FIRE

PROTECTION
SYSTEM
for IKEA Tebrau
Content

■ Introduction
■ Classification of Fire & Hazards
■ Fire Safety Design
■ Planning for Fire Protection
■ Fire Fighting SOP
■ Fire Detection and Signalling Devices
■ Fire Alarm Systems
■ Fire Suppression Equipment & System
Introduction

■ Fire Protection is the study and practice of mitigating the

unwanted effects of potentially destructive fires.
■ A fire protection system includes : devices, wiring, piping,
equipment, and controls to detect fire or smoke, to actuate
signals, and to suppress the fire or desmoke.
■ Objectives of fire protection
 Primary – life safety and property protection
 Secondary – minimize interruptions of service/operation due
to fire

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Classification of Fire &
Hazards
■ Classification of Fires
■ Fire Load
■ Classification of Hazards

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Classification of Fire

■ Fires are classified into 5 groups :

■ Although ABC & BC dry chemical extinguishers can control a fire

involving electronic equipment, NFPA75 specially advises against dry-
chemical extinguishers for fires involving computers or other delicate
electronic equipment due to the potential damage from residues.

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Fire Load

■ The fire loading of a building is a way of establishing the

potential severity of a hypothetical future fire.
■ It is the heat output per unit floor area, calculated from the
calorific value of the materials present.
■ Fire loading is used for evaluating building safety risks.

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Classification of Hazards

■ Light Hazard : Area where total amount of Class A

combustible materials is minor.
■ Ordinary Hazard : Area where Class A combustible and Class
B flammables are present in greater amounts than expected
under Light Hazard occupancies.
■ Extra Hazard : Area where large quantities of highly
combustible materials and conditions are such that fires
could develop quickly with high heat release.

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Fire Safety Design
Fire-
resistant
construction
Smoke Vertical
controls openings

Adequate
Length of
emergency
travel
lightings

Linkage to
Means of Fire
egress department

Coordination
Exit
with M&E
enclosure
systems
Compliance
to design
code
requirements

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Planning for Fire Protection
Presence of fire is detected
Detection automatically or manually.

Building occupants and Fire

department are notified of the
Signalling
presence of fire by signalling
devices.

Manual or automatic fire

Suppression suppression equipment/systems
are used to extinguish the fire and
de-smoke.

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Fire Fighting SOP

■ Initial Effort : Portable / manual firefighting equipment, such

as fire extinguishers, fire hose reels, are used to extinguish
the fire.
■ Main Effort : Fire suppression systems, such as automatic
sprinklers, fixed gaseous extinguishing system, are used to
extinguish the fire. Smoke control system are activated to
remove or control the spread of smoke.
■ Last Effort : Fire department takes over the fire fighting effort.

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Fire Signalling Devices

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Fire Alarm Systems

■ Fire alarm systems are an integral part of a fire protection

plan.
■ They are basically electrical system that are specially
designed to announce the presence of fire or smoke.
■ They are not intended to suppress or extinguish a fire.

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Fire Detection Devices

■ Smoke detectors
 Quicker to respond than thermal detectors
 Having higher rates of triggering false alarm
■ Heat detectors
 Triggered alarm by temperature-activated sensors
 To replace smoke detectors in area where smoke detectors
have higher chance of getting false alarm, eg. Carpark.

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Manual Alarm Station

■ Bells, gongs and strobe lights are manually activated by a

switch.
■ To avoid accidental operation of the switch, the station is
usually designed so that a person must break a glass panel
or glass rod or must perform other preliminary actions before
the alarm can be operated.

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Fire Suppression

■ Fire suppression is achieved by cooling the combustible

material to below its ignition temperature or by preventing
oxygen from reacting with the combustible material.
■ Fire suppression system must be designed by considering the
class of fire and the type of building occupancy.
■ Normal used suppression medium
 Water (Automatic sprinkler system)
 Gas (CO2 fixed gaseous system, FM200 fixed gaseous
system)

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Portable Fire Extinguishers

■ Portable fire extinguishers are used as the first line of fire

protection & suppression.
■ They are normally pre-charged with chemicals and are hand-
operated.

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Fixed Gaseous Fire
Suppression Systems
■ Gaseous systems are often designed and most effective for
Class C fires caused by electrical equipment.
■ All these gases are stored in liquid state under high pressure.
■ Normally used agent gases : CO2, FM200, Inert gas

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Hose Reel system

■ Hose reel system consist of piping, valves, hose connections,

and nozzles to provide streams of water for initial stage fire
suppression.

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Automatic Sprinkler Systems

■ Automatic sprinkler systems are integrated fire suppression

system consisting of a water supply and a network of pipes,
sprinkler heads, and other components to provide automatic
fire suppression in areas of a building.
■ This system is the most effective for suppressing a Class A
fire in buildings ordinary combustible material, such as wood,
paper, and plastics.
■ The design and installation of the system are strictly
regulated by design codes, local fire codes, local fire
authorities and insurance company.

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Reasons for Installing
Sprinklers
■ Code requirements
■ Insurance incentives
■ General fire protection of life and property
■ Building design flexibility

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Sprinklers System Applicable
Standards
■ NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
■ BS EN 12845, Fixed fire fighting systems, automatic sprinkler
systems, design, installation and maintenance

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Why NFPA 13 design
standard is selected
■ The most important criteria for the design of sprinkler system,
the design density and area of operation.
■ These 2 factors has direct effect on the fire pumps and water
storage capacity and are the important factor in increasing
infrastructure installation costs.
■ BS EN 12845 requires Ordinary Hazard Group 4 for Shopping
Centre, while NFPA 13 requires only Ordinary Hazard Group 2.
■ For storage area, hydraulic calculation for BS EN 12845, also
need to be determined according to NFPA 13.
■ Thus, NFPA 13 is a more cost effective standards to be
designed for shopping centre, as well as a more suitable code
to be followed especially for Storage protection.
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Sprinklers

■ Major component of an automatic sprinkler system.

■ Discharge water in specific pattern for extinguishing or controlling a
fire.
■ Different glass bulb colour denotes different activation temperature.

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Location and Spacing of
Sprinklers
■ Determine protection area for sprinkler heads using the
following formula :
As = S x L
where “S” is the distance between heads on the lines and
“L” is the distance between branch lines.
■ As shall depend on the protection hazard of the system. For
ESFR system, As maximum limit is 9m2 according to NFPA 13
design codes.

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Obstruction to Sprinklers
Discharge
■ Any permanent solid objects with width of >600mm and continuous
length being placed inside the sprinkler distribution spray pattern,
will disturb the development of spray pattern from reaching hazard.

Obstructed
region

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Obstruction to Sprinklers
Discharge
■ Obstruction rules for ESFR sprinklers

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Obstruction to Sprinklers
Discharge
■ Common installation mistake

COORDINATION IS
IMPORTANT!!

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Sprinkler Pipeworks

■ Wet-pipe sprinkler system employ automatic sprinklers

attached to a piping system containing water and connected
to a water supply so that water discharges immediately from
sprinklers opened by fire.
■ Only those sprinklers which have been operated by heat over
the fire will discharge water.

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Pipe Sizing

■ Hazen-Williams formula :
4.52𝑄𝑄 1.85
P=
𝐶𝐶 1.85 𝑑𝑑 4.87

■ Flow in pipes : Q = K√ P (K=25.2 for ESFR)

■ C value for steel from the table in NFPA 13 is 120 for black
steel.
where P = pressure
K = K factor
Q = flowrate
d = pipe diameter

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Sprinkler Pumps

■ Pump head required

= Sprinkler head requirement + Static head required +
System piping friction loss
= 50 psi + 30 psi + 70 psi (from hydraulic calculation)
= 150 psi
■ What happen if sprinkler pump is oversize?
 Pipe fittings need to be higher rating. Installation cost
increase!
■ What happen if sprinkler pump is undersize?
 Sprinkler heads could not perform to the flow and pressure
required, thus ineffective for fire fighting/controlling.

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Sprinkler Pumps

■ Diesel Engine pumps (1 duty 1 standby) were installed.

■ Advantage of diesel engine pump : Not rely on power supply
■ Reduce risk of pumps not functioning during power outage
■ Diesel pump does not required power supply. Saving on
electricity installation cost (often high kW motor and fire rated
cable is needed)

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Sprinkler Tanks

■ Water storage for operation of maximum numbers of sprinklers

(12 nos. sprinkler burst) for duration of 60 minutes (ESFR
system).
■ Total system flow demand is calculated from hydraulic calculation
(1,500 usgpm).
■ Total storage volume required,
= 1,500 x 60 = 90,000 us gallon effective

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Quiz

1. What is the type of fire possible to happen at Kitchen area?

 Class K type.
2. Is smoke detector applicable in preliminary fire fighting?
 No, as smoke detector is a fire detection devices, and is not
intended to be used as a fire suppression element.
3. Which type of detector is suitable to be used at carpark area?
 Heat detector.
4. Automatic sprinkler system shall be activated by smoke detectors.
True of false?
 False. Automatic sprinkler system is activated by sprinkler heat
bursting, when the heat sensing element burst due to heat operated
over the sprinklers.

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Quiz

5. What is the minimum duration for sprinkler pumps operation

to size a water tank storage?
 60 minutes for ESFR system
6. What is the width of a continuous object to be considered as
obstruction to the sprinkler operation?
 600mm

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The End

Thank you

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