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Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, March, 2018; Vol.

14(1):111-124
Copyright © Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

RATE OF AIR POLLUTION ASSESSMENT FROM


MANUFACTURING/TRANSFORMATION INDUSTRIES IN MAIDUGURI
METROPOLIS
M. Hussaini*, L. B. Musami and S. M. Abubakar

(1Civil and Water Resources Engineering Department, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.)
Corresponding author’s Email: m.hussaini@unimaid.edu.ng

Abstract
In this paper, an assessment was made of the rates of air emissions from the manufacturing/transformation industries
in Maiduguri city, the capital of Borno state, Nigeria. Industry density technique was applied to estimate the industry
population while rate of fuel consumption was used to determine the rates of emissions of the resulting pollutants.
The total number of industries in the city was found to be 3196, mostly comprising of small scale enterprises, with a
few number of medium scale industries. The rates of emissions of CO, NMVOC, NOx, PM, N2O, NH3, Pb, CO2 and
CH4 were found to be 2039 kg/day, 224 kg/day, 248 kg/day, 5 kg/day, 16 kg/day, 9 kg/day, 0 kg/day, 242351
kg/day, 396 kg/day respectively. Total greenhouse gases (GHG) stood at 256tCO2e/day or 93440tCO2e/year. The
emission per capita in Maiduguri was found to be 0.082 tCO2/cap as against the national value of 0.5 tCO 2/cap in the
manufacturing industry/construction sector. The industry emission in Maiduguri is about 0.2% of total national
emissions from the manufacturing/transformation and construction industries. This shows that emissions
contribution of the industry sector in Maiduguri to the national figure is not significant due to low industrial
activities but a timely transition to sustainable low carbon energy sources remains crucial. It is recommended that
small/medium industries in Maiduguri should have reliable and adequate statistical records in order to enhance the
accuracy of further research.

Keywords: Charcoal, Diesel, Firewood, Fuel, Petrol

1. Introduction
1.1 Industrial pollution
Any form of pollution whose immediate source can be traced to industrial activities is known as
industrial pollution (CEF, 2017; ENVIS, 2017). Industry is one of the major air pollution sectors
in the world and there is a growing attention in trying to make the sector environmentally
sustainable (TSP, 2017; Wen, 2009). Industries across the developed world are under increased
pressure to reduce pollution (INFUSER, 2017). Industrial pollution is also becoming a problem
in many developing countries (Ladan, 2013; Wen, 2009). The sector emits a range of unwanted
pollutants that affect air quality and the environment. Such pollutants include Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs), sulphur oxides (SOx), hydrogen sulphide H2S, and nitrogen oxides (NOx)
(ILO, 1998; INFUSER, 2017; Ogugbuaja and Barsisa, 2001). Major pollutants from industrial
emission include gaseous emissions of SO2, CO2, NOx and particulate emissions (Jiming and
Guowen, 2009). Nitrogen oxides are formed in every combustion process and the most important
forms are nitrous oxide NOx (Wen, 2009).Combustion of fuels in stationary (non-transport)
combustion sources results in GHG emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and
nitrous oxide (N2O). The GHGs are emitted during the combustion of fuels with CO2 accounting
for the majority of the emissions from stationary combustion sources (USEPA, 2016).

Industrial emissions have negative impacts on human health and the environment. Long term
exposure to particulate matter may cause premature death (WHO, 2016.). Particles can be
inhaled and penetrate into the lungs. The smaller the particles, the deeper they penetrate into the
lungs; thus health impacts are more strongly associated with the smaller PM2.5 fraction (Du et
al., 2016; Kelly and Fussell, 2015; WHO, 2016). With so many small, medium and large scale
industries in existence, emissions from the sector have taken toll on the environment including
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Hussaini et al.: Rate of air pollution assessment from manufacturing/transformation industries in
Maiduguri metropolis. AZOJETE 14(1):111-124. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818,
www.azojete.com.ng

contributions to greenhouse gas and global warming. This development made it imperative to
assess the status of industrial emissions in any society to take proper measures to abate them.

