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2.

4 Fenomenologi Kesadaran Moral Phenomenology a moral sense

Kesadaran moral timbul apabila seseorang harus mengambil keputusan mengenai sesuatu yang
menyangkut kepentingan, hak atau kebahagiaan orang lain (Magnis, 1975:22). Jadi keputusan
melakukan atau tidak melakukan sesuatu tidak disebabkan oleh factor dari luar kesadaran itu
sendiri, misalnya, oleh tekanan dari orang lain, kelompok atau organisasi tertentu, masyarakat,
atau pemerintah sekalipun.
A moral sense arising when someone must take a decision on the something related to interests, right or
happiness for another person ( magnis, 1975: 22 ).So decision do or not do something not caused by
factor from outside awareness itself, for example, by pressure from others, a group or certain
organizations, the community, or government though.
A moral sense arise when one had to decide about something on interests , right or happiness for
another person ( magnis , 1975: 22 ) .So the decision do or not do something not caused by factor from
outside consciousness itself , for example , by pressure from others , group or certain organizations , the
community , or government though.
Kesadaran moral merupakan kesadaran tentang suatu kenyataan yang tidak bergantung pada
siapa yang menyatakan, tetapi pada ada tidaknya kenyataan. Oleh karena itu, kesadaran moral
bersifat rasional, objektif, dan mutlak. Misalnya, apabila seseorang meminjam sesuatu dari orang
lain, maka peminjam wajib mengembalikan. Contoh lainnya yaitu:
A moral sense is awareness of a reality that does not depend on who said, but in the whereabouts of the
fact.Hence, a moral sense is rational, objective, and absolute.For example, if a man borrow something
from others, so borrowers shall be obliged to return.Others are example
A moral sense is awareness of reality that does not depend on who said , but in the whereabouts of
reality .Hence , a moral sense is rational , objective , and absolute .For example , if someone borrow
something from others , then borrowers shall be obliged to return .Another example is:
Seorang mahasiswa secara tidak sengaja menemukan handphone di toilet kampus. Tidak ada
orang lain yang mengetahui ia mengambil handphone itu. Sejenak ia merasa mendapat rezeki
yang tak terduga, apalagi kebetulan ia tidak mempunyai handphone. Tetatpi segera ia
mengetahui bahwa handphone itu milik rekannya sendiri. Ia tidak mempunyai hak untuk
memiliki handphone itu dan merasa kasihan serta wajib mengembalikan handphone tersebut.
Kesadaran inilah yang disebut kesadaran moral. (Magnis. 1975:23).
A student accidentally find cell phone on the toilet campus .No one else knew she take that cell phone
.For a moment he was have a provision unexpected , let alone chance he has no cell phone .Tetatpi
immediately he knew that that cell phone belonging to fellow own .He have no right to have that cell
phone and felt sorry and shall be obliged to return the cell phone .Awareness this is called a moral sense
.( magnis .1975: 23 )
A student accidentally find a cell phone on the toilet campus .No one else know he took that cell phone
.A moment he felt provided for unexpected , moreover chance he had no cell phone .Tetatpi
immediately he knew that cell phones that was my colleagues own .He has no right to own that cell
phone and felt sorry and shall be obliged to return the cell phone .Consciousness this is what is called a
moral sense .( magnis .1975: 23 )
2.5 Etika Normatif Ethics normative

a. Teori Deontologi (Etika Kewajiban) theory deontology ( ethics obligation )

