ECE 408 HOMEWORK #3 (CH. 13) Solutions ©Dr. James S.

Kang

1.
(a)
fp 1500
=θ p 2π = π
2= 1.1781 rad
f sampling 8000
fs 2100
=θ s 2π = π
2= 1.6493 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)
2 θ  θ 
=ωp = tan  p  2 f sampling=
tan  p  10690.8582 rad / s
Ts  2   2 
2 θ  θ 
=ωs = tan  s  2 f sampling=
tan  s  17308.7025 rad / s
Ts 2 2
(c)
Ωp = 1 rad/s
ωs
Ω s= = 1.6190
ωp
(d)
  100.1 As − 1     100.1×23 − 1  
 10  0.1 Ap
log   10  0.1×2
log 
 10 −1    10 −1  
=n ceil  = ceil  = =
ceil (6.0471) 7
 2 log10 ( Ω s )   2 log10 (1.6190 ) 
   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the passband, As is fixed. Thus, new As, denoted by
As1, is identical to As:

As1 = As = 23dB

As
10 10 − 1
from Ω ns = , new Ap, denoted by Ap1, is given by
Ap

10 10 − 1
 A10s1 
 10 − 1 
=Ap1 10 log10 + 1 = 0.911398741049431.
 Ω2n 
 s 
 
The value of ε can be obtained using

 As 1 
 10 10 −1 
10log10  +1
 Ω s
2n As 1

10 10 − 1
Ap 1  
=ε 10 10 =
−1 10 10
=
−1 = 0.483220493943014
Ω ns

1
and the 3dB cutoff frequency Ωc is obtained using

1 1 Ωs Ωs
Ω=
c =
1 1
= 1
= 1
= 1.109486682365611.
ε1 n  As 1 
 10 − 1 
10
n 
10
As 1
10

− 1
2n
(10 0.1 As 1
)
−1 2n

   
 Ω ns 
 

(e)
One pole at S = -1 and six poles at
 π (2k + n + 1)   π (2k + n + 1) 
Sk =
cos   ± j sin  , k =
0,1, 2
 2n   2n 
S =
-1.000000000000000
-0.900968867902419 - 0.433883739117558i
-0.900968867902419 + 0.433883739117558i
-0.623489801858733 - 0.781831482468030i
-0.623489801858733 + 0.781831482468030i
-0.222520933956314 - 0.974927912181824i
-0.222520933956314 + 0.974927912181824i
There are seven zeros at S = ∞.
The normalized lowpass poles S are multiplied by Ωc:
S = ΩcS

S =
-1.109486682365611
-0.999612960163755 - 0.481388230245926i
-0.999612960163755 + 0.481388230245926i
-0.691753631753038 - 0.867431617652442i
-0.691753631753038 + 0.867431617652442i
-0.246884012772088 - 1.081669534832243i
-0.246884012772088 + 1.081669534832243i
(f)
S is multiplied by ωp to get the frequency transformed poles, that is, s = ωpS.
s =
1.0e+04 *
-1.186136480340249
-1.068672041869914 - 0.514645331193767i
-1.068672041869914 + 0.514645331193767i
-0.739543999104757 - 0.927358842833828i
-0.739543999104757 + 0.927358842833828i
-0.263940197404968 - 1.156397562340816i
-0.263940197404968 + 1.156397562340816i
There are seven zeros at s = ∞. The infinity can be represented by realmax.
sz =
1.0e+308 *
1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316
1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316
1.797693134862316
(g)

2
 2 f sampling + s
Substituting s into z = , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s

0.156102845487388 - 0.222950936823625i
0.156102845487388 + 0.222950936823625i
0.182061645671530 - 0.468550845937357i
0.182061645671530 + 0.468550845937357i
0.239649474872488 - 0.769084562313435i
0.239649474872488 + 0.769084562313435i
0.148543878801375
Similarly, we obtain seven zeros at z = -1.
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
-0.312205690974776 -0.364123291343060 -0.479298949744977
0.074075218599791 0.252686338053238 0.648922934795508

1.000000000000000
-0.148543878801375
0
NumSOS =
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 1
1 1 1 0
Each column represents second-order sections except the last one, which is first-order.
The transfer function is given by
1 + 2 z −1 + z −2 1 + 2 z −1 + z −2
H ( z) ×
1 − 0.3122 z −1 + 0.07408 z −2 1 − 0.3641z −1 + 0.2527 z −2
1 + 2 z −1 + z −2 1 + z −1
× ×
1 − 0.4793 z −1 + 0.6489 z −2 1 − 0.1485 z −1
(i)
For each second-order section, b0 is chosen to make the gain equal to one at θ = 0 (z = 1).
b0 =
0.190467381906254 0.222140761677545 0.292405996262633
0.425728060599313
singleb0 = 0.005267049737426
(j)
Magnitude Response (linear)
1.5

1
|H(θ)|

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

3
 Magnitude Response (dB)
50

20 log (|H(θ)|)
0
10

-50

-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase Response (deg)
200
∠(H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
At θ = θp, the attenuation is 0.9114 dB exceeding the specification (2 dB). At θ = θs, the
attenuation is 23 dB (met the specification exactly). The excess tolerance in the passband
is the result of rounding up the order n.

2.
(a)
fp 1500
=θ p 2π = π
2= 1.1781 rad
f sampling 8000
fs 2100
=θ s 2π = π
2= 1.6493 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)
2 θ  θ 
=ωp = tan  p  2 f sampling=
tan  p  10690.8582 rad / s
Ts  2   2 
2 θ  θ 
=ωs = tan  s  2 f sampling=
tan  s  17308.7025 rad / s
Ts 2 2
(c)
Ωp = 1 rad/s
ωs
Ω s= = 1.6190
ωp
(d)

4
   100.1 As − 1     100.1×31 − 1  
 cosh −1     cosh −1
 
  100.1 Ap − 1     100.1×2 − 1  
=  =   = 
n    =
4.2652  5
 cosh −1
( s)  
Ω cosh −1
(1.619 )  
   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the stopband, Ap is fixed. Thus, new Ap, denoted by
Ap1, is identical to Ap:

Ap1 = Ap = 2 dB
= ε − 1 , ε is fixed also. Thus, ε1 = ε = 0.764783101579208.
0.1 Ap
Since 10

 100.1 As − 1 
−1
cosh  
 100.1 Ap − 1 
From n =   , new A , denoted by A , is given by
cosh ( Ω s )
−1 s s1

 ( 0.1 A
)
As1= 10 log10 1 + 10 p1 − 1 cosh 2 ( n cosh −1 ( Ω s ) )  = 37.775306589103806.

(e)
1  1 
a = sinh −1   = 0.216610446280906

n  10 p1 − 1 
0.1 A

For n odd, there is one pole at S = −sinh(a) and (n-1)/2 complex conjugate poles at

 π (2k + 1)  π (2k + 1)  n−3

S k = − sinh(a ) sin   ± j cosh(a ) cos   , k = 0 ,1, ..........,
 2n   2n  2
S =
-0.218308321386657
-0.176615142015273 - 0.601628720732406i
-0.176615142015273 + 0.601628720732406i
-0.067460981321945 - 0.973455718753151i
-0.067460981321945 + 0.973455718753151i
There are five zeros at S = ∞.
SZ =
1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316
1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316
(f)
To find the frequency transformed lowpass pole locations, multiply the normalized poles
by ωp: s = ωpS
The zeros at infinity are still represented by realmax: sz = SZ
s =
1.0e+04 *
-0.233390330928936
-0.188816744044302 - 0.643192734643375i
-0.188816744044302 + 0.643192734643375i
-0.072121578579834 - 1.040707705969972i
-0.072121578579834 + 1.040707705969972i
sz =
1.0e+308 *
1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316

5
 1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316
(g)
2 f sampling + s
Substituting s into z = , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s
p =
0.379402425180675 - 0.858522939903952i
0.379402425180675 + 0.858522939903952i
0.584091598386492 - 0.569581099061184i
0.584091598386492 + 0.569581099061184i
0.745400281662135
z =
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
-0.758804850361350 -1.168183196772983 -0.745400281662135
0.881007838574303 0.665585623713433 0
NumSOS =
1 1 1
2 2 1
1 1 0
Each column represents second-order sections except the last one, which is first-order.
The transfer function is given by
1 + 2 z −1 + z −2 1 + 2 z −1 + z −2 1 + z −1
H ( z) = × ×
1 − 0.7588 z −1 + 0.8810 z −2 1 − 1.1682 z −1 + 0.6656 z −2 1 − 0.7454 z −1
(i)
For each second-order section, b0 is chosen to make the gain equal to one at θ = 0 (z = 1).
b0 =
0.280550747053238 0.124350606735112 0.127299859168932
singleb0 = 0.004441066346799
(j)
Magnitude response (linear)
1

0.8

0.6
|H(θ)|

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

6
 Magnitude response (dB)
0

20 log (|H(θ)|) -20

-40
10

-60

-80

-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase response
200
∠H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
At θ = θp, the attenuation is 2 dB (met the specification exactly). At θ = θs, the actual
attenuation is 37.7754 dB, exceeding the specification (31 dB) by 6.7754 dB. This
excess tolerance is the result of rounding up the order n.