The study aims at evaluating the rate of air emissions from the manufacturing/transformation
sector in Maiduguri metropolis.
The core objectives of the paper are:

 To estimate the rate of fuel consumption in the industry sector in Maiduguri metropolis;
 To estimate the direct rates of emissions of harmful pollutants due to fuel combustion by
industries in Maiduguri metropolis;
 To compare such emissions with existing national figures and discuss any observations.

2. Methodology and data


The methodology adopted involves sourcing data from manufacturing/transformation industries
available in Maiduguri metropolis, relating their number, the fuel type used and the fuel
consumption rates. Because industry statistics are not accessible so far, the industry density
method is used for determining the number of industries in the city. This was done by selecting
case study areas from each of the four regions. The case study areas were used to study industry
density within a region. Using the industry density (No. of industries per km2) and land size
(km2) of the region, the industry population for the region is then determined. The industry
populations from the four regions were then summed up to get the total number of industries for
a particular industry category in the city. Where the number of companies for a particular
industry type is known, the exact number is used. Similarly, where companies are known to be
located within a particular area, company number calculations are restricted to those areas only.
Field survey in the case study areas covered industry population, fuel type and fuel consumption
rates. Data sheets were carefully designed and structured in open-ended questions that are brief,
concise and understandable. After getting the fuel consumption rates by fuel type, the emissions
rates of the various air pollutants were determined using their emissions conversion factors from
literature. The emission factors are usually given in grams or kilogram of gas released per
kilogram of fuel consumed. Therefore, quantities of consumed fuels collected from fieldwork in
other units will be converted to kilogram (kg) for multiplication by their emission factors to
obtain the rates of emissions.

2.1 Regional/Area divisions of Maiduguri City


Maiduguri is the capital of Borno State located in the North-Eastern geopolitical zone of the
federal republic of Nigeria. The city lies between latitudes 11°46' to 11°53'N and longitudes
13°2' to 13°13'E (Google Earth, 2017). For the purpose of this study, the city is divided into four
regions; namely, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, Southwest. From each region, three case study
areas were selected. For Northeast (NE), Gwange ward/Monday market, Custom/Gomboru and
Hausari/Mafoni/Shehuri areas were chosen. For the Northwest (NW), Kumshe/Flour mill, Bolori
and Federal low cost areas were chosen. For Southeast (SE) Old
GRA/GiwaBarracks/GidanMadara, Tashan Bama/Mairi, and Unguwan Doki/Post and for the
Southwest (SW), Bulumkutu, Maduganari, Damboa Road areas were chosen.

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Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, March, 2018; Vol. 14(1):111-124.
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng

Figure 1: Google Map of Maiduguri Metropolis (Google Earth, 2017)

2.2 Sampled area data of industries


In each area, three sample companies/respondents were chosen for each of the industry
categories and some important information was collected. The information included the type of
energy used and the rate of its consumption, i.e. electricity (hr/day), fuel (petrol/diesel, lt/day),
charcoal (bag/day), and wood logs (log/day), and the number of such industries in that area. The
rates of fuel (petrol/diesel) consumption of the industries by their generators/vehicles were
presented as gen/veh in values of liters/day. For each industry type under a particular area, the
average responses of the three companies in terms of fuel consumption rates and the industry
number in the area are used. The size of a case study area (km2) is determined on Google map
using the scale provided by defining the boundaries of the area. The average density of each
industry type in an area (No/km2) is then determined by dividing the average industry number is
that area by the area size. Since the research scope is limited to Maiduguri and electricity is being
supplied from the national grid which is not within the confines of the city, it means that there
will be zero emissions in the city due to such electricity consumption. An example of NE area 1
data collection sheet is displayed in Table 1.

Table 1. Sample industry data collection sheet (example for NE Area 1)

113
Hussaini et al.: Rate of air pollution assessment from manufacturing/transformation industries in
Maiduguri metropolis. AZOJETE 14(1):111-124. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818,
www.azojete.com.ng

2.3 Regional data of industries


The regional data on average regional industry density and fuel consumption rate is derived from
the three respective (average) area data by taking their overall average. The number of industries
for a particular industry type in a region is obtained by multiplying the size of the region
(determined using Google map) and the average region industry density. Consequently, the total
regional fuel consumption rate by an industry type is the product of the average region fuel
consumption rate per industry and the number of industries in the region. Charcoal and firewood
fuels given in bag/day and log/day on the original data sheet were converted into kg/day using
average charcoal bag mass of 34kg (obtained using average mass of three sample bags) and
average wood log mass of 9kg (obtained using average mass of three sample logs). The summary
of the regional data and the overall city data are presented in Tables 2-6.

