,00 MA> HIBNF H?

MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL

M^[i[ Wh]kc[dji i_Z['ij[f j^[ h[Wb fheXb[c( Hd[ YWd

Z[\_d[ h[b_]_ed _d ikY^ W mWo j^Wj _j [cXhWY[i j^[ Ykbji& h_j[i
WdZ fWii_edi e\ j^[ ie'YWbb[Z fh_c_j_l[ jh_X[i& j^[ j[WY^_d]i
WdZ fhWYj_Y[i e\ <ed\WY_Wd_ic WdZ j^[ ikXb_c[ _dif_hWj_edi
e\ <^h_ij eh ;kZZ^W& Xkj m^Wj _i j^[ fe_dj& j^[ c[Wd_d]& e\ W
(,'25*3 -9
i[YkbWh h[b_]_ed _d j^[ P[ij& _d Wd [dl_hedc[dj _cfh[]dWj[Z
m_j^ <^h_ij_Wd_jo9
MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG
0EQPQOKE :RKPKQP QT =GEWNCT <GNKIKQP
L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG <ecckd_ic Z[l[bef[Z \hec Wd [Yedec_Y WdZ feb_j_YWb
ZeYjh_d[ Wj W j_c[ m^[d j^[ if_h_jkWb l_jWb_jo WdZ j^[
Wkj^eh_jo e\ j^[ <^khY^[i m[h[ _d Z[Yb_d[( IWii_edi m^_Y^ _d
:K:EE>EL X[jm[[d ieY_Wb_ic WdZ h[b_]_ed ^Wl[ \h['
ej^[h j_c[i c_]^j ^Wl[ [nfh[ii[Z j^[ci[bl[i _d ijh_Yjbo
gk[djbo X[[d ZhWmd& WdZ j^[ Z_\\ki_ed e\ <^h_ij_Wd_jo
h[b_]_eki X[b_[\i m[h[ Y^Wdd[bb[Z _dje feb_j_YWb WYj_ed(
j^hek]^ekj j^[ WdY_[dj mehbZ YecfWh[Z m_j^ j^Wj e\
LeY_Wb_ic Wff[Wh[Z dej ie ckY^ W j[Y^d_gk[ Wffb_YWXb[ je
FWhn_ic _d ekh j_c[( M^[ [nfh[ii_ed Çi[YkbWh h[b_]_edÉ ^Wi
I
X[Yec[ W YeccedfbWY[(%
j^[ cWdW][c[dj e\ [dj[hfh_i[i eh je j^[ \kdYj_ed_d] e\ j^[
[Yedeco& Wi W c[Wdi e\ Ykh_d] edY[ WdZ \eh Wbb j^[ W]['ebZ
>gkWbbo YbWii_Y Wh[ j^[ Wh]kc[dji Wh_i_d] \hec j^[i[ Yec'
c_i[ho e\ cWda_dZ(
fWh_iedi( =e[i W @eZb[ii ZeYjh_d[ Z[i[hl[ je X[ YWbb[Z W
M^[ _Z[ebe]_[i e\ j^[ K_]^j WdZ e\ j^[ E[\j& ?WiY_ic Wi m[bb
h[b_]_ed9 M^[ \W_j^\kb j^[ci[bl[i Z[do j^[ Yedd[Yj_ed Xkj
Wi <ecckd_ic& Wh[ _dif_h[Z Xo j^[ ceZ[hd f^_beief^o e\
_di_ij j^Wj j^[_h X[b_[\ _i ded['j^['b[ii YecfWj_Xb[ m_j^ j^[
_ccWd[dY[( M^[o Wh[ Wj^[_ij& [l[d m^[d j^[o Ze dej Z[do
jhWZ_j_edWb \W_j^~Wh[ dej j^[ fhe]h[ii_l[ <^h_ij_Wdi W b_l_d]
j^[ [n_ij[dY[ e\ @eZ& je j^[ [nj[dj j^Wj j^[o YedY[_l[ j^[
fhee\ e\ j^[ YecfWj_X_b_jo X[jm[[d <ecckd_ic WdZ
^kcWd mehbZ m_j^ekj h[\[h[dY[ je j^[ jhWdiY[dZ[djWb(
<Wj^eb_Y_ic9
:YYehZ_d] je EW ;[hj^edd_[h[& =[iYWhj[i& ^em[l[h ]eeZ W
Bd W i[di[& j^[ gkWhh[b _i W l[hXWb ed[( >l[hoj^_d] Z[f[dZi
<Wj^eb_Y ^[ cWo ^Wl[ X[[d& YWd X[ h[]WhZ[Z Wi j^[ _d_j_Wjeh
ed ed[Éi Z[\_d_j_ed e\ j^[ mehZi _dlebl[Z( M^[ ZeYjh_d[ fhe'
e\ j^_i iehj e\ Wj^[_ic& i_dY[ ^[ mWi ceh[ _dj[h[ij[Z _d j^[
