Anda di halaman 1dari 11

Name: Joezel A.

Entienza Date:May 1, 2018


Lab 4

Heat engine

A system that converts heat or thermal energy and chemical energy to


mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work.

Types of Engine

1. External combustion (E.C.) Engine


An engine in which combustion of fuel take place outside of the cylinder is known as EC engine. In this
type of engine heat, which is generated by burning of fuel is used to convert the water or other low
boiling temperature fluid into steam. This high pressure steam used to rotate a turbine. In this engine we
can use all solid, liquid and gases fuel. These engines are generally used in driving locomotive, ships,
generation of electric power etc.
Advantages of E.C. engine-

 In these engines starting torque is generally high.


 Because of external combustion we can use cheaper fuels as well as solid fuel.
 They are more flexible compare to internal combustion engines.

2. Internal Combustion (I.C.) Engine


It is an engine in which combustion of fuel take place inside the engine.
When the fuel burns inside the engine cylinder, it generates a high
temperature and pressure. This high pressure force is exerted on the piston
(A device which free to moves inside the cylinder and transmit the
pressure force to crank by use of connecting rod), which used to rotate the
wheels of vehicle. In these engines we can use only gases and high
volatile fuel like petrol, diesel. These engines are generally used in automobile industries, generation of
electric power etc.

IC engines are differentiated by the number of ‘strokes’ or cycles each piston makes for a full rotation of
the crankshaft. Most common today are four-stroke engines, which break down the combustion reaction
in four steps:

1. Induction or injection of a fuel-air mix (the carburate) into the combustion chamber.
2. Compression of the mix.
3. Ignition by a spark plug or compression — fuel goes boom.
4. Emission of the exhaust.

Advantages of I.C. engine-


 It has overall high efficiency over E.C. engine.
 These engines are compact and required less space.
 Initial cost of I.C. engine is lower than E.C. engine.
 This engine easily starts in cold because of it uses high volatile fuel.

Types of I.C. Engine

I.C. engine is widely used in automobile industries so it is also known as automobile engine. An
automobile engine may be classified in many manners. Today I am going to tell you some important
classification of an automobile engine.
According to number of stroke:

1. Two stroke engine

In a two stroke engine a piston moves one time up and down inside the cylinder and complete one
crankshaft revolution during single time of fuel injection. This type of engine has high torque compare to
four stroke engine. These are generally used in scooters, pumping sets etc.

2. Four stroke engine

In a four stroke engine piston moves two times up and down inside the cylinder and complete two
crankshaft revolutions during single time of fuel burn. This type of engines has high average compare to
two stroke engine. These are generally used in bikes, cars, truck etc.

According to design of engine:

1. Reciprocating engine (piston engine)

In reciprocating engine the pressure force generate by combustion of fuel exerted on a piston (A device
which free to move in reciprocation inside the cylinder). The piston starts reciprocating motion (too and
fro motion). This reciprocating motion converts into rotary motion by use of crank shaft. So the crank
shaft starts to rotate and make rotate the wheels of the vehicle. These are generally used in all automobile.

2. Rotary engine (Wankel engine)

In rotary engine there is a rotor which frees to rotate. The pressure force generated by burning of fuel is
exerted on this rotor so the rotor rotate and starts to rotate the wheels of vehicle. This engine is developed
by Wankel in 1957. This engine is not used in automobile in present days.

According to fuel used:

1. Diesel engine

These engines use diesel as the fuel. These are used in trucks, buses, cars etc.
2. Petrol engine

These engines use petrol as the fuel. These are used in bikes, sport cars, luxury cars etc.

3. Gas engine

These engines use CNG and LPG as the fuel. These are used in some light motor vehicles.

4. Electric engine

It is eco-friendly engine. It doesn’t use any fuel to burn. It uses electric energy to rotate wheel.