3. Results and discussion


A summary of data on industry and fuel consumption by geographical region in Maiduguri
Metropolis have been presented on Tables 2-5. For each region, the existing industry categories
were chosen and for each industry, three case study areas were considered. Also for each area,
three sample industries (for each of the industry categories) were selected to study industry
densities and fuel consumption rates (as detailed in section 2). The consumption rates of the
various fuels; petrol, diesel and biomass (charcoal and wood logs) together with their end use
state (stationary/mobile combustion) by industry type have been presented in Table 6.

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Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, March, 2018; Vol. 14(1):111-124.
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng
Table 2: Summary of North-East Region: Number of industries and their fuel consumption
S/no Industry Area Average Average area fuel Average Average region fuel Size of Number Total region fuel
area consumption per industry region consumption per industry region of consumption (gen/veh) [No
industry (generator/vehicle) industry (generator/vehicle) (km2) industries of industries x avg region
density density [avg fuel consumption]
(No/ (No/km2) region

Wood log

Wood log

Wood log
(bag/day)

(bag/day)
km2) [avg of density x

(log/day)

(log/day)
Charcoal

Charcoal

Charcoal
(kg/day)

(kg/day)
(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)
area region

Diesel

Diesel

Diesel
Petrol

Petrol

Petrol
industry size)
density]
Area 1 2.80 0/15 24/0
0/ 0/ 660/
1 Pure water industry Area 2 0.41 0/13 20/0 1.97 20/0 33
13 429 0
Area 3 2.70 0/12 17/0
Area 1 1.40 0/0 5/0
665/
2 Ice block production Area 2 2.04 0/0 28/0 2.05 0/0 19/0 35 0/0
0
Area 3 2.70 0/0 24/0
Area 1 2.10 4/25 8/0
224/
3 Cement block industry Area 2 1.63 0/10 5/6 1.87 2/0 7/3 32 64/0
96
Area 3 0.00 - -
Area 1 0.00 0/0 0/0
4 Ice cream production Area 2 1.23 0/0 20/0 0.41 0/0 10/0 7 0/0 70/0
Area 3 0.00 - -
Area 1 2.10 0/0 4/0
168/
5 Carpentry business Area 2 0.82 0/0 4/0 3.32 1/0 3/0 56 56/0
0
Area 3 7.03 4/3 0/0
16.91
Area 1 12.59 0/0 3/0
253/ 759/
6 Simple food milling Area 2 25.71 0/0 6/0 14.93 1/0 3/0 253
0 0
Area 3 6.49 3/0 0/0
Area 1 - - - - -
7 Complex food milling Area 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Area 3 - - - - -
Area 1 1.40 4/6 4/0 12
2/ 64/3
8 Bread production Area 2 2.04 2/11 0/0 7 1.87 1/0 9 32 32/0 2592
10 20
Area 3 2.16 0/13 0/0 8
Area 1 8.39 3/0 10/0
140/ 630/
9 Welding Area 2 1.23 4/0 15/0 4.11 2/0 9/0 70
0 0
Area 3 2.70 0/0 3/0
Area 1 - - - -
2.4x
10 Blacksmith Area 2 - - - 3 - - - 3 - 243 104
Area 3 - - - -
Note: (i) Averages are for available data only, (ii) Number of charcoal bags and wood logs are multiplied by 34kg and 9kg respectively to convert them into kilograms,

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Hussaini et al.: Rate of air pollution assessment from manufacturing/transformation industries in Maiduguri metropolis. AZOJETE 14(1):111-124. ISSN 1596-
2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