l_Z[i jhk[ <ecckd_iji m_j^ W ]beXWb _dj[hfh[jWj_ed e\ j^[
Yedgk[ij e\ dWjkh[ j^Wd _d c[Z_jWj_ed ed j^[ ^[h[W\j[h( M^[
kd_l[hi[5 _j _dij_bi i[dj_c[dji Wa_d je j^ei[ e\ j^[ YhkiWZ[hi
FWhn_iji e\ j^[ i[YedZ eh j^[ j^_hZ Bdj[hdWj_edWb Wh[ gk_j[
e\ Wbb W][i5 _j \_n[i j^[ ^_[hWhY^o e\ lWbk[i WdZ [ijWXb_i^[i j^[
h[WZo je Wbbem j^Wj h[b_]_ed _i W fh_lWj[ W\\W_h& Xkj j^[o h[]WhZ
dehci e\ ]eeZ YedZkYj( Bj \kb\_bi& _d j^[ _dZ_l_ZkWb WdZ _d
j^[ eh]Wd_iWj_ed e\ j^[ Yeccedm[Wbj^ Wi j^[ edbo i[h_eki
j^[ Yebb[Yj_l[ iekb& iec[ e\ j^[ \kdYj_edi m^_Y^ j^[ ieY_ebe]_ij
YedY[hd(
dehcWbbo WiYh_X[i je h[b_]_edi( :i \eh j^[ WXi[dY[ e\ j^[ jhWdi'
IWii_edi \ebbem[Z be]_YWbbo j^[ jhWdi\[h e\ j^[ Y[djh[ e\
Y[dZ[djWb eh j^[ iWYh[Z& j^[ <ecckd_iji Ze dej YWj[]eh_YWbbo
_dj[h[ij( I[efb[ de bed][h a_bb[Z ed[ Wdej^[h je Z[j[hc_d[
Z[do _j& Xkj j^[o h[YWbb j^Wj cWdo ieY_[j_[i j^hek]^ekj j^[
m^_Y^ <^khY^ i^ekbZ X[ _dl[ij[Z m_j^ j^[ c_ii_ed e\ _dj[h'
Y[djkh_[i ^Wl[ X[[d _]dehWdj e\ j^[ dej_ed e\ W Z_l_d[ X[_d]
fh[j_d] j^[ iWYh[Z iYh_fjkh[i WdZ e\ WZc_d_ij[h_d] j^[ iWYhW'
m_j^ekj X[_d] _]dehWdj e\ j^[ mWo e\ j^ek]^j WdZ \[[b_d]&
c[dji& Xkj m^_Y^ fWhjo eh m^_Y^ ioij[c e\\[h[Z j^[ X[ij
j^[ eXb_]Wj_edi WdZ j^[ Z[lej_edi& m^_Y^ j^[ eXi[hl[h e\ jeZWo
Y^WdY[ e\ ifh[WZ_d] cWj[h_Wb Yec\ehj \eh Wbb _d j^_i lWb[ e\
h[]WhZi Wi h[b_]_eki(
j[Whi(
% B ki[Z j^[ [nfh[ii_ed _d jme Whj_Yb[i m^_Y^ Wff[Wh[Z _d 7C 1TCPEG =[ceYhWYo WdZ dWj_edWb_ic& _j _i jhk[& ^Wl[ Wheki[Z de
7KDTG _d Ckd['Ckbo& +3..( b[ii fWii_edWj[ \[hlekh j^Wd j^[ YbWiib[ii ieY_[jo( :j W j_c[
 MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,01
m^[d j^[ ikfh[c[ lWbk[i Wh[ b_da[Z je feb_j_YWb h[Wb_jo& c[d
Wh[ `kij Wi \WdWj_YWb _d j^[_h Z[lej_ed je dWj_edWb _dZ[f[d'
Z[dY[ Wi je Wd Wbb[][Zbo _Z[Wb ehZ[h( Bd j^_i lW]k[ i[di[& [l[ho
feb_j_YWb cel[c[dj m^_Y^ ^Wi W]_jWj[Z ceZ[hd >khef[ ^Wi
^WZ W h[b_]_eki Y^WhWYj[h( R[j ed[ Ze[i dej \_dZ _d j^[c j^[
\hWc[meha eh j^[ [ii[dY[ e\ W h[b_]_eki f^_beief^o( Bd j^_i
h[if[Yj <ecckd_ic _i kd_gk[(
M^[ FWhn_ij fhef^[j_ic& Wi m[ ^Wl[ i[[d& Yed\ehci je j^[
jof_YWb fWjj[hd e\ j^[ CkZ[e'<^h_ij_Wd fhef^[j_ic( >l[ho
fhef^[j_ic YedZ[cdi m^Wj _i WdZ ia[jY^[i Wd ekjb_d[ e\ m^Wj
i^ekbZ eh m_bb X[5 _j Y^eei[i Wd _dZ_l_ZkWb eh W ]hekf je Yb[Wl[
W fWj^ WYheii j^[ de'cWdÉi bWdZ m^_Y^ i[fWhWj[i j^[ kdmehj^o
