( 0%",3%*"&%>-( =.=&,3>-%&'( "=( **,%=-=( "-( -"=!*( +*,=-&%'. (->&.=*" =.=&=-"& =.=&,3*-="
=.;&,3%&*5(<=(3=+%,=(=.(+3*&="*()'",'('.&'-?'3(.'(&*-!=38=-&%'5 )'0'(=.=&,3>-("=($"=!=(=-(=.(&'$+*(0=.(->&.=*(:(=-(=.(&'$+*($=0%*(0=
.*"(=.=&,3*-="5
2'3#'(4*-,5(6+,*5(!"#$%&'(7389-%&'(:(4'3$'&;",%&'5(<=&&%>-(0=(2*0=.%?'&%>-(2*.=&".'35( -%!=3"%0'0(0=(#'!'33' $A 2'3#'(4*-,5(6+,*5(!"#$%&'(7389-%&'(:(4'3$'&;",%&'5(<=&&%>-(0=(2*0=.%?'&%>-(2*.=&".'35( -%!=3"%0'0(0=(#'!'33' /E
 !"#$%&'()*$+",'&%*-'.(/+.%&'0' !"#$%&'()*$+",'&%*-'.(/+.%&'0'

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/44 /54
<%( "=( '+.%&'( .'( '+3*+%$'&%>-( 0=( )<7/(( .'( =&"'&%>-( 0= G=",3%&,3=0( B45( ="+%-="( '( :( *( *&"+'-( =.( $%"$*( *3*%,'.( ="+'&%'.5( <=
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-3=",3%&,=0(B45(0*"(&*-'"-,*"(0=(*3*%,'.="(="+'&%'.="('(:(*5(<=(0=.%-=
=!6 ∑ <6>φ6 = !6 ∑ <6>φ6 "-( "%",=$'( 0=( &'+'( '*%=3,'( 0*+=-( ")=..2( &*-( "-*( *( !'3%*"( =.=&,3*-="
0="'+'3='0*"(( =-( =.( -"=( )'*39( "-( =+&="*( 0=( =.=&,3*-="( 0=( "-( ,%+*5
> >
0='=$+.*"5(Q)B/(((Q)B$2(5
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<%("=(&*-*&=(=.(."-&%*-'.(-"=(3=.'&%*-'(3-=38#'(&*-(0=-"%0'0 ∫ψ + "! ψ 1τ ≥ ! *

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