Table 3: Summary of North-West Region: Number of industries and their fuel consumption
S/no Industry Area Average Average area fuel Average Average region fuel Size of Number Total region fuel
area consumption per industry region consumption per industry region of consumption (gen/veh) [No
industry (generator/vehicle) industry (generator/vehicle) (km2) industries of industries x avg region
density density [avg fuel consumption]
(No/ (No/km) region
km2) [avg of density x

Wood log

Wood log

Wood log
(bag/day)

(bag/day)
(log/day)

(log/day)
Charcoal

Charcoal

Charcoal
(kg/day)

(kg/day)
area region

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)
Diesel

Diesel

Diesel
Petrol

Petrol

Petrol
industry size)
density]
Area 1 2.02 0/20 37/0
0/ 0/ 2720
1 Pure water industry Area 2 1.21 0/15 38/0 2.85 34/0 80
17 1360 /0
Area 3 5.31 0/15 26/0
Area 1 0.29 0/0 20/0
880/
2 Ice block production Area 2 0.00 - - 1.57 0/0 20/0 44 0/0
0
Area 3 4.43 0/0 20/0
Area 1 2.31 0/18 5/0
1/ 99/ 495/
3 Cement block industry Area 2 1.21 4/16 5/0 3.53 5/0 99
15 1485 0
Area 3 7.08 0/12 5/0
Area 1 0.00 - -
425/
4 Ice cream production Area 2 0.00 - - 0.59 0/0 25/0 17 0/0
0
Area 3 1.77 0/0 25/0
Area 1 0.87 4/0 0/0
123/
5 Carpentry business Area 2 0.00 - - 1.47 3/0 1/0 41 41/0
0
Area 3 3.54 1/0 2/0
28.03
Area 1 4.91 3/0 7/0
381/ 381/
6 Simple food milling Area 2 1.61 2/0 1/0 4.53 3/0 3/0 127
0 0
Area 3 7.08 3/0 0/0
Area 1 - - -
2400 2400
7 Complex food milling Area 2 (1) 0/0 2400/0 (1) 0/0 (1) 0/0
/0 /0
Area 3 - - -
Area 1 2.31 2/17 0/0 10
126/ 378/
8 Bread production Area 2 0.00 - - - 2.25 2/9 6/0 8 63 4536
567 0
Area 3 4.43 2/0 12/0 - 5
Area 1 5.49 1/4 10/0
147/ 1323
9 Welding Area 2 4.03 0/3 8/0 5.24 1/5 9/0 147
735 /0
Area 3 6.20 0/7 9/0
Area 1
10 Blacksmith Area 2
Area 3
Note: (i) Averages are for available data only, (ii) Total number of charcoal bags and wood logs are multiplied by 34kg and 9kg respectively to convert them into kilograms,

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Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, March, 2018; Vol. 14(1):111-124.
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng
Table 4: Summary of South-East Region: Number of industries and their fuel consumption
S/no Industry Area Average Average area fuel Average Average region fuel Size of Number Total region fuel
area consumption per industry region consumption per industry region of consumption (gen/veh) [No
industry (generator/vehicle) industry (generator/vehicle) (km2) industries of industries x avg region
density density [avg fuel consumption]
(No/ (No/km2) region
km2) [avg of density x

Wood log

Wood log

Wood log
(bag/day)

(bag/day)
(log/day)

(log/day)
Charcoal

Charcoal

Charcoal
(kg/day)