fh[i[dj \hec j^[ hWZ_Wdj \kjkh[( M^[ YbWiib[ii ieY_[jo m^_Y^
m_bb Xh_d] ieY_Wb fhe]h[ii m_j^ekj feb_j_YWb h[lebkj_ed _i Yec'
fWhWXb[ je j^[ Zh[Wci e\ j^[ c_bb[dd_kc( M^[ c_i[ho
e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj fhel[i _ji leYWj_ed WdZ j^[ <ecckd_ij
IWhjo X[Yec[i j^[ <^khY^ m^_Y^ _i effei[Z Xo j^[
Xekh][e_i)fW]Wdi m^e ijef j^[_h [Whi W]W_dij j^[ ]eeZ j_Z_d]i
WdZ Xo j^[ ieY_Wb_ij)C[mi m^e ^Wl[ \W_b[Z je h[Ye]d_i[ j^[
K[lebkj_ed m^_Y^ j^[o j^[ci[bl[i ^WZ X[[d ^[hWbZ_d] \eh
o[Whi(
M^[ h[Yh_c_dWj_edi WdZ fhe]deij_YWj_edi YWd X[ jhWdibWj[Z
_dje hWj_edWb j[hci( M^[ \ehY[i e\ fheZkYj_ed& Z[l[bef[Z m_j^
j^[ ^[bf e\ iY_[dY[ ^Whd[ii[Z je _dZkijho& Ze dej o[j fhel_Z[
Z[Y[dj YedZ_j_edi e\ b_\[ \eh ceh[ j^Wd W c_deh_jo( Mecehhem
j^[ [nfWdi_ed e\ j[Y^debe]o& YecX_d[Z m_j^ W Y^W_\][ _d j^[
ioij[c e\ emd[hi^_f WdZ cWdW][c[dj& m_bb X[ijem ed Wbb
cWda_dZ j^[ X[d[\_ji e\ cWj[h_Wb fb[djo( Bj _i Wd [Wio jhWdi_'
j_ed \hec j^[ FWhn_ij fhef^[j_ic je Çj^[ ]h[Wj ^ef[ e\ j^[
jm[dj_[j^ Y[djkhoÉ& \hec h[lebkj_edWho \W_j^ je j^[ j^[eho e\
[Yedec_Y fhe]h[ii(
Aem _i _j j^Wj j^[ FWhn_ij fhef^[j_ic cWdW][i je eiY_bbWj[
X[jm[[d W h[WiedWXb[ ef_d_ed ed j^[ \kjkh[ e\ ceZ[hd
ieY_[j_[i WdZ W fi[kZe'h[b_]_eki Ze]cW9 Aem _i _j j^Wj _j
cWdW][i je _dif_h[ ed j^[ ed[ ^WdZ j^[ _Z[Wi WdZ j^[ c[j^eZi
e\ ieY_Wb Z[ceYhWYo& m^_Y^ Wh[ j^ei[ e\ Yecced i[di[& f[WY['
\kb h[\ehc WdZ Z[ceYhWj_Y b_X[hjo& WdZ ed j^[ ej^[h ^WdZ
j^[ _Z[Wi WdZ j^[ c[j^eZi e\ <ecckd_ic& m^_Y^ Wh[ j^ei[ e\
l_eb[dY[ WdZ h[lebkj_ed9
Bd j^[ \_hij YWi[& j^[ j^[eho _i jed[Z Zemd WdZ _j _i WZc_jj[Z
,02 MA> ef_kc e\ j^[ _dj[bb[YjkWbi
j^Wj j^[ meha e\ h[][d[hWj_ed Z[cWdZi j^[ YedYkhh[dY[ e\
Wbb j^[ l_Yj_ci e\ YWf_jWb_ic& e\ Wbb j^ei[ m^e& m_j^ekj ik\\[h'
_d] f[hiedWbbo \hec j^[ ioij[c& h[Ye]d_i[ _ji Xb[c_i^[i WdZ
Z[i_h[ je [b_c_dWj[ j^[c( M^_i Ze[i dej c[Wd j^Wj j^[ leYW'
j_ed e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj _i [b_c_dWj[Z5 c[h[bo j^Wj _j Y[Wi[i je
X[ [nYbki_l[( ;o j^[_h dkcX[hi WdZ Xo j^[_h ik\\[h_d]i& j^[
_dZkijh_Wb meha[hi Wh[ YWbb[Z kfed je fbWo W fh['[c_d[dj heb[
_d j^[ ^kcWd_iWj_ed e\ ceZ[hd j[Y^debe]_YWb ieY_[j_[i& Xkj
j^[o Wh[ d[_j^[h Wbed[ _d ik\\[h_d] _d`kij_Y[ deh Wbed[ _d
i^Wf_d] j^[ \kjkh[(
Bd j^[ i[YedZ YWi[& j^[ fheb[jWh_Wd Y^WhWYj[h e\ j^[ Yebb[Y'
j_l[ iWl_ekh WdZ e\ j^[ fWhjo m^_Y^ h[fh[i[dji _j& _i XGTDCNN[