3.
(a)
fp 1500
=θ p 2π = π
2= 1.1781 rad
f sampling 8000
fs 2100
=θ s 2π = π
2= 1.6493 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)
2 θ  θ 
=ωp = tan  p  2 f sampling=
tan  p  10690.8582 rad / s
Ts  2   2 
2 θ  θ 
=ωs = tan  s  2 f sampling=
tan  s  17308.7025 rad / s
Ts 2 2
(c)
Ωp = 1 rad/s
ωs
Ω s= = 1.6190
ωp
(d)

7
   100.1 As − 1     100.1×31 − 1  
 cosh −1     cosh −1
 
  100.1 Ap − 1     100.1×2 − 1  
=  =   = 
n    =
3.7221 4
 cosh −1
( s)  
Ω cosh −1
(1.619 )  
   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the stopband, Ap is fixed. Thus, new Ap, denoted by
Ap1, is identical to Ap:

Ap1 = Ap = 2dB
 100.1 As − 1 
cosh −1  
 100.1 Ap − 1 
From n =   , new A , denoted by A , is given by
cosh −1 ( Ω s )
s s1


0.1 A
( )
As1= 10 log10 1 + 10 p1 − 1 cosh 2 ( n cosh −1 ( Ω s ) )  = 28.557360680514840.

The new value of ε, denoted by ε1, is given by
1
ε1 = = 0.037362409940941
100.1 As1 − 1
(e)
=a
1
n
( )
sinh −1 100.1 As1 − 1 = 0.995146536805095
For n even, there are n/2 complex conjugate poles at

1 n−2
Sk = − , k = 0 ,1, ..........,
 π (2k + 1)  π (2k + 1)
sinh(a ) sin  ± j cosh(a ) cos 
2

 2n   2n 
There are n/2 complex conjugate zeros at

±j  π ( 2k + 1)  n − 2
Sk = =
± j sec  , k =
0,1, 2,.........., 
 π ( 2k + 1)   2n   2 
cos  
 2n 
S =
-0.714448001435042 - 0.389618487350288i
-0.714448001435042 + 0.389618487350288i
-0.201552424304344 - 0.640631556007669i
-0.201552424304344 + 0.640631556007669i
SZ =
0 - 2.613125929752753i
0 + 2.613125929752753i
0 - 1.082392200292394i
0 + 1.082392200292394i
(f)
If the excess tolerance is assigned to stopband, the frequency transformed lowpass poles
and zeros are found by multiplying the normalized lowpass poles and zeros by ωo:

8
s = ωoS
sz = ωoSZ

Here, ωo is given by

1  100.1 As1 − 1  
ωo = ω p cosh  cosh 
−1
  = 1.730870248491910e+04
 n  100.1 Ap1 − 1  
 
s =
1.0e+04 *
-1.236616789778419 - 0.674379048017035i
-1.236616789778419 + 0.674379048017035i
-0.348861094739808 - 1.108850100538754i
-0.348861094739808 + 1.108850100538754i
sz =
0 - 4.522981927371801i
0 + 4.522981927371801i
0 - 1.873480456685802i
0 + 1.873480456685802i
(g)
2 f sampling + s
Substituting s into z = , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s
p =
0.067754321783154 - 0.253848579630119i
0.067754321783154 + 0.253848579630119i
0.240421958945804 - 0.705767084991333i
0.240421958945804 + 0.705767084991333i
z =
-0.777559252096442 - 0.628809676674287i
-0.777559252096442 + 0.628809676674287i
-0.156497550170002 - 0.987678346826935i
-0.156497550170002 + 0.987678346826935i
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
-0.135508643566308 -0.480843917891608
0.069029749500524 0.555909896600502
NumSOS =
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
1.555118504192884 0.312995100340005
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
Each column represents second-order sections except the last one, which is first-order.
The transfer function is given by
1 + 1.5551z −1 + z −2 1 + 0.3130 z −1 + z −2
H ( z) ×
1 − 0.1355 z −1 + 0.06903 z −2 1 − 0.4808 z −1 + 0.5559 z −2
(i)
For each second-order section, b0 is chosen to make the gain equal to one at θ = 0 (z = 1).
b0 =
0.262585088185732 0.464793885015520
singleb0 = 0.122047943284989
(j)

9
 Magnitude response (linear)
1.5

1
|H(θ)|

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Magnitude response (dB)
50
20*log (|H(θ)|)

0
10

-50

-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase response
200
∠H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

At θ = θp, the attenuation is 2 dB (met the specification exactly). At θ = θs, the actual
attenuation is 28.5574 dB, exceeding the specification (26 dB) by 2.5574 dB. This
excess tolerance is the result of rounding up the order n.

4.
(a)
fp 2500
=θ p 2π = π
2= 1.9635 rad
f sampling 8000
fs 1500
=θ s 2π = π
2= 1.1781 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)
2 θ  θ 
=ωp = tan  p  2 f sampling=
tan  p  23945.6922 rad / s
Ts  2   2 

10
 2 θ  θ 
=ωs = tan  s  2 f sampling=
tan  s  10690.8582 rad / s
Ts 2 2
(c)
Ωp = 1 rad/s
ωp
Ω s= = 2.2398
ωs
(d)
  100.1 As − 1     100.1×33 − 1  
 10  0.1 Ap
log   10  0.1×2
log 
  10 −1     10 −1  
=n ceil = ceil = ceil =(5.0436) 6
 2 log10 ( Ω s )   2 log10 ( 2.2398 ) 
   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the stopband, Ap is fixed. Thus, new Ap, denoted by
Ap1, is identical to Ap:

Ap1 = Ap = 2dB

As
10 − 1
10
From Ω ns = , new As, denoted by As1, is given by
Ap

10 10 − 1
 2 n  Ap 1  
=
As1 10 log10 Ω s 10 10 − 1 + 1 = 39.697010519794325
   
  
The value of ε can be obtained using

  Ap1  
10log10 Ω 2s n 10 10 −1 +1
   
As 1    
10 10 − 1 −1
10 Ap 1
10
=ε = = 10 10 − 1 = 0.764783101579209
Ω ns Ω ns

and the 3dB cutoff frequency Ωc is obtained using

1 1 1 1
Ω=
c = = = = 1.045707652281102
(10 )
1 1 1 1
ε1 n  Ap 1  n  Ap 1
 2n 0.1 Ap1
−1 2n
 10 10 − 1  10 10 − 1
   
 
(e)
For n even, there are n/2 complex conjugate poles at
±j
π ( 2 k + n +1)
 π ( 2k + n + 1)   π ( 2k + n + 1)  n
Sk =e 2n
=
cos   ± j sin  , k =
0,1,.........., − 1
 2n   2n  2

11
S =
-0.965925826289068 - 0.258819045102521i
-0.965925826289068 + 0.258819045102521i
-0.707106781186547 - 0.707106781186548i
-0.707106781186547 + 0.707106781186548i
-0.258819045102521 - 0.965925826289068i
-0.258819045102521 + 0.965925826289068i
There are six zeros at S = ∞.
The normalized lowpass poles S are multiplied by Ωc:
S = ΩcS
S =
-1.010076028086425 - 0.270649056019794i
-1.010076028086425 + 0.270649056019794i
-0.739426972066631 - 0.739426972066631i
-0.739426972066631 + 0.739426972066631i
-0.270649056019793 - 1.010076028086425i
-0.270649056019793 + 1.010076028086425i
(f)
To find the frequency transformed highpass pole locations, divide the normalized poles
from ωp: s = ωp/S
Apply the same equation to zeros: sz = ωp/SZ
s =
1.0e+04 *
-2.211876567647865 + 0.592670540058570i
-2.211876567647865 - 0.592670540058570i
-1.619206027589296 + 1.619206027589296i
-1.619206027589296 - 1.619206027589296i
-0.592670540058569 + 2.211876567647865i
-0.592670540058569 - 2.211876567647865i
There are six zeros at s = 0.
(g)
2f +s
Substituting s into z = sampling , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s
p =
-0.180333113283831 + 0.127441801379723i
-0.180333113283831 - 0.127441801379723i
-0.206671730973338 + 0.399030662857853i
-0.206671730973338 - 0.399030662857853i
-0.276659837223224 + 0.729676039904202i
-0.276659837223224 - 0.729676039904202i
Similarly, we obtain six zeros at z = 1.
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
0.553319674446447 0.413343461946677 0.360666226567662
0.608967788742659 0.201938674284294 0.048761444485548
NumSOS =
1 1 1
-2 -2 -2
1 1 1
Each column represents second-order sections except the last one, which is first-order.
The transfer function is given by
1 − 2 z −1 + z −2 1 − 2 z −1 + z −2 1 − 2 z −1 + z −2
H ( z) = × ×
1 + 0.5533 z −1 + 0.6090 z −2 1 + 0.4133 z −1 + 0.2019 z −2 1 + 0.3607 z −1 + 0.04876 z −2

12
 (i)
For each second-order section, b0 is chosen to make the gain equal to one at θ = π (z = -
1).
b0 =
0.263912028574053 0.197148803084404 0.172023804479472
singleb0 = 0.008950388320759
(j)
Magnitude response (linear)
1.5

1
|H(θ)|

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Magnitude response (dB)
50
20*log (|H(θ)|)

0
10

-50

-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase response
200
∠H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
At θ = θp, the attenuation is 2 dB (met the specification exactly). At θ = θs, the actual
attenuation is 39.6970 dB, exceeding the specification (33 dB) by 6.6970 dB. This
excess tolerance is the result of rounding up the order n.