(kg/day)
area region

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)
Diesel

Diesel

Diesel
Petrol

Petrol

Petrol
industry size)
density]
Area 1 3.08 0/27 39/0 - -
0/ 0/ 2451
1 Pure water industry Area 2 11.11 0/22 40/0 - - 5.58 43/0 57
43 2451 /0
Area 3 2.55 0/80 51/0 - -
Area 1 5.39 0/0 17/0 - -
10580
2 Ice block production Area 2 148.15 0/0 37/0 - - 51.46 0/0 20/0 529 0/0 /0
Area 3 0.85 0/0 5/0 - -
Area 1 5.39 6/20 7/0 - -
108/ 189/
3 Cement block industry Area 2 0.00 - - - - 2.65 4/0 7/0 27
0 0
Area 3 2.55 2/4 7/0 - -
Area 1 1.54 0/0 43/0 - -
11913
4 Ice cream production Area 2 103.70 0/0 22/0 - - 35.08 0/0 33/0 361 0/0 /0
Area 3 0.00 - - - -
Area 1 3.08 4/0 0/0 - -
135/
5 Carpentry business Area 2 0.00 - - - - 1.45 2/0 9/0 15 30/0
0
Area 3 1.28 0/0 17/0 - -
Area 1 3.08 3/0 0/0 - - 10.28 158/ 632/
6 Simple food milling Area 2 40.74 0/0 7/0 - - 15.32 1/0 4/0 158
0 0
Area 3 2.13 0/0 5/0 - -
Area 1 - - - - -
7 Complex food milling Area 2 - - - - - - - - - -
Area 3 - - - - -
Area 1 1.54 0/10 0/0 - 7
1/ 99/
8 Bread production Area 2 25.93 2/9 0/0 - 7 9.58 0/0 8 99 0/0 7128
10 990
Area 3 1.28 2/10 0/0 - 9
Area 1 3.85 0/0 12/0
759/
9 Welding Area 2 11.11 0/3 7/0 6.69 1/0 11/0 69 69/0
0
Area 3 5.11 2/8 15/0
Area 1
10 Blacksmith Area 2
Area 3
Area 3 400/ 400/ 400/
11 Marine asphalt (1) 0/50
1500
0/50
1500
(1) 0/50
1500
Note: (i) Averages are for available data only, (ii) Total number of charcoal bags and wood logs are multiplied by 34kg and 9kg respectively to convert them into kilograms,

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Hussaini et al.: Rate of air pollution assessment from manufacturing/transformation industries in Maiduguri metropolis. AZOJETE 14(1):111-124. ISSN 1596-
2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

Table 5: Summary of South-West Region: Number of industries and their fuel consumption
S/no Industry Area Average Average area fuel Average Average region fuel Size of Number Total region fuel
area consumption per industry region consumption per industry region of consumption (gen/veh) [No
industry (generator/vehicle) industry (generator/vehicle) (km2) industries of industries x avg region
density density [avg fuel consumption]
(No/ (No/km2) region
km2) [avg of density x

Wood log

Wood log

Wood log
(bag/day)

(bag/day)
(log/day)

(log/day)
Charcoal

Charcoal

Charcoal
(kg/day)

(kg/day)
area region

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)

(l/day)
Diesel

Diesel

Diesel
Petrol

Petrol

Petrol
industry size]
density]
Area 1 1.20 0/28 34/0
0/ 0/ 1530
1 Pure water industry Area 2 0.85 0/22 27/0 1.71 30/0 51
21 1071 /0
Area 3 3.09 0/14 29/0
Area 1 1.35 0/0 30/0
1536
2 Ice block production Area 2 2.54 0/0 23/0 2.16 0/0 24/0 64 0/0
/0
Area 3 2.58 0/0 20/0
Area 1 2.40 4/20 7/0
4/ 368/ 644/
3 Cement block industry Area 2 2.75 4/20 7/15 3.09 7/5 92
19 1748 460
Area 3 4.12 4/16 6/0
Area 1 2.25 0/0 22/0
792/
4 Ice cream production Area 2 0.00 - - 1.09 0/0 24/0 33 0/0
0
Area 3 1.03 0/0 25/0
Area 1 3.00 0/0 4/0
183/
5 Carpentry business Area 2 1.06 0/0 3/0 2.04 1/0 3/0 29.74 61 61/0
0
Area 3 2.06 1/0 2/0
Area 1 1.20 3/0 2/0
201/
6 Simple food milling Area 2 1.48 3/0 0/0 2.27 3/0 1/0 67 67/0
0
Area 3 4.12 3/0 0/0
Area 1
7 Complex food milling Area 2
Area 3
Area 1 2.70 2/17 18/0 6
420/
8 Bread production Area 2 1.27 0/15 0/0 8 2.01 1/0 7/0 6 60 60/0 3240
0
Area 3 2.06 1/14 10/0 5
Area 1 2.40 1/5 15/0
70/ 700/
9 Welding Area 2 2.11 1/0 7/0 2.36 1/3 10/0 70
210 0
Area 3 2.58 1/3 7/0
10 Soap industry - - 0/8 12/0 - 0/8 12/0 1 0/8 12/0
11 Paint factory - - 0/12 4/0 - 0/12 4/0 1 0/12 4/0
Note: (i) Averages are for available data only, (ii) Number of charcoal bags and wood logs are multiplied by 34kg and 9kg respectively to convert them into kilograms,