Deontologi berasal dari bahasa Yunani, deon yang berarti diharuskan, yang wajib, sesuai
dengan prosedur (Magnis, 1975:79-80; Pratley, 1997:173). Teori deontologi menilai
tindakan itu baik atau buruk berdasarkan aturan-aturan, prosedur atau kewajiban. Jadi
suatu tindakan dikatakan baik kalau tindakan itu sesuai dengan aturan, prosedur, dan
kewajiban.
Deontology comes from the greek , deon which means required , which should be , in
accordance with the procedures ( magnis , 1975: 79-80; pratley , 1997: 173 ) .The theory
deontology assess the act of it good or bad based on rules , procedure or obligation .So an act is
said both if the act in accordance with the rules , procedure , and obligations.
Deontology comes from the greek, deon which means required, must, in accordance with the
procedures ( magnis, 1975: 79-80; pratley, 1997: 173 ).The theory deontology assessing the act
of it good or bad based on aturan-aturan, the procedure or obligation.So an action said to be
better if the act in accordance with the rules, procedures, and obligations.
Menurut etika deontologi, suatu tindakan itu bernilai moral karena tindakan itu
dilaksanakan berdasarkan kewajiban yang memang harus dilaksanakan terlepas dari
tujuan atau akibat dari tindakan itu. Misalnya, suatu tindakan bisnis akan dinilai baik oleh
etika deontology bukan karena tindakan itu mendatangkan akibat baik bagi pelakunya,
melainkan karena tindakan itu sejalan dengan kewajiban pelaku untuk, misalnya
menawarkan barang dan jasa dengan mutu yang sebanding dengan harganya.
According to ethics deontology , an act it was worth moral for its action was conducted based on
the obligation that must be carried out in spite of purpose or resulting from the action of it .For
example , a business actions will be assessed either by ethics deontology not because the act
menandatangkan as well for the pmks , only because the act of is in line with the responsibility
the perpetrators to , for example offering goods and services with the quality of comparable to
the price.
According to ethics deontology , an action is worth moral because of be based on the obligation
that must be implemented in spite of purpose or a result of the act .For example , an action
business will be assessed either by ethics deontology not because the act menandatangkan the
ending of the culprit , but because of is in line for doer to , for example offering goods and
services with the quality of comparable to the price .
Ada tiga prinsip yang harus dipenuhi dalam menerapkan teori deontology, yaitu:
1. Supaya suatu tindakan punya nilai moral, maka tindakan itu harus dijalankan
berdasarkan aturan, prosedur, atau kewajiban.
2. Nilai moral dari suatu tindakan tidak ditentukan oleh tujuan atau hasil yang dicapai,
melainkan tergantung pada kemauan baik yang mendorong seseorang untuk
melakukan tindakan itu.
3. Kewajiban adalah hal penting dari tindakan yang dilakukan berdasarkan sikap hormat
pada hukum moral universal.

There are three the principle that had to be met in applied the theory of deontology , namely: 1
.That an action has a point moral , so the act of it must be executed according to the regulations
, procedure , or obligation .2 .Moral value of an action not prescribed by purpose or result
reached , rather it depends on the will good that drives someone to perform the act of it .3
.Obligation is an important point of actions were based on a gesture of respect to the law of
moral universal.

There are three principle must be fulfilled in applying the theory deontology , namely: 1 .That an
action have values , hence the act of it must be executed under the rule , procedures , or
obligation .2 .Values of an action not prescribed by purpose or achievement , but depending on
will either that drives someone to take action that .3 .Liability is an important point of actions
were based on respect for a moral law universal .

Selain memusatkan perhatian pada kewajiban, deontology juga sekaligus memperhatikan


hak (moral rights) dengan alasan bahwa suatu tindakan perlu dilakukan karena
merupakan hak manusia. Manusia memiliki macam hak, antara lain:

- Hak moral atau asasi yang mengidentifikasikan seluruh aktivitas atau keinginan yang
dapat secara bebas dilakukan tanpa dibatasi oleh norma hukum. Misalnya, hak untuk
hidup, hak kebebasan beragama, hak atas pendidikan, dll.
- Hak legal yang bersumber dari norma hukum dan dilindungi yurisdiksi suatu sistem
hukum.
- Hak warga negara, yaitu hak-hak yang dapat dinikmati sebagai warga negara,
misalnya, hak memilih dan dipilih.
Besides focus to an obligation, deontology also simultaneously see a right ( moral rights )
with the reason that an act necessary because is the right of man .Human beings have kind
of the right , among other: -- right moral or rights identify all activity or the desire is able to
freely done without bounded by a norm law .For example , the right to life , the right to
freedom of religious , the right to education , etc . -- the legal right sourced from a norm law
and protected jurisdiction a legal system . -- the right citizens , that is what rights can be
enjoyed as citizens , for example , right of choosing and be elected.
Instead of focusing on duty, deontology also simultaneously see the moral ( rights ) arguing
that an action is important because is the right man.Have kinds of human rights, among
other: - the moral or rights identify the activity or an able to freely done without bounded
by norm law.For example, the right to life, the right to freedom of religion, the right to
education, etc. - the legal right arising from the norm law and protected jurisdiction a legal
system. - the rights of citizens, namely hak-hak that can be enjoyed as citizens, for example,
vote and chosen.
Memberikan kepada seseorang apa yang menjadi haknya akan menyangkut aspek
keadilan (moral justice), sehingga juga menjadi perhatian dalam pendekatan deontologi.
Terdapat 3 unsur hakiki dalam pengertian keadilan, yaitu (1) keadilan tertuju pada orang
lain; (2) keadilan merupakan kewajiban dan harus dilaksanakan; dan (3) keadilan
menuntut persamaan (equality).