5.

(a)
fp 2500
=θ p 2π = π
2= 1.9635 rad
f sampling 8000

13
 fs 1500
=θ s 2π = π
2= 1.1781 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)
2 θ  θ 
=ωp = tan  p  2 f sampling=
tan  p  23945.6922 rad / s
Ts  2   2 
2 θ  θ 
=ωs = tan  s  2 f sampling=
tan  s  10690.8582 rad / s
Ts 2 2
(c)
Ωp = 1 rad/s
ωp
Ω s= = 2.2398
ωs
(d)
  100.1 As − 1     100.1×41 − 1  
 cosh −1     cosh −1
 
  100.1 Ap − 1     100.1×1 − 1  
=  =   = 
n     =
4.2123 5
 cosh −1
( Ω s )   cosh −1
( 2.2398 ) 
   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the passband, As is fixed. Thus, new As, denoted by
As1, is identical to As:

As1 = As = 41dB

 100.1 As − 1 
cosh −1  
 100.1 Ap − 1 
from n =   , new A , denoted by A , is given by
cosh ( Ω s )
−1 p p1

=

Ap1 10 log10 1 +
(
100.1 As1 − 1  )
 = 0.113845911309983 dB
 cosh ( n cosh ( Ω s ) ) 
2 −1

The new value of ε, denoted by ε1, can be obtained using

=ε1 − 1 = 0.162974226481193
0.1 Ap1
10

(e)
1  1 
a= sinh −1   = 0.502777072490522

n  10 p1 − 1 
0.1 A

For n odd, there is one pole at S = −sinh(a) and (n-1)/2 complex conjugate poles at

 π (2k + 1)  π (2k + 1)  n−3

S k = − sinh(a ) sin   ± j cosh(a ) cos   , k = 0 ,1, ..........,
 2n   2n  2

14
S =
-0.524228817945493
-0.424110022658994 - 0.663655064816989i
-0.424110022658994 + 0.663655064816989i
-0.161995613686248 - 1.073816451679903i
-0.161995613686248 + 1.073816451679903i
There are five zeros at S = ∞.
SZ =
1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316
1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316
(f)
To find the frequency transformed highpass pole locations, divide the normalized poles
and zeros from ωp:
s = ωp/S
sz = ωp/SZ
s =
1.0e+04 *
-4.567793944730753
-1.637189686410419 + 2.561904150815219i
-1.637189686410419 - 2.561904150815219i
-0.328925380115861 + 2.180339803691004i
-0.328925380115861 - 2.180339803691004i
sz =
1.0e-303 *
0.133202334359929 0.133202334359929 0.133202334359929
0.133202334359929 0.133202334359929
(g)
2 f sampling + s
Substituting s into z = , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s
p =
-0.392175145989138 - 0.481031131106124i
-0.392175145989138 + 0.481031131106124i
-0.271642805214213 - 0.823290625685471i
-0.271642805214213 + 0.823290625685471i
-0.481175923081248
z =
1 1 1 1 1
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
0.784350291978276 0.543285610428427 0.481175923081248
0.385192294224838 0.751597267966222 0
NumSOS =
1 1 1
-2 -2 -1
1 1 0
Each column represents second-order sections except the last one, which is first-order.
The transfer function is given by
1 − 2 z −1 + z −2 1 − 2 z −1 + z −2 1 − z −1
H ( z) = × ×
1 + 0.7844 z −1 + 0.3852 z −2 1 + 0.5433 z −1 + 0.7516 z −2 1 + 0.4812 z −1
(i)
b0 =
0.150210500561641 0.302077914384449 0.259412038459376
singleb0 = 0.011770892512924

15
 (j)
Magnitude response (linear)
1

0.8

0.6
|H(θ)|

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Magnitude response (dB)
0

-20
20*log (|H(θ)|)

-40
10

-60

-80

-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase response
200
∠H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

At θ = θp, the attenuation is 0.1138 dB exceeding the specification (1 dB). At θ = θs, the
attenuation is 41 dB (met the specification exactly). The excess tolerance in the passband
is the result of rounding up the order n.

6.
(a)
fp 2500
=θ p 2π = π
2= 1.9635 rad
f sampling 8000
fs 1500
=θ s 2π = π
2= 1.1781 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)

16
 2 θ  θ 
=ωp = tan  p  2 f sampling=
tan  p  23945.6922 rad / s
Ts  2   2 
2 θ  θ 
=ωs = tan  s  2 f sampling=
tan  s  10690.8582 rad / s
Ts 2 2
(c)
Ωp = 1 rad/s
ωp
Ω s= = 2.2398
ωs
(d)
  100.1 As − 1     100.1×43 − 1  
 cosh −1     cosh −1
 
  100.1 Ap − 1     100.1×1 − 1  
=  =   = 
n     =
4.3717  5
 cosh ( Ω s )
−1
  cosh ( 2.2398 ) 
−1

   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the passband, As is fixed. Thus, new As, denoted by
As1, is identical to As:

As1 = As = 43dB

The value of ε is also fixed. Thus, we have

1
ε1= ε= = 0.007079635257205
100.1 As − 1

 100.1 As − 1 
−1
cosh  
 100.1 Ap − 1 
from n =   , new A , denoted by A , is given by
cosh ( Ω s )
−1 p p1

=

Ap1 10 log10 1 +
100.1 As1 − 1(  )
 = 0.179081230764049 dB
 cosh ( n cosh ( Ω s ) ) 
2 −1

(e)
= a
1
n
( )
sinh −1 100.1 As1 − 1 = 1.128738520116162
1
For n odd, there is one pole at S = − and (n-1)/2 complex conjugate poles at
sinh(a )

1 n−3
Sk = − , k = 0 ,1, ..........,
 π (2k + 1)   π (2k + 1) 
sinh(a ) sin  ± j cosh(a ) cos 
2
 2n    2n 

17
There is one zero at S = ∞ and (n-1)/2 complex conjugate zeros at

±j  π ( 2k + 1)  n − 2
Sk = =
± j sec  , k =
0,1, 2,.........., 
 π ( 2k + 1)   2n   2 
cos  
 2n 
S =
-0.722461699738857
-0.495186930126676 - 0.443844186831295i
-0.495186930126676 + 0.443844186831295i
-0.151655168400260 - 0.575813044346384i
-0.151655168400260 + 0.575813044346384i
One zero at ∞.
SZ =
0 - 1.701301616704080i
0 + 1.701301616704080i
0 - 1.051462224238267i
0 + 1.051462224238267i
(f)
If the excess tolerance is assigned to passband, the frequency transformed highpass poles
and zeros are found by dividing the normalized lowpass poles and zeros from ωs:

s = ωs/S
sz = ωs/SZ
s =
1.0e+04 *
-1.479782002364019
-1.197168787882680 + 1.073042067208167i
-1.197168787882680 - 1.073042067208167i
-0.457277786700670 + 1.736218536101263i
-0.457277786700670 - 1.736218536101263i
sz =
0
0 + 0.628392878825338i
0 - 0.628392878825338i
0 + 1.016761036227791i
0 - 1.016761036227791i
(g)
2 f sampling + s
Substituting s into z = , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s
p =
-0.091565036087866 - 0.766664391839960i
-0.091565036087866 + 0.766664391839960i
-0.002744380334810 - 0.382564411663734i
-0.002744380334810 + 0.382564411663734i
0.039034580221491
z =
0.424674639420794 - 0.905346039165588i
0.424674639420794 + 0.905346039165588i
0.732728280318028 - 0.680521320181951i
0.732728280318028 + 0.680521320181951i
1.000000000000000
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =

18
 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
0.183130072175731 0.005488760669619 -0.039034580221491
0.596158445549108 0.146363060695041 0
NumSOS =
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
-0.849349278841588 -1.465456560636055 -1.000000000000000
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 0
Each column represents second-order sections except the last one, which is first-order.
The transfer function is given by
1 − 0.8493 z −1 + z −2 1 − 1.4655 z −1 + z −2 1 − z −1
H ( z) = × ×
1 + 0.1831z −1 + 0.5962 z −2 1 + 0.005489 z −1 + 0.1464 z −2 1 − 0.0390 z −1
(i)
For each second-order section, b0 is chosen to make the gain equal to one at θ = π (z = -
1).
b0 =
0.495912657625410 0.329213273940454 0.519517290110745
singleb0 = 0.084816927681273
(j)
Magnitude response (linear)
1

0.8

0.6
|H(θ)|

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Magnitude response (dB)
0

-20
20*log (|H(θ)|)

-40
10

-60

-80

-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase response
200
∠H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

19
 At θ = θp, the attenuation is 0.1791 dB exceeding the specification (1 dB). At θ = θs, the
attenuation is 43 dB (met the specification exactly). The excess tolerance in the passband
is the result of rounding up the order n.