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Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, March, 2018; Vol. 14(1):111-124.
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng
Table 6: Summary of rate of fuel consumption by manufacturing/transformation industries in Maiduguri
Region

Cement block

Paint factory
food milling
Simple food

Blacksmith
production

production

production

production
Pure water

Carpentry
Ice cream
Ice block

Complex

Welding
business
industry

industry

Marine
milling

asphalt
Bread

Total
Soap
No of industry 33 35 32 7 56 253 0 32 70 243 0 0 0 761
consumption

Petrol (l/day) [gen/veh] 0/429 0/0 64/0 0/0 56/0 253/0 64/320 140/0 - - - -
North-east

Diesel (l/day) [gen/veh] 660/0 665/0 224/96 70/0 168/0 759/0 32/0 630/0 - - - -
Charcoal (kg/day) 24000
fuel

rate

Wood log (kg/day) 2592


No of industry 80 44 99 17 41 127 1 63 147 0 0 0 0 619
consumption

Petrol (l/day) [gen/veh] 0/1360 0/0 99/1485 0/0 123/0 381/0 0/0 126/567 147/735 - - - -
North-west

Diesel (l/day) [gen/veh] 2720/0 880/0 495/0 425/0 41/0 381/0 2400/0 378/0 1323/0 - - - -
Charcoal (kg/day)
fuel

rate

Wood log (kg/day) 4536


No of industry 57 529 27 361 15 158 0 99 69 0 1 0 0 1,316
consumption

Petrol (l/day) [gen/veh] 0/2451 0/0 108/0 0/0 30/0 158/0 99/990 69/0 - 0/50 - -
South-east

Diesel (l/day) [gen/veh] 2451/0 10580/0 189/0 11913/0 135/0 632/0 0/0 759/0 - 400/1500 - -
Charcoal (kg/day)
fuel

rate

Wood log (kg/day) 7128

No of industry 51 64 92 33 61 67 0 60 70 0 0 1 1 500
consumption

Petrol (l/day) [gen/veh] 0/1071 0/0 368/1748 0/0 61/0 201/0 60/0 70/210 - - 0/8 0/12
South-west

Diesel (l/day) [gen/veh] 1530/0 1536/0 644/460 792/0 183/0 67/0 420/0 700/0 - - 12/0 4/0
Charcoal (kg/day)
fuel

rate

Wood log (kg/day) 3240


Total no. of
Research 221 672 250 418 173 605 1 254 356 243 1 1 1 3,196
industry
Total petrol Generator 0 0 639 0 270 993 0 349 426 0 0 0 2,677
(l/day) Vehicle 5311 0 3233 0 0 0 0 1877 945 50 8 12 11,436
Total 5,311 0 3,872 0 270 993 0 2,226 1,371 50 8 12 14,113
Total diesel Generator 7361 13661 1552 13200 527 1839 2400 830 3412 400 12 4 45,198
(l/day) Vehicle 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 1500 0 0 2,056
Total 7,361 13,661 2,108 13,200 527 1,839 2,400 830 3,412 1,900 12 4 47,254
Biomass Charcoal 24,000 24,000
(kg/day) Wood log 17,496 17,496
Total 41,496

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Hussaini et al.: Rate of air pollution assessment from manufacturing/transformation industries in
Maiduguri metropolis. AZOJETE 14(1):111-124. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818,
www.azojete.com.ng

To determine the emissions rates (ER) of the various air pollutants, emissions (conversion)
factors (EF) from literature are used as shown in Table 6 below. Using data from Staffell (2011),
the consumption rates of the industries given in volumes (liters) were converted to mass (kg)
using the densities of petrol and diesel (741 kg/m3 and 837 kg/m3 respectively). Similarly, the
masses of the fuels (petrol and diesel) can also be expressed further in energy terms (GJ) using
their net calorific values of 32.7MJ/l and 35.94MJ/l respectively. The various gaseous emissions
were then determined using their various emissions factors (Gómez and Watterson, 2006;
Ntziachristos and Samaras, 2013; USEPA, 2000). Non-CO2 greenhouse gases, N2O and CH4
were converted to equivalent of CO2 using their Global Warming Potentials (GWP) of 296 and
23 respectively (USEPA, 2000).