[cf^Wi_i[Z WdZ ijh[d]j^[d[Z( Jk_j[ i_cfbo& j^[ IWhjo ckij
X[ fheYbW_c[Z j^[ lWd]kWhZ e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj& ^em[l[h icWbb
j^[ fWhj m^_Y^ ][dk_d[ \b[i^'WdZ'XbeeZ _dZkijh_Wb meha[hi
cWo jWa[ _d j^[ b[WZ[hi^_f WdZ j^[ WYj_l_jo e\ j^[ fWhjo( M^[
bWjj[h Wffhen_cWj[i je W <^khY^& m^_Y^ _i j^[ jhkij[[ WdZ
]kWhZ_Wd e\ j^[ c[iiW][ e\ iWblWj_ed( P^e[l[h [dj[hi j^_i
<^khY^ Wj edY[ h[Y[_l[i _ji XWfj_ic4 j^ei[ ][dk_d[ fheb['
jWh_Wdi m^e h[\ki[ je \ebbem _j WkjecWj_YWbbo Z[XWh j^[ci[bl[i
\hec j^[ Y^ei[d YbWii(
Mh[WZ_d] j^[ \_hij fWj^& j^[ fhef^[j_ic h[ZkY[i _ji[b\ je W
i[j e\ ef_d_edi m^_Y^ lWho \hec dWj_ed je dWj_ed WdZ Wh[
h[WiedWXbo fheiW_Y5 FWhn_ic _i Xhea[d Zemd _dje _ji [b[c[dji
~^_ijeh_YWb ^ofej^[i[i& [Yedec_Y fh[\[h[dY[i( M^[ i[YedZ
mWo i^emi ki j^[ IWhjo)<^khY^ ij_\\[d_d] ZeYjh_d[ _dje
Ze]cW WdZ [bWXehWj_d] Wd _dj[hfh[jWj_l[ iY^ebWij_Y_ic5
_cXk[Z m_j^ fWii_edWj[ b_\[& j^[ IWhjo)<^khY^ m_di el[h
_cc[di[ Ye^ehji(
Bd ehZ[h j^Wj j^[ <ecckd_ij ioij[c e\ _dj[hfh[jWj_ed i^Wbb
d[l[h X[ \ekdZ bWYa_d]& j^[ Z[bG]Wj_ed e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj je
j^[ IWhjo ckij X[ jejWb WdZ kdh[i[hl[Z( M^_i _d jkhd cWa[i
_j d[Y[iiWho je Z[do _dYedj[ijWXb[ \WYji& je ikXij_jkj[ \eh j^[
h[Wb WdZ ckbj_\Wh_eki Yed\b_Yji e\ ^kcWd b_\[ j^[ ijob_i[Z
ijhk]]b[i e\ Yebb[Yj_l[ X[_d]i m^e Wh[ Z[\_d[Z Xo j^[_h \kdYj_ed
_d W fh['ehZW_d[Z Z[ij_do( ?hec j^_i Wh_i[i j^[ iY^ebWij_Y_ic
m^_Y^ m[ ^Wl[ e\j[d Yec[ WYheii _d j^[ Yekhi[ e\ j^[ fh['
Y[Z_d] fW][i& j^[ _dj[hc_dWXb[ if[YkbWj_edi ed j^[ _d\hW'
ijhkYjkh[ WdZ j^[ ikf[hijhkYjkh[& j^[ Z_ij_dYj_edi X[jm[[d
 MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,03
ikXjb[ WdZ lkb]Wh c[Wd_d]i& j^[ h[`[Yj_ed e\ eX`[Yj_l_jo& WdZ
j^[ h['mh_j_d] e\ ^_ijeho(
M^[ ieY_Wb'Z[ceYhWji h[dekdY[ j^_i iY^ebWij_Y_ic5 j^[o Ze
dej i[[a je h[YedY_b[ j^[ \WYji m_j^ j^[ fh[Z_Yj_edi e\ o[ij[h'
ZWo& je [dYbei[ j^[ Yekdjb[ii h_Y^[i e\ ^kcWd ieY_[j_[i _d W
dWhhem YedY[fjkWb \hWc[meha5 Xkj& Xo j^[ iWc[ jea[d& j^[o
\eh\[_j j^[ fh[ij_][ X[ijem[Z Xo j^[ ioij[c& j^[ Y[hjW_djo WdZ
Yedl_Yj_ed& j^[ jhWdifWh[dj \kjkh[( M^[ <ecckd_iji ed j^[
ej^[h ^WdZ i[[a je Yedd[Yj [WY^ [f_ieZ[ _d j^[_h Z[l[befc[dj
je j^[ jejWb Yekhi[ e\ ^_ijeho& WdZ ^_ijeho _ji[b\ je W f^_beief^o
e\ dWjkh[5 j^[h[ _i dej^_d] j^[o Ze dej adem& j^[o Wh[ d[l[h