7.
(a)
f1 1000
=θ1 2π = π
2= 0.785398163397448 rad
f sampling 8000
f2 1500
=θ 2 2π = π
2= 1.178097245096172 rad
f sampling 8000
f3 2000
=θ3 2π = π
2= 1.570796326794897 rad
f sampling 8000
f4 2500
=θ 4 2π = π
2= 1.963495408493621 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)
θ 
ω1 = 2 f sampling tan  1  = 6627.416997969521 rad/s
2

 θ2 
ω2 = 2 f sampling tan   = 10690.85820670878 rad/s
 2

 θ3 
ω3 = 2 f sampling tan   = 16000 rad/s
2

 θ4 
ω4 = 2 f sampling tan   = 23945.69220264782 rad/s
 2
(c)
ω2ω3 − ω12
Ω s1 = = 3.613125929752754 rad/s
ω1 (ω3 − ω2 )
ω42 − ω2ω3
Ωs 2 = = 3.164784400584789 rad/s
ω4 (ω3 − ω2 )
Ω s min (| Ω s1 |,| Ω s 2 |) = 3.164784400584789 rad/s
=

Frequency Adjustments

Assuming that we do not change the passband cutoff frequencies ω2 and ω3, we can
adjust either lower stopband cutoff frequency ω1 or upper stopband cutoff frequency ω4
to meet the requirement

20
 ωo
= ω2ω3
= ω1ω4

or ω2ω3 = ω1ω4 . If Ω s1 < Ω s 2 , we decrease ω4 to

ω2ω3
ω4 a = .
ω1

Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω4a, but at ω4, the attenuation
exceeds As1. If Ω s1 > Ω s 2 , we increase ω1 to

ω2ω3
ω1a = .
ω4

Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω1a, but at ω1, the attenuation
exceeds As1. The digital frequencies corresponding to these new cutoff frequencies are
given by

 ω1a 
θ1a = 2 tan −1 
 2 f sampling 
 
 ω4 a 
θ4a = 2 tan −1 
 2 f sampling 
 

Since Ω s1 > Ω s 2 , we have ω1a = 7143.403074747032 rad/s and θ1a =

0.839816814858511 rad.
(d)
  100.1 As − 1     100.1×29 − 1  
 log10  0.1 Ap   log10  0.1×2 
  10 −1     10 −1  
=n ceil = ceil = ceil =
(3.1302) 4
 2 log10 ( Ω s )   2 log10 ( 3.1648 ) 
   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the passband, As is fixed. Thus, new As, denoted by
As1, is identical to As:

As1 = As = 29dB

As
10 10 − 1
from Ω = n
s , new Ap, denoted by Ap1, is given by
Ap

10 10 − 1

21
  A10s1 
 10 − 1 
=Ap1 10 log10 + 1 = 0.329536249480768.
 Ω2n 
 s 
 
The value of ε can be obtained using

 As 1 
 10 10 −1 
10log10  +1 
 Ω s
2n As 1

10 − 1
Ap 1   10
=ε 10 10 =
−1 10 10
=
−1 = 0.280769506444501
Ω ns

and the 3dB cutoff frequency Ωc is obtained using

1 1 Ωs Ωs
Ω=
c =
1 1
= 1
= 1
= 1.373765214732197.
ε1 n  As 1 
 10 10 − 1 
n 
10
As 1
10

− 1
2n
(10 0.1 As 1
)
−1 2n

   
 Ω ns 
 

(e)
For n even, there are n/2 complex conjugate poles at

±j
π ( 2 k + n +1)
 π ( 2k + n + 1)   π ( 2k + n + 1)  n
Sk =
e 2n
=
cos   ± j sin  , k =
0,1,.........., − 1
 2n   2n  2
S =
-0.923879532511287 - 0.382683432365090i
-0.923879532511287 + 0.382683432365090i
-0.382683432365090 - 0.923879532511287i
-0.382683432365090 + 0.923879532511287i
There are four zeros at S = ∞.
The normalized lowpass poles S are multiplied by Ωc:
S = ΩcS
S =
-1.269193564367050 - 0.525717187637482i
-1.269193564367050 + 0.525717187637482i
-0.525717187637482 - 1.269193564367050i
-0.525717187637482 + 1.269193564367050i
(f)
The frequency transformed bandpass poles are given by

S (ω3 − ω2 ) ± S 2 (ω3 − ω2 ) − 4ω2ω3

2

s=
2

Notice that S on the right hand side is already multiplied by Ωc. Each normalized
lowpass pole generates two poles for the bandpass filter. Each zero at SZ = ∞ generates
two zeros, one at s = 0 and the other at s = ∞, for the bandpass filter.

22
 s =
1.0e+04 *
-0.373881992005339 - 1.411509277596119i
-0.373881992005339 + 1.411509277596119i
-0.299950867630396 - 1.132398568362352i
-0.299950867630396 + 1.132398568362352i
-0.174544557268976 - 1.680716467418183i
-0.174544557268976 + 1.680716467418183i
-0.104566151964791 + 1.006883607782448i
There are four zeros at s = 0 and four zeros at s = ∞.
sz =
1.0e+308 *
0 0 0
0 1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316
1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316
(g)
2 f sampling + s
Substituting s into z = , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s

0.072658373766032 - 0.767050539188376i
0.072658373766032 + 0.767050539188376i
0.242777803537437 - 0.740713788706283i
0.242777803537437 + 0.740713788706283i
-0.049427976183904 - 0.900311038880597i
-0.049427976183904 + 0.900311038880597i
0.391709660980082 - 0.822079942640007i
0.391709660980082 + 0.822079942640007i
z =
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =
Columns 1 through 3
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
-0.145316747532064 -0.485555607074874 0.098855952367808
0.593645768947502 0.607597978670079 0.813003091559897
Column 4
1.000000000000000
-0.783419321960164
0.829251890596127
NumSOS =
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
-1 -1 -1 -1
The transfer function is given by
1 − z −2 1 − z −2
= H ( z) ×
1 − 0.1453 z −1 + 0.5936 z −2 1 − 0.4856 z −1 + 0.6076 z −2
1 − z −2 1 − z −2
× ×
1 + 0.09886 z −1 + 0.8130 z −2 1 − 0.7834 z −1 + 0.8293 z −2
(i)
For the Butterworth bandpass filter, the gain at θ = θo is 1.
ωo =
= ω2ω3 20000 rad / s
ω T 
=θ o 2=
tan −1  o s  1.5708 rad
 2 

23
 H BP ( jωo ) = 1
The constant term for each second-order section is obtained by setting the gain equal to
one when z is substituted by e jθo .
b0 =
0.221253066845637
0.213656322541048
0.252384428393989
0.230453884776679
singleb0 = 0.002749486794032
(j)
Magnitude response (linear)
1.5

1
|H(θ)|

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Magnitude response (dB)
50
20 log (|H(θ)|)

0
10

-50

-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase response
200
∠H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
At θ = θp, the attenuation is 0.3295 dB exceeding the specification (1 dB). At θ = θs, the
attenuation is 29 dB (met the specification exactly). The excess tolerance in the passband
is the result of rounding up the order n.