According to method of ignition:

1. Compression ignition engine

In these types of engines, there is no extra equipment to ignite the fuel. In these engines burning of fuel
starts due to temperature rise during compression of air. So it is known as compression ignition engine.

2. Spark ignition engine

In these types of engines, ignition of fuel start by a spark, generated inside the cylinder by some extra
equipment (Spark Plug). So it is known as spark ignition engine.

According to number of cylinder:

1. Single cylinder engine

In this type of engines have only one cylinder and one piston connected to the crank shaft.

2. Multi-cylinder engine

In this type of engines have more than one cylinder and piston connected to the crank shaft.

According to arrangement of cylinder:

1. In-line engine

In this type of engines, cylinders are positioned in a straight line one behind the
other along the length of the crankshaft.
2. V-type engine

An engine with two cylinder banks inclined at an angle to each other and with one
crankshaft known as V-type engine.

3. Opposed cylinder engine

An engine with two cylinders banks opposite to each other on a single


crankshaft (V-type engine with 180o angle between banks).

4. W-type engine

An engine same as V-type engine except with three banks of cylinders on the same crankshaft known as
W-type engine.

5. Opposite piston engine

In this type of engine there are two pistons in each cylinder with the
combustion chamber in the center between the pistons. In this engine,
a single combustion process causes two power strokes, at the same
time.

6. Radial engine
It is an engine with pistons positioned in circular plane around the central
crankshaft. The connecting rods of pistons are connected to a master rod which, in
turn, connected to the crankshaft.

According to air intake process:

1. Naturally aspirated

In this types of engine intake of air into cylinder occur by the atmospheric pressure.

2. Supercharged engine

In this type of engine air intake pressure is increased by the compressor driven by the engine crankshaft.

3. Turbocharged engine

In this type of engine intake air pressure is increase by use of a turbine compressor driven by the exhaust
gases of burning fuel.

Main Engine Components

1. Flywheel

is a mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store rotational energy.


Flywheels resist changes in rotational speed by their moment of inertia.

2. Cylinder

is the central working part of a reciprocating engine or pump, the space in which a
piston travels.

3. Cylinder block
A cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinder(s) of a reciprocating engine and often
some or all of their associated surrounding structures (coolant passages, intake and exhaust passages and
ports, and crankcase).

4. Cylinder head

(often informally abbreviated to just head) sits above the cylinders on top of the
cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion
chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket. In most engines, the head also
provides space for the passages that feed air and fuel to the cylinder, and that allow
the exhaust to escape. The head can also be a place to mount the valves, spark plugs, and fuel injectors.

5.Piston Pin

also known as a wrist pin, is a hardened steel pin which connects an engine's piston to a
connecting rod. This pin is hollow to reduce weight and is held in place with a number
of different methods. Most factory-stock piston pin designs rely on a pressed fit with
the pin being pressed into the connecting rod.

6. Exhaust Manifold

collects the exhaust gases from multiple cylinders into one pipe. The word manifold
comes from the Old English word manigfeald and refers to the folding together of
multiple inputs and outputs.

7. inlet manifold or intake manifold

is the part of an engine that supplies the fuel/air mixture to the cylinders.
8. Piston
Piston is a cylindrical structure with a flat surface called crown at the top. Piston is
the component that moves up and down in an engine cylinder.

9. Connecting Rod
It is an ‘I’ shape structure whose one end is connected to piston and other one to
crankshaft. The piston side end of connecting rod has hole in it. And we have also
got a hole in piston’s cylindrical structure just beneath the piston rings. So we
align this hole with connecting rods hole and put a wrist pin through it. Wrist pin
act as a bearing and connecting rod can move like pendulum beneath piston, though piston’s cylindrical
structure is gonna limit its motion. To make sure that wrist pin should not move from its position it is
restricted by snap ring at both sides.

Other end of the connecting rod can be split into two parts. First is semi-circular journal bearing seat,
which is placed over crankshaft after installing the half part of journal bearing, in the seat. Other half is
journal bearing cap. These two parts are bolted together, holding crankshaft in between. Thus piston is
now connected to crankshaft through connecting rod.