Table 7: Average fuel consumption rate and gas emissions from industries in Maiduguri
Fuel Petrol Diesel Biomass Total
Mode of combustion Generator LCV Generator LCV Charcoal Wood kg/day tCO2e/day
Average l/day 2677 11436 45198 2056
daily fuel kg/day 1984 8474 37831 1721 24000 17496
consumption GJ/day 88 374 1624 74
CO EF (g/kg fuel) 238.3 11.71
(Mobile) ER (kg/day) 2019 20 2039
NMVOC EF (g/kg fuel) 26.08 1.96
(Mobile) ER (kg/day) 221 3 224
NOx EF (g/kg fuel) 25.46 18.43
(Mobile) ER (kg/day) 216 32 248
PM EF (g/kg fuel) 0.03 2.99
(Mobile) ER (kg/day) 0 5 5
N2O EF (g/kg fuel) 0.316 0.072
(Mobile) ER (kg/day) 3 0 3 0.888
N2O EF (kg/GJ fuel) 0.002 0.002
(Stationary) EF (g/kg fuel) 0.24 0.19
ER (kg/day) 0.18 3.25 5.76 3.32 13 4
NH3 EF (g/kg fuel) 1.114 0.056
(Mobile) ER (kg/day) 9 0 9
Pb EF (g/kg fuel) 0.0002 0.0002
(Mobile) ER (kg/day) 0 0 0
CO2 EF (kg/kg fuel) 3.180 3.140
(Mobile) ER (kg/day) 26947 5404 32351 32.351
CO2 EF (kg/GJ fuel) 73 75
(Stationary) EF (kg/kg fuel) 2.411 1.374
ER (kg/day) 6424 121800 5.8x104 2.4x104 2.1x105 210
CH4 EF (kg/GJ fuel) 0.01 0.01
(Stationary) EF (g/kg fuel) 7.91 10.79
ER (kg/day) 0.88 16.24 189.84 188.78 396 9
Total Greenhouse Gas (tCO2e/day) 256
Total Greenhouse Gas (tCO2e/year) 93440

Industries in Maiduguri are divided in terms of fuel type use; some industries use liquid fuels
while others use solid fuels. Apart from bread industry (which use a combination of liquid fuels
and wood logs) and blacksmith industry (which use charcoal), all the other industries use liquid
fuels only, ie. either petrol or diesel. The combustion mode is further divided in terms of either in
electricity generators (stationary combustion) or in vehicle engines (mobile combustion).

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For petrol, the total daily fuel consumption stood at 14113 l/day of which pure water industry has
the highest proportion of 5311 l/day, followed by cement block industry with a consumption of
3872 l/day. Marine asphalt, soap and paint industries have minimal petrol consumption rate of
less than 100 l/day while ice block production, ice cream production and complex food milling
have zero use of petrol. For diesel consumption, ice block and ice cream productions have the
highest figures of over 13000 l/day followed by pure water and welding industries. All the other
industries have a consumption of less than 2500 l/day, with soap and paint having the least. The
fuel consumption of an industry type depends on the fuel demand of the companies as well as the
number of the companies under the industry category. Soap and paint having the least
consumption simply because such industries are not many in Maiduguri metropolis. There is
only one company each for those industries.

For petrol, 81% of the total of 14113 l/day is used by company vehicles (mobile combustion)
while the remaining 19% used by generators (stationary combustion). For diesel, company
vehicles use 4.4% of the total of 47254 l/day; the remaining 95.6% is used for electricity
generation. Thus, most industry vehicles use petrol while most industry generators use diesel
fuel. The only industries that use charcoal and firewood are blacksmith and bread companies
respectively. Because air pollutants released from industry activities in Maiduguri are mostly
carbon dioxide CO2, carbon monoxide CO and methane CH4. Non-methane volatile organic
compounds NMVOC and nitrous oxides NOx are also relatively significant along with negligible
amounts of other pollutants such as particulate matter PM, nitrogen dioxide N2O, ammonia NH3
and lead Pb.