8.
(a)
f1 1000
=θ1 2π = π
2= 0.785398163397448 rad
f sampling 8000

24
 f2 1500
=θ 2 2π = π
2= 1.178097245096172 rad
f sampling 8000
f3 2000
=θ3 2π = π
2= 1.570796326794897 rad
f sampling 8000
f4 2500
=θ 4 2π = π
2= 1.963495408493621 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)
θ 
ω1 = 2 f sampling tan  1  = 6627.416997969521 rad/s
2

 θ2 
ω2 = 2 f sampling tan   = 10690.85820670878 rad/s
 2

 θ3 
ω3 = 2 f sampling tan   = 16000 rad/s
2

 θ4 
ω4 = 2 f sampling tan   = 23945.69220264782 rad/s
 2
(c)
ω2ω3 − ω12
Ω s1 = = 3.613125929752754 rad/s
ω1 (ω3 − ω2 )
ω42 − ω2ω3
Ωs 2 = = 3.164784400584789 rad/s
ω4 (ω3 − ω2 )
Ω s min (| Ω s1 |,| Ω s 2 |) = 3.164784400584789 rad/s
=

Frequency Adjustments

Assuming that we do not change the passband cutoff frequencies ω2 and ω3, we can
adjust either lower stopband cutoff frequency ω1 or upper stopband cutoff frequency ω4
to meet the requirement

ωo
= ω2ω3
= ω1ω4

or ω2ω3 = ω1ω4 . If Ω s1 < Ω s 2 , we decrease ω4 to

ω2ω3
ω4 a = .
ω1

25
 Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω4a, but at ω4, the attenuation
exceeds As1. If Ω s1 > Ω s 2 , we increase ω1 to

ω2ω3
ω1a = .
ω4

Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω1a, but at ω1, the attenuation
exceeds As1. The digital frequencies corresponding to these new cutoff frequencies are
given by

 ω1a 
θ1a = 2 tan −1 
 2 f sampling 
 
 ω4 a 
θ4a = 2 tan −1 
 2 f sampling 
 

Since Ω s1 > Ω s 2 , we have ω1a = 7143.403074747032 rad/s and θ1a =

0.839816814858511 rad.
(d)
  100.1 As − 1     100.1×42 − 1  
 cosh −1     cosh −1
 
  100.1 Ap − 1     100.1×1 − 1  
=  =   = 
n     =
3.4102  4
 cosh −1
( Ω s )   cosh −1
( 3.1648 ) 
   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the passband, As is fixed. Thus, new As, denoted by
As1, is identical to As:

As1 = As = 42dB

 100.1 As − 1 
cosh −1  
 100.1 Ap − 1 
from n =   , new A , denoted by A , is given by
cosh −1 ( Ω s )
p p1

=

Ap1 10 log10 1 +
100.1 As1 − 1(  )
 = 0.129565735305863 dB
 cosh ( n cosh ( Ω s ) ) 
2 −1

The new value of ε, denoted by ε1, can be obtained using

=ε1 − 1 = 0.174020384001202
0.1 Ap1
10

(e)

26
 1  1 
a= sinh −1   = 0.612304058663887

n  10 p1 − 1 
0.1 A

For n even, there are n/2 complex conjugate poles at

 π (2k + 1)  π (2k + 1) n−2

S k = − sinh(a ) sin   ± j cosh(a ) cos   , k = 0 ,1, ..........,
 2n   2n  2

There are n zeros at S = ∞.

S =
-0.601711815412310 - 0.456690035550138i
-0.601711815412310 + 0.456690035550138i
-0.249237194583915 - 1.102547277625795i
-0.249237194583915 + 1.102547277625795i
There are four zeros at S = ∞.
(f)
The frequency transformed bandpass poles are given by

S (ω3 − ω2 ) ± S 2 (ω3 − ω2 ) − 4ω2ω3

2

s=
2

Each normalized lowpass pole generates two poles for the bandpass filter. Each zero at
SZ = ∞ generates two zeros, one at s = 0 and the other at s = ∞, for the bandpass filter.
s =
1.0e+04 *
-0.174580556964498 - 1.425049749651143i
-0.174580556964498 + 1.425049749651143i
-0.144876777707764 - 1.182586534219254i
-0.144876777707764 + 1.182586534219254i
-0.080627034665249 - 1.631346301800227i
-0.080627034665249 + 1.631346301800227i
-0.051696525955562 - 1.045988318727971i
-0.051696525955562 + 1.045988318727971i
sz =
4 zeros at sz = 0 and 4 zeros at sz = ∞.
(g)
2 f sampling + s
Substituting s into z = , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s
p =
0.096286522299855 - 0.880356108950981i
0.096286522299855 + 0.880356108950981i
0.256689765918242 - 0.851718822700134i
0.256689765918242 + 0.851718822700134i
-0.019649187846580 - 0.951604156594970i
-0.019649187846580 + 0.951604156594970i
0.382826276742744 - 0.875717851053903i
0.382826276742744 + 0.875717851053903i
z =
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =

27
 Columns 1 through 3
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
-0.192573044599710 -0.513379531836483 0.039298375693160
0.784297972943912 0.791314588868863 0.905936561431855
Column 4
1.000000000000000
-0.765652553485488
0.913437712819179
NumSOS =
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
-1 -1 -1 -1
The transfer function is given by
1 − z −2 1 − z −2
= H ( z) ×
1 − 0.1926 z −1 + 0.7843 z −2 1 − 0.5134 z −1 + 0.7913 z −2
1 − z −2 1 − z −2
× ×
1 + 0.03930 z −1 + 0.9059 z −2 1 − 0.7657 z −1 + 0.9134 z −2
(i)
For the Chebyshev type 1 bandpass filter, the constant term is found from
ωo = ω2ω3 = 13078.75113714381 rad/s
 ωoTs 
θ o = 2 tan −1   = 1.370548340891319 rad
 2 
N ( z)  1, n odd
b0 =  −0.05 Ap1
D( z ) z =e jθ o 10 , n even

The constant term for each second-order section is obtained.

b0 =
0.135986510730666
0.131562977350874
0.218591691986888
0.201159952316676
singleb0 = 7.750440964948553e-04
(j)
Magnitude response (linear)
1
|H(θ)|

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

28
 Magnitude response (dB)
0

20*log (|H(θ)|)
-50
10

-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase response
200
∠H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase response
200
∠H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
At θ = θp, the actual attenuation is 0.1296 dB, exceeding the specification (1 dB). At θ =
θs, the actual attenuation is 42 dB, meeting the specification exactly. The excess
tolerance in the passband is the result of rounding up the order n.

9.
(a)
f1 1000
=θ1 2π = π
2= 0.785398163397448 rad
f sampling 8000
f2 1500
=θ 2 2π = π
2= 1.178097245096172 rad
f sampling 8000
f3 2000
=θ3 2π = π
2= 1.570796326794897 rad
f sampling 8000
f4 2500
=θ 4 2π = π
2= 1.963495408493621 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)
θ 
ω1 = 2 f sampling tan  1  = 6627.416997969521 rad/s
2

29
  θ2 
ω2 = 2 f sampling tan   = 10690.85820670878 rad/s
 2

 θ3 
ω3 = 2 f sampling tan   = 16000 rad/s
2

 θ4 
ω4 = 2 f sampling tan   = 23945.69220264782 rad/s
 2
(c)
ω2ω3 − ω12
Ω s1 = = 3.613125929752754 rad/s
ω1 (ω3 − ω2 )
ω42 − ω2ω3
Ωs 2 = = 3.164784400584789 rad/s
ω4 (ω3 − ω2 )
Ω s min (| Ω s1 |,| Ω s 2 |) = 3.164784400584789 rad/s
=

Frequency Adjustments

Assuming that we do not change the passband cutoff frequencies ω2 and ω3, we can
adjust either lower stopband cutoff frequency ω1 or upper stopband cutoff frequency ω4
to meet the requirement

ωo
= ω2ω3
= ω1ω4

or ω2ω3 = ω1ω4 . If Ω s1 < Ω s 2 , we decrease ω4 to

ω2ω3
ω4 a = .
ω1

Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω4a, but at ω4, the attenuation
exceeds As1. If Ω s1 > Ω s 2 , we increase ω1 to

ω2ω3
ω1a = .
ω4

Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω1a, but at ω1, the attenuation
exceeds As1. The digital frequencies corresponding to these new cutoff frequencies are
given by

30
  ω1a 
θ1a = 2 tan −1 
 2 f sampling 
 
 ω4 a 
θ4a = 2 tan −1 
 2 f sampling 
 

Since Ω s1 > Ω s 2 , we have ω1a = 7143.403074747032 rad/s and θ1a =

0.839816814858511 rad.
(d)
  100.1 As − 1     100.1×33 − 1  
 cosh −1     cosh −1
 
  100.1 Ap − 1     100.1×1 − 1  
=  =   = 
n     =
2.8405 3
 cosh −1
( Ω s )   cosh −1
( 3.1648 ) 
   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the stopband, Ap is fixed. Thus, new Ap, denoted by
Ap1, is identical to Ap:

Ap1 = Ap = 1dB
 100.1 As − 1 
cosh −1  
 100.1 Ap − 1 
From n =   , new A , denoted by A , is given by
cosh ( Ω s )
−1 s s1


0.1 A
( )
As1= 10 log10 1 + 10 p1 − 1 cosh 2 ( n cosh −1 ( Ω s ) )  = 35.518763034889702.

The new value of ε, denoted by ε1, is given by
1
ε1 = = 0.016754165200202
100.1 As1 − 1
(e)
=a
1
n
(
sinh −1 100.1 As1 − 1 = 1.594108577214093 )
1
For n odd, there is one pole at S = − and (n-1)/2 complex conjugate poles at
sinh(a )

1 n−3
Sk = − , k = 0 ,1, ..........,
 π (2k + 1)   π (2k + 1) 
sinh(a ) sin  ± j cosh(a ) cos 
2
 2n    2n 