10. Crankshaft

As name suggests it is designed in such a way to convert linear (up and down)
motion of piston into rotational motion. It works same as slider- crank mechanism.
Material used for making crankshaft is cast iron generally but we also use forged
steel in high power engines where load on crankshaft is too high.

Casting a crank-shaft seems to be an easy task, but it’s not. Once crankshaft is casted
it is then machined, which is not that easy considering its shape. Then after machining it requires proper
balancing to work properly.

11. Crankshaft Casing

It is also called as oil sump. It is a casing which is bolted to engine block,


which covers engine from bottom thus called crankshaft casing. It retains
lubricating oil in it which is pumped to different engine parts. Crankshaft has got small holes which spills
oil towards piston, to remove piston heat and lubricate the piston rings, so it also prevents oil from
splashing. We have got a bolt at the bottom of this casing from where we remove used lubricating oil
during maintenance.

12. Engine Head


Engine head is casted in the same way as engine block. Its mold is made such
that the casted piece must have an opening for air to flow into engine cylinder
and an exhaust opening from where the burnt gases will go out. This passage of
air flowing in and going out of engine cylinder is controlled by inlet and outlet
valves. So engine head also has cylindrical holes to insert valve stem.

13. Valves
As we have already know that they control the inlet and exhaust air to go into and
out of engine cylinder. Material used to make valves is nickel-chromium iron
alloy. It can resist high temperature and have great strength. Valve could be
described in two parts- valve stem and valve head. As we already know that we
have got cylindrical hole in engine head for valve steam and we also have a valve
seat where valve head will rest in engine head. Valve is mounted upside down means valve head is facing
engine cylinder. It is so because when there would be high pressure in engine cylinder it would press the
valve head against its seat in engine head and thus pressure will be maintained at best.

14. Camshaft
It is a shaft with a number of cam profiles along its length. So it regulates the
valves opening and closing time. It does so by pressing the end of valve stem
by its cam profile. But we still need a mechanism which would return the valve
back to its position once pressed by the cam profile of camshaft. We have valve
spring and bucket head tappet assembly for solving this problem.

15. Timing Belt


Transmits the motion of gear mounted at crankshaft called crank-gear, to the
gear mounted at camshaft. The ration of cam-gear to that of crank-gear is 2:1. So
that camshaft would rotate only once in two rotations of crankshaft. Timing belt is made up either from
glass-fiber or Kevlar so it does not worn-out easily.

16. Spark Plug


It is the parts of an engine that ignites the air-fuel mixture in the engine
cylinder. It produces the spark at right time by using electrical energy of
battery. The basic working principle is that when we have high electrical
potential at one end and zero or negative potential at other end. And two ends
being real very close to each other, it produces an electric field so strong
between them that it ionizes the air molecules thus producing spark. And that is in the combustion
chamber , It is made up of titanium so that it can withstand a real high temperature generated by high
electric potential difference while producing spark.

17. Gasket
A wide variety of materials are used in making gaskets like Teflon, glass-
fiber, silicon etc. It is generally a paper like sheet which is placed between
engine block and engine head. As we have already discussed that we have
both water and oil vents in engine block, so gasket gives insulation from
water or oil leaking into engine cylinder or air-fuel mixture from engine
cylinder leaking out from joint of engine block and engine head. Aluminum
engine blocks are preferred over cast iron because it expends more on heating thus compressing the
gasket more, increases the workability of gasket, thus reducing the chances of leakage.

18. Piston Rings


Piston rings prevent the pressure created by burning of air-fuel mixture from
leaking into crankcase. Not only that piston rings scrap down the oil from
cylinder walls which is spilled by crankshaft to remove heat from piston.
They also transfer heat of the piston to the cylinder walls which are being
cooled by water circulation through water vents.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai