MATERIALS
LIMES
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
NIRMA UNIVERSITY
Introduction
• Important cementing materials
• Cementing material: The material which has the capacity of holding
structural units (like bricks, stones, aggregate)
• Examples: Lime, natural cements, gypsum, Portland cement
• Lime is an oxide of calcium, CaO
• Uses: Ordinary buildings, massive monuments, palaces, forts
• Reliable and economical cementing material
• Classification: based on its composition
i) Quicklime
ii) Hydrated lime
iii) Hydraulic lime
Classification
Quicklime: also called Fat lime, Rich lime, Pure lime
• Content: CaO (93%), remaining MgO and very little clay
• Amorphous (shapeless) white material
• Very high affinity for water and carbon dioxide
• Absorb from atmosphere and converting itself to a carbonate of
calcium
CaO + CO2 = CaCO3
CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O
Hydrated Lime: In this sufficiently quantity of water has already been
added at the manufacturing stage to hydrate (slake) it completely.
• In composition, it is Ca(OH)2
• In structure, it is powder form
• Ready to use form compared to fat lime that has to be hydrated or
slaked before using
• Lime can also be converted to hydrated form at the place of
construction, method is called slaking of lime.
Classification
Hydraulic Lime: content CaO, clay 10 to 30% by weight
• This clay plus lime composition gives the hydraulic lime a property of
hydraulicity.
• Hydraulicity: The capacity to set and harden even under water and in the
absence of air as between very thick walls
• Subdivision based on hydraulicity:
Class A – Eminently Hydraulic: clay content 21-30%, sets under water in 24
hours
Class B – Moderately Hydraulic: clay content 11-20%, sets in water in
about a week
Class C – Feebly Hydraulic: clay content 5-10%, sets under water within a
month or more
Class D – rich in magnesium, suitable only for finishing coats, do not
possess hydraulicity
MANUFACTURE OF FAT LIME
• Source Material: Lime stone which is a sedimentary rock
• Constitution of lime stone rock:
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) – 60 to 65%, higher percentage of CaCO3
better suited for lime stone
Magnesium Carbonate Mg(CO3)2 – 5 to 30%, for fat lime its content
should not be greater than 5%
Clay - 10 to 30%, for fat lime its content should be less than 10%, higher
clay content more suited for hydraulics lime
Iron, alkalies and sulphates – small proportions, total content is less than
5%
MANUFACTURE OF FAT LIME
• Calcination (process of burning): “Heating the material at red heat in the
presence of air till it decomposes”
CaCO3 880⁰ C CaO + CO2
• Lime stone dissociates when heated at 880⁰ C into its principal constituents;
Calcium oxide and carbon dioxide, as per above reaction which is
reversible.
• It is essential that,
all the carbon dioxide produced during the reaction is removed quickly
from the kiln
the dissociation temperature of reaction (880⁰ C ) is not allowed to come
down during the burning process
MANUFACTURE OF FAT LIME – CLAMP BURNING
• Separate feed (flare type) kiln – fuel and limestone are not in contact with
each other, fuel is burnt separately, hot gases are allowed to heat limestone
and lime is free from ash.
MANUFACTURE OF FAT LIME – KILN BURNING
(1) Batch type (intermittent) kiln:
Permanent brick-walled structure
• Rectangular, Oval or Cylindrical
shapes
• Walls of kiln are lined with refractory
bricks to save them from disintegration
due to repeated heating at high
temperatures and cooling.
• Openings for supply of air, permanent
roof may or may not be there.
• After loading, kiln is ignited at bottom,
fire travels upwards and takes 3-4 days Intermittent Kilns
for burning and allowed to cool by
itself and then unloaded and cleaned.
MANUFACTURE OF FAT LIME – KILN BURNING
(2) Continuous kiln:
• It is charged regularly from one end with the raw material and the end
product is taken out regularly from the other end.