There is one zero at S = ∞ and (n-1)/2 complex conjugate zeros at

31
 ±j  π ( 2k + 1)  n − 2
Sk = =
± j sec  , k =
0,1, 2,.........., 
 π ( 2k + 1)   2n   2 
cos  
 2n 

S =
-0.423652671112329
-0.186695087755861 - 0.351187541678907i
-0.186695087755861 + 0.351187541678907i
One zero is at SZ = ∞
SZ =
0 - 1.154700538379252i
0 + 1.154700538379252i
Adjustments

Let

 1  100.1 As1 − 1  
cosh  cosh −1    if excess = ' stop '
  n  100.1 Ap1 − 1  
Ωc =  
 ω4 a − ω1a
 if excess = ' pass '
 ω3 − ω2

Multiply the normalized poles and zeros by Ωc:

S = ΩcS
SZ = ΩcS

After multiplying by Ωc = 4.168097949744306, we get

s =
-1.340769364802378
-0.590849701395558 - 1.111432853585125i
-0.590849701395558 + 1.111432853585125i
sz =
∞
0 - 3.654378251209512i
0 + 3.654378251209512i
(f)
The frequency transformed bandpass poles are given by

S (ω3 − ω2 ) ± S 2 (ω3 − ω2 ) − 4ω2ω3

2

s=
2

Notice that S on the right hand side is already multiplied by Ωc. Each normalized
lowpass pole generates two poles for the bandpass filter. Each zero at SZ = ∞ generates
two zeros, one at s = 0 and the other at s = ∞, for the bandpass filter.
s =
1.0e+04 *
-0.355916733491841 - 1.258515233079800i

32
 -0.355916733491841 + 1.258515233079800i
-0.191586753521016 - 1.627025387600809i
-0.191586753521016 + 1.627025387600809i
-0.122103730802263 - 1.036949926260239i
-0.122103730802263 + 1.036949926260239i
sz =
1.0e+04 *
0
Inf
0 - 2.598452106149825i
0 + 2.598452106149825i
0 - 0.658290875950737i
0 + 0.658290875950737i
(g)
2 f sampling + s
Substituting s into z = , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s
p =
0.157032491508377 - 0.744481086948909i
0.157032491508377 + 0.744481086948909i
-0.021157112515069 - 0.888933915860069i
-0.021157112515069 + 0.888933915860069i
0.363736592859839 - 0.821162241339325i
0.363736592859839 + 0.821162241339325i
z =
-0.450169066716308 - 0.892943341635833i
-0.450169066716308 + 0.892943341635833i
0.710459966642969 - 0.703737618575042i
0.710459966642969 + 0.703737618575042i
1.000000000000000
-1.000000000000000
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
-0.314064983016754 0.042314225030137 -0.727473185719678
0.578911292213958 0.790651130176292 0.806611735586707
NumSOS =
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
0.900338133432616 -1.420919933285937 0
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 -1.000000000000000
Each column represents second-order sections. The transfer function is given by
1 + 0.9003 z −1 + z −2 1 − 1.4209 z −1 + z −2
= H ( z) ×
1 − 0.3141z −1 + 0.5789 z −2 1 + 0.04231z −1 + 0.7907 z −2
1 − z −2
×
1 − 0.7275 z −1 + 0.8066 z −2
(i)
For the Chebyshev type 2 bandpass filter, the gain at θ = θo is 1.
ωo =
= ω2ω3 32720.4357 rad / s
ω T 
=θ o 2= tan −1  o s  2.0443 rad
 2 
H BP ( jωo ) = 1

33
 The constant term for each second-order section is obtained by setting the gain equal to
one when z is substituted by e jθo .
b0 =
0.317890936777319
0.438092660765689
0.211240793383133
singleb0 = 0.029418594070566
(j)
Magnitude response (linear)
1.5

1
|H(θ)|

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Magnitude response (dB)
50
20 log (|H(θ)|)

0
10

-50

-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase response
200
∠H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

At θ = θp, the attenuation is 1 dB (met the specification exactly). At θ = θs, the actual
attenuation is 35.5188 dB, exceeding the specification (33 dB) by 2.5188 dB. This
excess tolerance is the result of rounding up the order n.

10.
(a)
f1 1100
=θ1 2π = π
2= 0.863937979737193 rad
f sampling 8000
f2 1600
=θ 2 2π = π
2= 1.256637061435917 rad
f sampling 8000

34
 f3 2100
=θ3 2π = π
2= 1.649336143134641 rad
f sampling 8000
f4 2700
=θ 4 2π = π
2= 2.120575041173110 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)
θ 
ω1 = 2 f sampling tan  1  = 7376.101030837091 rad/s
2

 θ2 
ω2 = 2 f sampling tan   = 11624.68044808577 rad/s
 2

 θ3 
ω3 = 2 f sampling tan   = 17308.70248491910 rad/s
2

 θ4 
ω4 = 2 f sampling tan   = 28570.05575606305 rad/s
 2
(c)
ω (ω4 − ω1 )
Ω s1 = 2 = 3.258797059201980 rad/s
ω1ω4 − ω22
ω (ω − ω1 )
Ω s 2 =3 2 4 = 4.128496183150999 rad/s
ω3 − ω1ω4
Ω s min (| Ω s1 |,| Ω s 2 |) = 3.258797059201980 rad/s
=

Frequency Adjustments

Assuming that we do not change the passband cutoff frequencies ω1 and ω4, we can
adjust either lower stopband cutoff frequency ω2 or upper stopband cutoff frequency ω3
to meet the requirement

ωo
= ω1ω4
= ω2ω3

or ω1ω4 = ω2ω3 . If Ω s1 < Ω s 2 , we increase ω3 to

ω1ω4
ω3a = .
ω2

Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω3a, but at ω3, the attenuation
exceeds As1. If Ω s1 > Ω s 2 , we decrease ω2 to

35
 ω1ω4
ω2 a = .
ω3

Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω2a, but at ω2, the attenuation
exceeds As1. The digital frequencies corresponding to these new values are given by

 ω2 a 
θ 2 a = 2 tan −1  
 2 f sampling
 
 ω3a 
θ3a = 2 tan −1  
 2 f sampling
 

Since Ω s1 < Ω s 2 , we have ω3a = 18128.29338875044 rad/s and θ3a =

1.695358128507911 rad.
(d)
  100.1 As − 1     100.1×24 − 1  
 10  0.1 Ap
log   10  0.1×1
log 
 10 −1    10 −1  
=n ceil  = ceil  = =
ceil (2.9091) 3
 2 log10 ( Ω s )   2 log10 ( 3.2588 ) 
   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the passband, As is fixed. Thus, new As, denoted by
As1, is identical to As:

As1 = As = 24dB

As
10 10 − 1
from Ω ns = , new Ap, denoted by Ap1, is given by
Ap

10 10 − 1
 A10s1 
 10 − 1 
=Ap1 10 log10 + 1 = 0.823878300866734.
 Ω2n 
 s 
 
The value of ε can be obtained using

 As 1 
 10 10 −1 
10log10  +1
 Ω s
2n As 1

10 10 − 1
Ap 1  
=ε 10 10 =
−1 10 10
=
−1 = 0.457048037766308
Ω ns

and the 3dB cutoff frequency Ωc is obtained using

36
 1 1 Ωs Ωs
Ω=
c =
1
=
1 1
= 1
= 1.298213289004947.
ε1 n  As 1 
 10 10 − 1 
n 
10
As 1
10

− 1
2n
(10 0.1 As 1
)
−1 2n

   
 Ω ns 
 

(e)
For n odd, there is one pole at S = −1 and (n-1)/2 complex conjugate poles at

±j
π ( 2 k + n +1)
 π ( 2k + n + 1)   π ( 2k + n + 1)  n−3
Sk =
e 2n
=
cos   ± j sin  , k =
0,1,..........,
 2n   2n  2
S =
-1.000000000000000
-0.500000000000000 - 0.866025403784439i
-0.500000000000000 + 0.866025403784439i
There are three zeros at S = ∞.
The normalized lowpass poles S are multiplied by Ωc:
S = ΩcS
S =
-1.298213289004947
-0.649106644502473 - 1.124285687808834i
-0.649106644502473 + 1.124285687808834i
(f)
The frequency transformed bandstop poles are given by

(ω4 − ω1 ) ± (ω4 − ω1 ) − 4 S 2ω1ω4

2

s=
2S

Notice that S on the right hand side is already multiplied by Ωc. Each normalized
lowpass pole generates two poles for the bandstop filter. Each zero at SZ = ∞ generates
two zeros, one at s = j ω1ω4 and the other at s = − j ω1ω4 , for the bandstop filter.
s =
1.0e+04 *
-0.816273986128684 - 1.200438651786624i
-0.816273986128684 + 1.200438651786624i
-0.591562320840251 - 2.279857948383658i
-0.591562320840251 + 2.279857948383658i
-0.224711665288434 - 0.866029931512003i
-0.224711665288434 + 0.866029931512003i
sz =
1.0e+04 *
0 - 1.451673578024240i
0 + 1.451673578024240i
0 - 1.451673578024240i
0 + 1.451673578024240i
0 - 1.451673578024240i
0 + 1.451673578024240i
(g)