Gave someone what they are entitled will related to aspects justice ( moral justice ), so it is
also to watch out for in approach deontology .There are 3 essential element in the sense that
justice , which are ( 1 ) justice were loyal to another person; ( 2 ) justice is obligation and must
be implemented; and ( 3 ) justice demanding equation ( equality ).

Given that they are entitled to be related to justice ( moral justice ), so concern deontology
in approach.There are 3 essential element in terms of justice, namely ( 1 ) justice toward others;
( 2 ) justice is obligation and must be implemented; and ( 3 ) justice demanding ( equality )
equation.

Pendekatan lain yang ada dalam teori deontologi adalah Ethics of Care. Menurut teori
ini, memberi perhatian kepada orang atau pihak yang memiliki hubungan khusus
(terutama hubungan ketergantungan) merupakan kewajiban.

A different approach that is in theory deontology is ethics of care.According to this theory,


caring to a person or parties had a special relationship ( especially relations dependent ) is a
must.

A different approach is in theory deontology is ethics of care .According to this theory ,


caring for people or parties had a special relationship ( especially intercourse dependence ) is a
must .

Tuntutan akan perhatian sering konflik dengan tuntutan akan keadilan. Misalnya,
seorang manajer harus memilih salah satu di antara dua bawahannya untuk dipromosikan.
Salah satu dari bawahannya adalah sahabatnya yang sering memberikan bantuan semasa
kuliah dulu. Yang mana harus dipromosikan? Tidak ada aturan jelas dalam
menyelesaikan konflik-konflik semacam ini. Teori ini dikritik karena mengutamakan
hubungan khusus (misalnya, kedekatan etnik, agama, ras, dan suku) dapat menimbulkan
ketidakadilan dan justru mengabaikan perhatian kepada orang lain.

Demands to attention often in conflict with demands to justice. For example, a manager
have to choose one of the two inferiors to be promoted. One of inferiors is his best friend who
often help during college first. Who where to promoted? There is no rule clear in resolving this
kind of conflicts .This theory criticized for give priority to the special relationship (example,
proximity ethnic, religion, race, and tribes) could cause injustice and even ignoring attention to
the person other.
Demands to attention often in conflict with demands to justice. For example , a manager
must choose one of two inferiors to be promoted .One of his inferiors is often help college first
time .Which must be promoted ?There is no rule clear in resolving this kind of konflik-konflik
.This theory criticized for the utmost special relationship ( for example , proximity ethnic ,
religion , race , and the ) could cause injustice and even ignoring attention to others .

Teori hak, keadilan, dan perhatian sebagaimana telah diuraikan semuanya terfokus
pada tindakan dengan berpegang pada suatu prinsip atau norma. Bila sesuai dengan
prinsip atau norma, maka tindakan itu dikatakan benar. Sebaliknya, bila tidak sesuai
dengan prinsip atau norma, maka tindakan itu dikatakan tidak benar. Ada satu teori yang
tidak menekankan pada tindakan, tetapi fokus pada karakter seseorang, yaitu manusia
sebagai pelaku moral. Teori ini disebut virtue theory yang menggunakan keutamaan
(seperti kejujuran, keberanian, integritas, kepedulian, kesabaran, pengendalian diri) dan
kejelekan (seperti ketidakjujuran, keserakahan, dan kekejaman) sebagai awal untuk moral
reasoning (Satyanugraha, 2003:89).

The theory the right , justice , and attention as duraikan all focused on the act of to keep on a principle
or norm .Appropriate to the principle of or norm , so the act of will be right .On the other hand , if not in
accordance with the principle or norm , so the act of will be not true .Is one theory who do not
menekankanpada the act of , but focus on character to a person , those as a moral .This theory called
virtue theory that uses eminence ( as honesty , courage , integrity , concern , patience , self-control and
it has ( as dishonesty , greed , and cruelty ) as a preliminary to moral reasoning ( satyanugraha , 2003: 89
).