The total daily emissions of greenhouse gases (in CO2 equivalent) are 256 tCO2e/day, and hence
the annual emissions are 93440 tCO2e/year. The annual per capita emissions in Maiduguri can be
obtained by dividing the annual emissions by the city population as of year 2017, i.e.
93440/1,146,397 = 0.082 tCO2/cap (Population City, 2015). The historical and projected GHG
emissions in the Nigerian manufacturing and construction industry are given in Figure 2 below
(World Bank, 2017). The Figure presents the trends for both the total GHG emissions (mtCO2)
and per capita emissions (tCO2/cap) annually. Some relevant data for these parameters were
available from World Bank (2017) only up to year 2012, but careful projections of previous
trends beyond 2012 according to the nature of the trends’ dynamics can reveal approximate
values for year 2017 as shown in Figure 2. Therefore, comparing the per capita emissions value
of 0.082 tCO2/cap in Maiduguri to the projected value of 0.5 tCO2/cap in Nigeria (considering
urban population based on projected estimates from World Bank) shows a significant difference.
The research results suggest that industry distribution in the country is skewed by region rather
than being uniform. This is true because carbon intensive industries (refineries, power plants,
etc.) in the country are concentrated in the Southern part with no single one in Maiduguri. The
percent contribution of Maiduguri to national industry emissions as of 2017 is therefore
0.09344/48 x 100% = 0.2%.

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Hussaini et al.: Rate of air pollution assessment from manufacturing/transformation industries in
Maiduguri metropolis. AZOJETE 14(1):111-124. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818,
www.azojete.com.ng

Figure 2: Historical and projected GHG emissions in the Nigerian manufacturing and
construction industry (World Bank, 2017)

4. Conclusions
This paper looked into the status of air emissions in Maiduguri metropolis due to
manufacturing/transformation industry activities. According to estimates from industry density
technique (using field survey data), the total number of the industries in Maiduguri stood at 3196
and is made up of fourteen types of industries. The rates of fuel consumption by the
manufacturing/transformation industry sector in Maiduguri Metropolis stand at 14113 l/day,
47,254 l/day and 41,496 kg/day for petrol, diesel and biomass respectively. The rates of
emissions of CO, NMVOC, NOx, PM, N2O, NH3, Pb, CO2 and CH4 were estimated to be 2039
kg/day, 224 kg/day, 248 kg/day, 5 kg/day, 16 kg/day, 9 kg/day, 0 kg/day, 242351 kg/day and 396
kg/day respectively. Total GHG emission was found to be 256 tCO2e/day or 93440 tCO2e/year
as against the national figure of 48 mtCO2e/year. The per capita emission in Maiduguri is 0.082
tCO2/cap whereas that of the national industry/construction sector is 0.5 tCO2/cap (estimate). The
percent contribution of industry emissions in Maiduguri is therefore about 0.2% of the total
national industry/construction sector emissions. The low national share of Maiduguri is because
of the absence of large scale industries such as refineries, power plants, and the absence of
significant emissions from the construction industry. Almost all industries in Maiduguri are
small scale with a few number of medium scale industries; however, this does not preclude the
need for a transition to a cleaner and sustainable energy sources. The total energy required by
industries in Maiduguri was found to be 2160 GJ/day. Such energy requirement by the city can
easily be tapped from renewables using the right technology considering the abundant solar and
wind energy intensities in the state.

5. Recommendations
For more reliable results, records of the number of operating industries in Maiduguri metropolis
and their fuel demand rates must be available. The current procedure for determining industry
population, fuel consumption and emissions was challenging due to the absence of adequate,
reliable and accessible data records on industry population and fuel/emission efficiencies of
engines. It is desirable that manufacturing industries form associations and make their statistics
readily available, whereby the exact number of the individual industries is made known and
accessible from their records. This will improve the accuracy of further researches in this area.

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