37
 2 f sampling + s
Substituting s into z = , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s

p =
0.062181192827555 - 0.527706446533382i
0.062181192827555 + 0.527706446533382i
-0.298748981576478 - 0.729503648133554i
-0.298748981576478 + 0.729503648133554i
0.431293566484747 - 0.679309006971477i
0.431293566484747 + 0.679309006971477i
z =
0.096980775772780 - 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 + 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 - 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 + 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 - 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 + 0.995286254868673i
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
-0.124362385655110 0.597497963152957 -0.862587132969495
0.282340594454347 0.621426526633147 0.647474867443708
NumSOS =
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
-0.193961551545560 -0.193961551545560 -0.193961551545560
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
Each column represents second-order sections except the last one, which is first-order.
The transfer function is given by
1 − 0.1940 z −1 + z −2 1 − 0.1940 z −1 + z −2
= H ( z) ×
1 − 0.1244 z −1 + 0.2823 z −2 1 + 0.5975 z −1 + 0.6214 z −2
1 − 0.1940 z −1 + z −2
×
1 − 0.8626 z −1 + 0.6475 z −2
(i)
For each second-order section, b0 is chosen to make the gain equal to one at θ = 0 (z = 1).
b0 =
0.641170297227173 1.228614203471139 0.434590822330443
singleb0 = 0.342349326206074
(j)
Magnitude response (linear)
1.5

1
|H(θ)|

0.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

38
 Magnitude response (dB)
50

|20*log10(H(θ))| 0

-50

-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase response
200
∠H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

At θ = θp, the attenuation is 0.6239 dB exceeding the specification (1 dB). At θ = θs, the
attenuation is 24 dB (met the specification exactly). The excess tolerance in the passband
is the result of rounding up the order n.

11.
(a)
f1 1100
=θ1 2π = π
2= 0.863937979737193 rad
f sampling 8000
f2 1600
=θ 2 2π = π
2= 1.256637061435917 rad
f sampling 8000
f3 2100
=θ3 2π = π
2= 1.649336143134641 rad
f sampling 8000
f4 2700
=θ 4 2π = π
2= 2.120575041173110 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)
θ 
ω1 = 2 f sampling tan  1  = 7376.101030837091 rad/s
2

 θ2 
ω2 = 2 f sampling tan   = 11624.68044808577 rad/s
 2

 θ3 
ω3 = 2 f sampling tan   = 17308.70248491910 rad/s
2

39
  θ4 
ω4 = 2 f sampling tan   = 28570.05575606305 rad/s
 2
(c)
ω (ω4 − ω1 )
Ω s1 = 2 = 3.258797059201980 rad/s
ω1ω4 − ω22
ω (ω − ω1 )
Ω s 2 =3 2 4 = 4.128496183150999 rad/s
ω3 − ω1ω4
Ω s min (| Ω s1 |,| Ω s 2 |) = 3.258797059201980 rad/s
=

Frequency Adjustments

Assuming that we do not change the passband cutoff frequencies ω1 and ω4, we can
adjust either lower stopband cutoff frequency ω2 or upper stopband cutoff frequency ω3
to meet the requirement

ωo
= ω1ω4
= ω2ω3 = 14516.73578024240

or ω1ω4 = ω2ω3 . If Ω s1 < Ω s 2 , we increase ω3 to

ω1ω4
ω3a = .
ω2

Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω3a, but at ω3, the attenuation
exceeds As1. If Ω s1 > Ω s 2 , we decrease ω2 to

ω1ω4
ω2 a = .
ω3

Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω2a, but at ω2, the attenuation
exceeds As1. The digital frequencies corresponding to these new values are given by

 ω2 a 
θ 2 a = 2 tan −1  
 2 f sampling
 
 ω3a 
θ3a = 2 tan −1  
 2 f sampling
 

Since Ω s1 < Ω s 2 , we have ω3a = 18128.29338875044 rad/s and θ3a =

1.695358128507911 rad.
(d)

40
   100.1 As − 1     100.1×24 − 1  
 cosh −1     cosh −1
 
  100.1 Ap − 1     100.1×1 − 1  
=  =   = 
n    =
3.3199  4
 cosh −1
( s)  
Ω cosh −1
( 3.2588 )  
   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the stopband, Ap is fixed. Thus, new Ap, denoted by
Ap1, is identical to Ap:

Ap1 = Ap = 2 dB
= ε − 1 , ε is fixed also. Thus, ε1 = ε = 0.764783101579208.
0.1 Ap
Since 10

 100.1 As − 1 
−1
cosh  
 100.1 Ap − 1 
From n =   , new A , denoted by A , is given by
cosh ( Ω s )
−1 s s1

 ( 0.1 A
)
As1= 10 log10 1 + 10 p1 − 1 cosh 2 ( n cosh −1 ( Ω s ) )  = 55.928773663847231.

(e)
1  1 
a = sinh −1   = 0.270763057851133

n  10 p1 − 1 
0.1 A

For n even, there are n/2 complex conjugate poles at

 π (2k + 1)  π (2k + 1) n−2
S k = − sinh(a ) sin   ± j cosh(a ) cos   , k = 0 ,1, ..........,
 2n   2n  2
There are n zeros at S = ∞.
S =
-0.253220226875144 - 0.396797108216464i
-0.253220226875144 + 0.396797108216464i
-0.104887252238877 - 0.957952960166611i
-0.104887252238877 + 0.957952960166611i
There are four zeros at S = ∞.
SZ =
1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316
1.797693134862316 1.797693134862316
(f)
The frequency transformed bandstop poles are given by

(ω4 − ω1 ) ± (ω4 − ω1 ) − 4 S 2ω1ω4

2

s=
2S

Each normalized lowpass pole generates two poles for the bandstop filter. Each zero at
SZ = ∞ generates two zeros, one at s = j ω1ω4 and the other at s = − j ω1ω4 , for the
bandstop filter.
s =
1.0e+04 *

41
-2.214293041227075 - 4.188747490231085i
-2.214293041227075 + 4.188747490231085i
-0.207865234190130 - 0.393215785719896i
-0.207865234190130 + 0.393215785719896i
-0.191779470421989 - 2.907799024263953i
-0.191779470421989 + 2.907799024263953i
-0.047591156928272 - 0.721586723412684i
-0.047591156928272 + 0.721586723412684i
sz =
1.0e+04 *
0 - 1.451673578024240i
0 + 1.451673578024240i
0 - 1.451673578024240i
0 + 1.451673578024240i
0 - 1.451673578024240i
0 + 1.451673578024240i
0 - 1.451673578024240i
0 + 1.451673578024240i
(g)
2 f sampling + s
Substituting s into z = , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s
p =
-0.619693040439941 - 0.417642222334898i
-0.619693040439941 + 0.417642222334898i
0.690089568474998 - 0.367599246357876i
0.690089568474998 + 0.367599246357876i
-0.508502664000201 - 0.797629115435705i
-0.508502664000201 + 0.797629115435705i
0.629642669892540 - 0.713725920144915i
0.629642669892540 + 0.713725920144915i
z =
0.096980775772780 - 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 + 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 - 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 + 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 - 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 + 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 - 0.995286254868673i
0.096980775772780 + 0.995286254868673i
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =
Columns 1 through 3
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
1.239386080879881 -1.380179136949995 1.017005328000402
0.558444490246531 0.611352818440887 0.894787165086046
Column 4
1.000000000000000
-1.259285339785080
0.905854580836111
NumSOS =
Columns 1 through 3
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
-0.193961551545560 -0.193961551545560 -0.193961551545560
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
Column 4
1.000000000000000
-0.193961551545560
1.000000000000000
Each column represents second-order sections. The transfer function is given by

42
 1 − 0.1940 z −1 + z −2 1 − 0.1940 z −1 + z −2
=H ( z) ×
1 + 1.2394 z −1 + 0.5584 z −2 1 − 1.3802 z −1 + 0.6114 z −2
1 − 0.1940 z −1 + z −2 1 − 0.1940 z −1 + z −2
× ×
1 + 1.0170 z −1 + 0.8948 z −2 1 − 1.2593 z −1 + 0.9059 z −2
(i)
For the Chebyshev type 1 bandstop filter, the constant term is found from

N ( z)  1, n odd
b0 =  −0.05 Ap1
D( z ) z = −1 10 , n even

The constant term for each second-order section is obtained.

b0 =
1.549153382377169 0.128000420859658 1.612253878414539
0.358004139726011
singleb0 = 0.090913273597581
(j)
Magnitude response (linear)
1

0.8

0.6
|H(θ)|

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Magnitude response (dB)
0

-20
20*log (|H(θ)|)

-40
10

-60

-80

-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

43
 Phase response
200

∠H(θ) (deg) 100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
At θ = θp, the attenuation is 2 dB (met the specification exactly). At θ = θs, the actual
attenuation is 55.9288 dB, exceeding the specification (45 dB) by 10.9288 dB. This
excess tolerance is the result of rounding up the order n.