The theory rights, justice, and attention as duraikan all focused on action by holding on to a principle or
norm.If in accordance with the or norm, hence the act of said right.On the contrary, if not in accordance
with the or norm, hence the act of said not true.One theory not menekankanpada action, but focus on a
person character, the man as a moral.This theory called virtue theory that uses eminence ( as honesty,
courage, integrity, concern, patience, restraint and ( ) him as dishonesty, greed, and cruelty ) as the
beginning to moral reasoning ( satyanugraha, 2003: 89 ).

b. Teori Teleologi (Etika Tujuan atau Manfaat) he theory teleology ( ethics purpose or
benefit)

Teleologi berasal dari bahasa Yunani, telos yang berarti tujuan, sasaran, hasil,
akibat (Magnis, 1975;79-80; Pratley, 1997:173). Etika teleologi menilai suatu tindakan
itu baik atau buruk dari sudut tujuan, hasil, sasaran atau keadaan optimum yang dapat
dicapai.
Teleology originates from greece language , telos which means the purpose , target , the
results of , due to ( magnis , 1975; 79-80; pratley , 1997: 173 ) .Ethics teleology judging an action
it good or bad from the corner of the purpose of , the results of , target or the state of steady
that can be attained.
Teleology comes from the greek , telos which means purpose , target , the results , due
to ( magnis , 1975; 79-80; pratley , 1997: 173 ) .Ethics teleology considered an action it good or
bad from the purpose , the results , target or a steady that can be attained .
Tujuan, hasil, sasaran, atau akibat bisa dilihat dari dua segi, yaitu apa dan untuk
siapa tujuan, hasil, sasaran, atau akibat tersebut. Dilihat dari sudut apa, dikenal dua versi
teleologi, yaitu hedonisme (hedone, dalam bahasa Yunani berarti kenikmatan) dan
eudaimonisme (daimon, dalam bahasa Yunani berarti jiwa yang baik; eudaimonia, berarti
kebahagiaan) (Magnis, 1975:80; Bertens, 1997:235-242). Dorongan untuk mencari
kenikmatan, kegembiraan, atau kesenangan atau sebaliknya menjauhi serta mencegah
rasa sakit atau ketidaksenangan dalam hidup manusia adalah sesuatu yang manusiawi.
Syartanya adalah tindakan itu tidak merugikan diri sendiri atau orang lain, serta tidak
melalaikan suatu kewajiban.
The purpose, the results, target, can be seen from two terms, that is what and for who the
purpose, the results, and target. Seen from the point what, known two version teleology,
namely hedonism hedone , in Greek means bliss) and eudaimonism (daimon, in Greek means a
good soul; eudaimonia, means wealth) (Magnis, 1975: 80; Bertens, 1997: 235-242).
Encouragement to find enjoyment, excitement, or pleasure or otherwise avoid and prevent pain
or displeasure of human life is something humane. The requirement is the act of will not harm
self or others, and do not fail in an obligation.
The purpose, the results, target, or resulting can be seen from two terms, that is what and for
who purpose, the results, target, or resulting from the.Viewed from the what, known two
versions teleology, namely hedonism ( hedone, in greek means of ) and eudaimonisme ( daimon,
in greek means a good soul; eudaimonia, means happiness ) ( magnis, 1975: 80; bertens, 1997:
235-242 ).The urge to find pleasure, excitement, or pleasure or otherwise avoid and prevent
pain or displeasure of human life is something that humane.Syartanya is an act that to yourself
or others, and do not fail in an obligation.
Dalam pembahasan tentang eudaimonisme, Aristoteles menyatakan bahwa setiap
tindakan manusia mempunyai tujuan. Ada dua macam tujuan, yaitu tujuan yang dicari
demi tujuan selanjutnya (tujuan antara), dan tujuan demi tujuan itu sendiri, misalnya,
orang belajar ilmu kedokteran agar bisa menyembuhkan penyakit, orang membuat kursi
agar bisa duduk lebih tinggi dari lantai, dll. Tetapi, ada tujuan yang baik pada dirinya
sendiri, yang disebut kebahagiaan.
In the discussion of eudaimonisme, Aristoteles states that each human actions have aims. There
are two kinds of the purpose, that is the purpose of sought by the next purpose, and the
purpose sake the purpose itself, for example, a learned person of medical science to cure
diseases, the makes a seat that can sit higher than the floor, etc. But, there is some good
purpose to himself, called happiness.
Under discussion about eudaimonisme, aristotle stated that every human actions have
aims.There are two kinds of purpose, that is the purpose of sought by the next ( purpose of ),
and the sake of the an end in itself, for example, learned person medical science to cure
diseases, people make seats to sit higher than the floor, etc.But, is a good goal to himself, called
happiness.
Jika dilihat dari sudut untuk siapa hasil atau akibat itu, maka hedonisme dan
eudaimonisme tergolong egois, sehingga disebut juga egoisme etis. Dalam hubungan ini,
eogisme bisa dibedakan menjadi egoisme hedonistic (hedonisme egois) dan egoisme
eidaimonistic. Untuk egoisme hedonistic berlaku kaidah “bertindaklah sedemikian rupa
sehingga mencapai kenikmatan yang paling besar bagimu atau hindari semua
ketidaknikmatan”. Dan dalam egoisme eudaimonistic berlaku kaidah “bertindaklah
sedemikian rupa sehingga mencapai kebahagiaan terbesar bagimu”.
If seen from the point for whom result or consequence that, so hedonism and eudaimonisme
are selfish, so called also egoism ethical.In this relationship, eogisme can distinguished into
egoism hedonistic ( hedonism selfish and egoism eidaimonistic.To egoism hedonistic apply rules
� and do in such a way so as to achieve enjoy the large for you or avoid all ketidaknikmatan
� .And in egoism eudaimonistic apply rules � and do in such a way so as to achieve the
greatest happiness for you �
If viewed from the for whom result or consequence it, then hedonism and eudaimonism are
egoism, so called also egoism ethical. In this relationship, eogisme can divided into egoism
hedonistic (hedonism egoism) and egoism eudaimonistic (eudaimonisme egoism). To egoism
hedonistic rules applicable “Do in such a way that reached for greater enjoyment for you or
avoid all not enjoy”. And in egoism eudaimonistic rules applicable “Do in such a way that
reached the greatest happiness for you”.

Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi dan menentukan kegiatan berbisnis. Sebagai kegiatan
sosial, bisnis dengan banyak cara terjalin dengan kompleksitas masyarakat modern. Dalam
kegiatan berbisnis, mengejar keuntungan adalah hal yang wajar, asalkan dalam mencapai
keuntungan tersebut tidak merugikan banyak pihak. Jadi, dalam mencapai tujuan dalam kegiatan
berbisnis ada batasnya. Kepentingan dan hak-hak orang lain perlu diperhatikan.
Perilaku etis dalam kegiatan berbisnis adalah sesuatu yang penting demi kelangsungan
hidup bisnis itu sendiri. Bisnis yang tidak etis akan merugikan bisnis itu sendiri terutama jika
dilihat dari perspektif jangka panjang. Bisnis yang baik bukan saja bisnis yang menguntungkan,
tetapi bisnis yang baik adalah selain bisnis tersebut menguntungkan juga bisnis yang baik secara
moral. Perilaku yang baik, juga dalam konteks bisnis, merupakan perilaku yang sesuai dengan
nilai-nilai moral. Bisnis juga terikat dengan hukum. Dimana kegiatan bisnis juga dibatasi oleh
norma hukum. Norma etika dan norma hukum adalah hal penting yang harus diperhatikan ketika
kita melakukan kegiatan bisnis.
A lot of factors affect and determine activities business. As social activities, business
with many ways tied with complexity modern society. In the business, pursue advantage it is the
norm, as long as in achieving the advantage to many parties. So, in achieving its objectives in the
business there are limits .The interests and the rights of others must be paid attention.
Ethical behavior in the business is something that necessary for survival business itself.
Business unethical will hurt business itself especially if seen from long term perspective. Good
business not only lucrative business, but good business is besides the businesses profitable also
good business morally. Good behavior, also in a business context, is behavior that conforms to
moral value. Business also bound by law. The business is limited by norm law. Norm ethics and
norm law is an important point that must be considered when we do business

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