12.
(a)
f1 1100
=θ1 2π = π
2= 0.863937979737193 rad
f sampling 8000
f2 1600
=θ 2 2π = π
2= 1.256637061435917 rad
f sampling 8000
f3 2100
=θ3 2π = π
2= 1.649336143134641 rad
f sampling 8000
f4 2700
=θ 4 2π = π
2= 2.120575041173110 rad
f sampling 8000
(b)
θ 
ω1 = 2 f sampling tan  1  = 7376.101030837091 rad/s
2

 θ2 
ω2 = 2 f sampling tan   = 11624.68044808577 rad/s
 2

 θ3 
ω3 = 2 f sampling tan   = 17308.70248491910 rad/s
2

 θ4 
ω4 = 2 f sampling tan   = 28570.05575606305 rad/s
 2
(c)
ω (ω4 − ω1 )
Ω s1 = 2 = 3.258797059201980 rad/s
ω1ω4 − ω22
ω (ω − ω1 )
Ω s 2 =3 2 4 = 4.128496183150999 rad/s
ω3 − ω1ω4

44
 Ω s min (| Ω s1 |,| Ω s 2 |) = 3.258797059201980 rad/s
=

Frequency Adjustments

Assuming that we do not change the passband cutoff frequencies ω1 and ω4, we can
adjust either lower stopband cutoff frequency ω2 or upper stopband cutoff frequency ω3
to meet the requirement

ωo
= ω1ω4
= ω2ω3 = 14516.73578024240 rad/s

or ω1ω4 = ω2ω3 . If Ω s1 < Ω s 2 , we increase ω3 to

ω1ω4
ω3a = .
ω2

Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω3a, but at ω3, the attenuation
exceeds As1. If Ω s1 > Ω s 2 , we decrease ω2 to

ω1ω4
ω2 a = .
ω3

Then, the specifications are met with attenuation As1 dB at ω2a, but at ω2, the attenuation
exceeds As1. The digital frequencies corresponding to these new values are given by

 ω2 a 
θ 2 a = 2 tan −1  
 2 f sampling
 
 ω3a 
θ3a = 2 tan −1  
 2 f sampling
 

Since Ω s1 < Ω s 2 , we have ω3a = 18128.29338875044 rad/s and θ3a =

1.695358128507911 rad.
(d)
  100.1 As − 1     100.1×41 − 1  
−1
 cosh     cosh 
−1

  100.1 Ap − 1     100.1×1 − 1  
=  =   = 
n     =
3.2912  4
 cosh −1 ( Ω s )   cosh ( 3.2588 ) 
−1

   
   
If the excess tolerance is assigned to the passband, As is fixed. Thus, new As, denoted by
As1, is identical to As:

45
 As1 = As = 41 dB

 100.1 As − 1 
−1
cosh  
 100.1 Ap − 1 
from n =   , new A , denoted by A , is given by
cosh ( Ω s )
−1 p p1

=

Ap1 10 log10 1 +
(
100.1 As1 − 1  )
 = 0.080890832042859 dB
 cosh ( n cosh ( Ω s ) ) 
2 −1

The value of ε does not change.

1
ε1= ε= = 0.008912863375319
10 0.1 As
−1
(e)
= a
1
n
( )
sinh −1 100.1 As1 − 1 = 1.353356690600081
For n even, there are n/2 complex conjugate poles at

1 n−2
Sk = − , k = 0 ,1, ..........,
 π (2k + 1)  π (2k + 1) 
sinh(a ) sin  ± j cosh(a ) cos 
2

 2n   2n 
There are n/2 complex conjugate zeros at

±j  π ( 2k + 1)  n − 2
Sk = =
± j sec  , k =
0,1, 2,.........., 
 π ( 2k + 1)   2n   2 
cos  
 2n 
S =
-0.489576256911524 - 0.231800525960777i
-0.489576256911524 + 0.231800525960777i
-0.167944542209842 - 0.463459015816564i
-0.167944542209842 + 0.463459015816564i
SZ =
0 - 2.613125929752753i
0 + 2.613125929752753i
0 - 1.082392200292394i
0 + 1.082392200292394i
Let

 1  100.1 As1 − 1  
cosh  cosh −1    if excess = ' stop '
  n  100.1 Ap1 − 1  
Ωc =  
 ω4 − ω1
 if excess = ' pass '
 ω3a − ω2 a

Multiply the normalized poles and zeros by Ωc:

46
S = ΩcS
SZ = ΩcS
Wc =
3.258797059201980
S =
-1.595429666278386 - 0.755390872322453i
-1.595429666278386 + 0.755390872322453i
-0.547297180262457 - 1.510318877803663i
-0.547297180262457 + 1.510318877803663i
SZ =
0 - 8.515647095202709i
0 + 8.515647095202709i
0 - 3.527296519216014i
0 + 3.527296519216014i
(f)
The frequency transformed bandstop poles are given by

(ω4 − ω1 ) ± (ω4 − ω1 ) − 4 S 2ω1ω4

2

s=
2S

Notice that S on the right hand side is already multiplied by Ωc. Each normalized
lowpass pole generates two poles for the bandstop filter. For finite zeros, apply the same
formula to find two zeros for each normalized zero. The zero at SZ = ∞ (for n odd)
generates two zeros, one at s = j ω1ω4 and the other at s = − j ω1ω4 , for the bandstop
filter.
s =
1.0e+04 *
-0.643983859218566 - 1.631392780107480i
-0.643983859218566 + 1.631392780107480i
-0.441168345066978 - 1.117603869493819i
-0.441168345066978 + 1.117603869493819i
-0.313802519772549 - 2.185261784235312i
-0.313802519772549 + 2.185261784235312i
-0.135682240481583 - 0.944865628034913i
-0.135682240481583 + 0.944865628034913i
sz =
1.0e+04 *
0 - 1.782862567889085i
0 + 1.782862567889085i
0 - 1.581438775613398i
0 + 1.581438775613398i
0 - 1.332556283322641i
0 + 1.332556283322641i
0 - 1.182007079563522i
0 + 1.182007079563522i
(g)
2 f sampling + s
Substituting s into z = , we obtain digital poles p given by
2 f sampling − s
p =
-0.067060402761045 - 0.678253953101972i
-0.067060402761045 + 0.678253953101972i
0.206140029756206 - 0.660399602837606i
0.206140029756206 + 0.660399602837606i
-0.274216470476951 - 0.828730756861286i

47
 -0.274216470476951 + 0.828730756861286i
0.422193505886056 - 0.774209546416375i
0.422193505886056 + 0.774209546416375i
z =
-0.107796161202615 - 0.994173016949253i
-0.107796161202615 + 0.994173016949253i
0.011668049538098 - 0.999931925992953i
0.011668049538098 + 0.999931925992953i
0.180891810209434 - 0.983503001011768i
0.180891810209434 + 0.983503001011768i
0.293863509387470 - 0.955847392553058i
0.293863509387470 + 0.955847392553058i
(h)
Representing conjugate pairs as second-order sections, we get
DenSOS =
Columns 1 through 3
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
0.134120805522090 -0.412280059512412 0.548432940953901
0.464525522516926 0.478621347295958 0.761989340048716
Column 4
1.000000000000000
-0.844387011772113
0.777647778174608
NumSOS =
Columns 1 through 3
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
0.215592322405230 -0.023336099076197 -0.361783620418868
1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000 1.000000000000000
Column 4
1.000000000000000
-0.587727018774940
1.000000000000000
Each column represents second-order sections. The transfer function is given by
1 + 0.2156 z −1 + z −2 1 − 0.02334 z −1 + z −2
= H ( z) ×
1 + 0.1341z −1 + 0.4645 z −2 1 − 0.4123 z −1 + 0.4786 z −2
1 − 0.3618 z −1 + z −2 1 − 0.5877 z −1 + z −2
× ×
1 + 0.5484 z −1 + 0.7620 z −2 1 − 0.8444 z −1 + 0.7776 z −2
(i)
For each second-order section, b0 is chosen to make the gain equal to one at θ = 0 (z = 1).
b0 =
0.721543540240985 0.539465149985885 1.410327908937987
0.660821794942894
singleb0 = 0.362769190143255
(j)
Magnitude response (linear)
1

0.8
0.6
|H(θ)|

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

48
 Magnitude response (dB)
0

20 log (|H(θ)|) -20

-40
10

-60

-80
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π
Phase response
200
∠H(θ) (deg)

100

-100

-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
θ/π

At θ = θp, the actual attenuation is 0.08089 dB, exceeding the specification (1 dB). At θ
= θs, the actual attenuation is 41 dB, meeting the specification exactly. The excess
tolerance in the passband is the result of rounding up the order n.

49