mhed]& WdZ j^[ Whj e\ j^[ Z_Wb[Yj_Y [dWXb[i j^[c je ^Whced_i[
Wdo Wif[Yj e\ j^[ Lel_[j h[Wb_jo m_j^ W ZeYjh_d[ j^Wj YWd X[
jm_ij[Z _d Wdo Z_h[Yj_ed(
M^[ YecX_dWj_ed e\ fhef^[j_ic WdZ iY^ebWij_Y_ic fhe'
ZkY[i i[dj_c[dji WdWbe]eki je j^ei[ e\ h[b_]_eki X[b_[l[hi(
?W_j^ _d j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj WdZ _d ^_ijeho& Y^Wh_jo \eh j^ei[ m^e
ik\\[h jeZWo WdZ m^e jecehhem m_bb _d^[h_j j^[ [Whj^& ^ef[
j^Wj j^[ \kjkh[ m_bb Xh_d] j^[ WZl[dj e\ j^[ YbWiib[ii ieY_[jo~
j^[ j^[ebe]_YWb l_hjk[i h[Wff[Wh _d W d[m ]k_i[( ;kj j^_i \W_j^
_i WjjWY^[Z dej ie ckY^ je ^_ijeho Wi je W <^khY^ m^ei[ b_dai
m_j^ j^[ F[ii_W^ ^Wl[ X[Yec[ ]hWZkWbbo beei[d[Z5 j^_i ^ef[
_i fbWY[Z _d W \kjkh[ m^_Y^& _d Z[\Wkbj e\ X[_d] WYYecfb_i^[Z
Xo ifedjWd[eki \ehYYi& m_bb X[ fheZkY[Z Xo l_eb[dY[5 j^_i
Y^Wh_jo \eh ik\\[h_d] ^kcWd_jo ^WhZ[di _dje" _dZ_\\[h[dY[
jemWhZi YbWii[i eh dWj_edi eh _dZ_l_ZkWbi YedZ[cd[Z Xo j^[
Z_Wb[Yj_Y( <ecckd_ij \W_j^ `kij_\_[i Wbb c[Wdi& <ecckd_ij
^ef[ \ehX_Zi WYY[fjWdY[ e\ j^[ \WYj j^Wj j^[h[ Wh[ cWdo heWZi
jemWhZi j^[ D_d]Zec e\ @eZ& <ecckd_jo Y^Wh_jo Ze[i dej
[l[d Wbbem _ji [d[c_[i j^[ h_]^j je Z_[ Wd ^edekhWXb[ Z[Wj^(
Bj _i j^[ fioY^ebe]o e\ W i[Yj hWj^[h j^Wd e\ W kd_l[hiWb
<^khY^( M^[ c_b_jWdj _i f[hikWZ[Z j^Wj ^[ X[bed]i je W icWbb
dkcX[h e\ [b[Yj m^e Wh[ Y^Wh][Z m_j^ j^[ iWblWj_ed e\ Wbb(
M^[ \W_j^\kb& WYYkijec[Z je \ebbem_d] j^[ jm_iji _d j^[ b_d[&
je h[f[Wj_d] fWhhej'm_i[ j^[ ikYY[ii_l[ WdZ YedjhWZ_Yjeho
_dj[hfh[jWj_edi e\ j^[ GWp_'Lel_[j fWYj& \eh [nWcfb[& eh e\ j^[
Ç=eYjehiÉ IbejÉ& X[Yec[ _d W Y[hjW_d i[di[ Çd[m c[dÉ( :YYehZ'
_d] je j^[ cWj[h_Wb_ij YedY[fj_ed& c[d jhW_d[Z W\j[h W Y[hjW_d
c[j^eZ Wh[ ZeY_b[& je Wkj^eh_jo WdZ Yecfb[j[bo iWj_i\_[Z m_j^
,1* MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
j^[_h bej( M^[ [d]_d[[hi e\ j^[ iekb ^Wl[ de ZekXji WXekj j^[
fbWij_Y dWjkh[ e\ j^[ fioY^_Y cWj[h_Wb Wj j^[_h Z_ifeiWb(
:j ed[ [njh[c[& ieY_Wb_ic _i h[ZkY[Z je W lW]k[ fh[\[h[dY[
\eh j^[ LjWj[ Yedjheb e\ j^[ [Yedeco WdZ \eh Yebb[Yj_l[ emd[h'
i^_f5 Wj j^[ ej^[h [njh[c[& _j m_Z[di _dje W ]beXWb ioij[c e\
_dj[hfh[jWj_ed m^_Y^ _dYbkZ[i Wj edY[ j^[ [dj_h[ Yeicei WdZ
j^[ kfi WdZ Zemdi e\ Y_l_b ijh_\[ _d @kWj[cWbW(
Bj m_bb X[ iW_Z j^Wj j^[ <ecckd_ij HCKVJ _i Z_ij_d]k_i^WXb[
\hec W feb_j_Ye'[Yedec_Y QRKPKQP edbo Xo _ji _djhWdi_][dY[&
j^Wj W d[m \W_j^ _i WbmWoi _djhWdi_][dj& WdZ j^Wj <^khY^[i
_dYb_d[ je jeb[hWdY[ Wi j^[o X[Yec[ kdZ[hc_d[Z Xo iY[fj_'
Y_ic( ;kj _j _i dej i_cfbo W cWjj[h e\ _djhWdi_][dY[4 dej^_d]
YecfWhWXb[ je j^[ i[YkbWh h[b_]_ed e\ <ecckd_ic ^Wi Wh_i[d
ekj e\ dWj_edWb_ic eh Z[ceYhWYo( Hd[ YekbZ YWbb _j \WdWj_Y_ic&
_\ j^Wj _i j^[ h_]^j mehZ je Z[i_]dWj[ Z[Yh[[i Xo m^_Y^ W i_d]b[
fWhjo _i jhWdi\_]kh[Z _dje j^[ ]k_Z[ e\ j^[ mehbZ fheb[jWh_Wj& W
i_d]b[ ioij[c e\ _dj[hfh[jWj_ed ikf[h_cfei[Z ed j^[ kd_dj[b'
b_]_Xb[ Yecfb[n_jo e\ j^[ \WYji& W i_d]b[ heWZ je ieY_Wb_ic
fheYbW_c[Z eXb_]Wjeho \eh Wbb( ?WdWj_YWb& ikh[bo& _i j^[ <ec' K
ckd_ij m^e Z_l_Z[i cWda_dZ _dje jme YWcfi WYYehZ_d] je
j^[_h Wjj_jkZ[ jemWhZi j^[ iWYh[Z YWki[& j^[ c_b_jWdj m^e
Yecf[bi j^[ Xekh][e_i)fW]Wd je mh_j[ ^_i WkjeX_e]hWf^o _d
Yed\ehc_jo m_j^ j^[ jhkj^ h[l[Wb[Z Xo j^[ fheb[jWh_Wd LjWj[
8KNKVCPVU CPF =[ORCVJKUGTU
<ecckd_ic _i Wd _Z[ebe]o m^_Y^& j^hek]^ j^[ Ykbj e\ j^[
IWhjo& j^[ _dj[hfh[jWj_l[ iY^ebWij_Y_ic cWd_fkbWj[Z Xo j^[
h[lebkj_edWho LjWj[& WdZ j^[ jhW_d_d] WdZ Z_iY_fb_d[ [d\ehY[Z
ed j^[ c_b_jWdji& ^Wi X[[d jhWdi\ehc[Z _dje W Ze]cWj_ic e\
mehZi WdZ WYj_edi( M^ki& ed[ _i j[cfj[Z je jWa[ j^[ YedY[fj
e\ W i[YkbWh h[b_]_ed [_j^[h i[h_ekibo eh b_]^jbo WYYehZ_d] je
m^[j^[h ed[ Yedi_Z[hi j^[ fe_dj e\ Z[fWhjkh[ eh j^[ fe_dj e\
Whh_lWb& j^[ FWhn_ic e\ +23* eh j^[ LjWb_d_ic e\ +3/*(
M^[h[ _i de X[jj[h _bbkijhWj_ed e\ j^_i kdY[hjW_djo j^Wd
j^[ jhW]_Y WdZ jkhXkb[dj ^_ijeho e\ j^[ h_lWbho X[jm[[d
ieY_Wb_iji WdZ Yecckd_iji( M^[ bWjj[h& e\ Yekhi[& ^Wl[ d[l[h
^WZ Wdo ZekXji5 [l[h i_dY[ +3+1 j^[o ^Wl[ X[[d Z[dekdY_d]
j^[_h ieY_Wb_ij Xh[j^h[d Wi jhW_jehi m^e m[dj el[h je j^[
YWf_jWb_ij YWcf Wi ieed Wi j^[o \W_b[Z je h[Ye]d_i[ j^[ Kkii_Wd
K[lebkj_ed Wi j^[ \_hij ij[f jemWhZi j^[ \kb\_bc[dj e\ j^[
 MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,1+
FWhn_ij fhef^[Y_[i( M^[ ieY_Wb_iji& \eh j^[_h fWhj& ^[Whj_bl
Z[dekdY[ j^[ Yhk[bjo e\ j^[ ;ebi^[l_ai& j^[ _d\Wco e\ kd'
Z[ceYhWj_Y ieY_Wb_ic WdZ j^[ Z_YjWjehi^_f QXGT j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj(
;kj j^[o ^Wl[ d[l[h ikYY[[Z[Z _d gk_j[ el[hYec_d] W a_dZ
e\ ]k_bj \[[b_d]4 [l[d _\ j^[ heWZ X[ ^ehh_Xb[& _i j^[h[ Wdej^[h
mWo9
:h[ dej ieY_Wb_iji WdZ Yecckd_iji Xej^ W]h[[Z _d j^[_h
effei_j_ed je YWf_jWb_ic& Wh[ j^[o dej [gkWbbo ^eij_b[ je j^[
WdWhY^o e\ j^[ cWha[j WdZ [gkWbbo _d \Wlekh e\ fbWdd_d] WdZ
Yebb[Yj_l[ emd[hi^_f9 P^[d j^[ ;ebi^[l_ai b_gk_ZWj[Z F[d'
i^[l_ai WdZ Mhejiao_iji& m^[d j^[ ]h[Wj fkh][i hW][Z eh m^[d
f[WiWdji m^e m[h[ kdm_bb_d] je WYY[fj Yebb[Yj_l_iWj_ed m[h[
Z[fehj[Z Xo j^[ c_bb_ed& j^[ P[ij[hd ieY_Wb_iji& ^kcWd_jWh_Wd&
WYYkijec[Z je fWhb_Wc[djWho c[j^eZi& h[WYj[Z m_j^ ^ehheh
WdZ \[bj Wbceij Wi h[cej[ \hec j^[i[ \[heY_eki eh]Wd_i[hi Wi
\hec j^[ \WiY_iji j^[ci[bl[i& LjWb_d ^Wi edbo je Z_[& WdZ ^_i
ikYY[iiehi je jed[ Zemd iec[ e\ j^[ [njh[c[ WdZ Wbceij
fWj^ebe]_YWb cWd_\[ijWj_edi e\ j^[ ioij[c& je ^ebZ ekj j^[
^WdZ e\ \h_[dZi^_f je j^[ fhe]h[ii_l[i WdZ j^[ <^h_ij_Wdi&
\eh j^[ ieY_Wb'Z[ceYhWj_Y FWhn_iji je ijWhj medZ[h_d] W]W_d(
I[h^Wfi& m^[d Wbb _i iW_Z WdZ Zed[& j^[ j[Y^d_gk[ e\ Z[ifej'
_ic WdZ \_l['o[Wh fbWdi _i j^[ edbo ed[ feii_Xb[ _d Kkii_W WdZ
ej^[h kdZ[h'Z[l[bef[Z Yekdjh_[i9 M^[ d[[Z \eh hWf_Z _d'
Zkijh_Wb_iWj_ed cWZ[ j^[ [nY[ii[i e\ j^[ j[hheh _d[l_jWXb[& Xkj
j^[ Z[l[befc[dj e\ ieY_Wb_ic m_bb ]hWZkWbbo [b_c_dWj[ j^[
d[Y[ii_jo \eh j^[c( :dZ m_j^ j^[ ZtceYhWj_iWj_ed e\ j^[ Lel_[j
ht]_c[ j^[ ]h[Wj iY^_ic m_bb h[iebl[ _ji[b\(
M^[i[ Wbj[hdWj_edi e\ jhkij WdZ Z[ifW_h YWddej i_cfbo X[
Wjjh_Xkj[Z je j^[ _d[n^Wkij_Xb[ dW_l[jo e\ j^[ ieY_Wb_iji& \Wj[Z
je [dZ kf _d YedY[djhWj_ed YWcfi kdZ[h [l[ho iehj e\ ht]_c[(
M^[o Wh_i[ \hec j^[ XWi_Y WcX_]k_jo e\ j^[ i[YkbWh h[b_]_ed(
M^[ bWjj[h& m^[j^[h \WiY_ij eh Yecckd_ij& _i de ceh[ j^Wd j^[
Ze]cWj_Y ^WhZ[d_d] e\ ef_d_edi m^_Y^ Wh[ Ykhh[dj _d b[\j'
m_d] eh h_]^j'm_d] Y_hYb[i(
<edi_Z[h& \eh [nWcfb[& j^[ YWi[ e\ dWj_edWb'ieY_Wb_ic( M^[
cWd m^e iocfWj^_i[Z m_j^ j^[ GWp_i _d +3-- Z_Z dej WbmWoi
X[b_[l[ _d hWY_Wb_ic5 ^[ c_]^j m[bb ^Wl[ Z[fbeh[Z j^[ [nY[ii[i
e\ Wdj_'L[c_j_ic& WdZ i_cfbo W\\_hc[Z j^[ d[Y[ii_jo e\ W ijhed]
]el[hdc[dj je h['[ijWXb_i^ j^[ kd_jo e\ j^[ dWj_ed& je el[h'
Yec[ fWhj_iWd gxWhh[bi& je YedZkYj W ZodWc_Y \eh[_]d feb_Yo(
,1, MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
LkY^ h[i[hl[Z Wbb[]_WdY[ Ze[i dej edbo Y^WhWYj[h_i[ j^[
mWl[h[hi eh \[bbem'jhWl[bb[hi5 _j _i dej kdademd Wced] j^ei[
m^e WYjkWbbo X[bed] je j^[ fWhjo& iec[j_c[i [l[d _d j^[ _dd[h
Y_hYb[i e\ j^[ fWhjo( M^[ \W_j^ e\ @e[h_d] mWi fheXWXbo
iYWhY[bo ceh[ ehj^eZen j^Wd j^Wj e\ j^[ ebZ'\Wi^_ed[Z
dWj_edWb_iji m^e hWbb_[Z hekdZ j^[ Xhemd'i^_hj[Z Z[cW]e]k[
ekj e\ fkh[ effehjkd_ic(
Bd +3//& ^em Ze[i j^[ fhe]h[ii_l[ <^h_ij_Wd m^e _i dej W
c[cX[h e\ j^[ <ecckd_ij IWhjo WYjkWbbo j^_da WdZ \[[b9 B\
m[ h[l[hj je j^[ Xeea fkXb_i^[Z Xo j^[ meha[h'fh_[iji& m[ m_bb
\_dZ j^[c WZefj_d]~iec[ e\ j^[c Wj b[Wij~j^[ _dj[hfh[jW'
j_ed e\ [l[dji m^_Y^ _i jWk]^j Xo j^[ IWhjo4 ÄM^[ ]k_Z[i e\
j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj m[h[ h_]^j( M^[ b[iiedi e\ h[Y[dj feb_j_YWb WdZ
ieY_Wb [l[dji fhel[ _j4 FWhi^Wbb IbWd& >(=(<(& kd[cfbeoc[dj&
bem iWbWh_[i& O_[j'GWc& :\h_YW& fel[hjo& ^eki_d] i^ehjW][&
_bb[]Wb_jo& h[fh[ii_edÅ(% Me Wjjh_Xkj[ je j^[ FWhi^Wbb IbWd&
m^_Y^ i^ehj[d[Z Xo i[l[hWb o[Whi j^[ f[h_eZ d[Y[iiWho \eh
?h[dY^ [Yedec_Y h[YedijhkYj_ed& W h[ifedi_X_b_jo \eh fel[hjo
WdZ bem iWbWh_[i h[fh[i[dji W jof_YWb [nWcfb[ e\ j^[ ikXij_
jkj_ed e\ Ze]cW \eh \WYj~W ikXij_jkj_ed m^_Y^ _i Y^WhWYj[h'
_ij_Y e\ LjWb_d_ij iY^ebWij_Y_ic(
M^[ meha[h'fh_[iji YWc[ je Wii_c_bWj[& f[h^Wfi m_j^ekj
X[_d] fh[Y_i[bo WmWh[ e\ _j& j^[ XheWZ b_d[i e\ j^[ <ecckd_ij
f^_beief^o e\ ^_ijeho( Bd j^[_h Xeea j^[o WiYh_X[ je j^[
meha_d] YbWii W kd_gk[ c_ii_ed WdZ if[Y_Wb l_hjk[i( ÄHkh YbWii
i[[c[Z je ki je X[ X[Wkj_\kb _d if_j[ e\ _ji mekdZi& h_Y^ _d
Wkj^[dj_Y ^kcWd lWbk[i5 d[l[h edY[ Z_Z m[ Yec[ WYheii W
h[Wied je Z_ifWhW][ eh kdZ[h[ij_cWj[ _j( :dZ j^[ fheif[Yji _j
ef[di \eh j^[ ^_ijeho e\ ^kcWd_jo Wh[ jee ]h[Wj WdZ jee h[Wb
\eh j^[ ej^[h YbWii[i je _]deh[ _jÅ #f( ,02$( Hd[Éi mWo e\ j^_da'
_d]& j^[o ik]][ij& Z[f[dZi [ii[dj_Wbbo ed j^[ YbWii ed[ X[bed]i
je( Ä;o _cc[hi_d] ekhi[bl[i Yecfb[j[bo _d j^[ fheb[jWh_Wd
YedZ_j_edi e\ b_\[& WdZ X[_d] YedijWdjbo WdZ _dj_cWj[bo Yed'
d[Yj[Z m_j^ j^[ meha_d] cWii[i& W Y[hjW_d dkcX[h e\ ki ^Wl[
X[]kd je WYgk_h[ #eh je h[]W_d$ W d[m c[djWb_jo& W d[m YbWii
YediY_ekid[ii( P[ i^Wh[ j^[ meha[hiÉ h[WYj_edi& m[ i[[ j^_d]i
j^hek]^ j^[_h [o[i& j^[_h c_dZi~\eh [nWcfb[ j^[ i[di[ e\ j^[
YbWii ijhk]]b[ \eh j^[ ikffh[ii_ed e\ YbWii[i& j^[ \[[b_d] e\
y 8EQ ;P•RPEQ#:STPIEPQ #IWh_i& >Z_j_edi Zk L[k_b& +3/.$& f( {02(
 MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,1-
X[_d] _d[l_jWXbo _dj[hZ[f[dZ[dj& j^[ Yedl_Yj_ed j^Wj j^[o
YWddej \h[[ j^[ci[bl[i \hec YWf_jWb_ij [nfbe_jWj_ed kdb[ii j^[o
ij_Ya je][j^[h ( ( (Å #f( ,*1$% M^[ fheb[jWh_Wd WmWh[d[ii je
m^_Y^ j^[i[ <^h_ij_Wdi ^Wl[ WYY[Z[Z i[[ci je X[ [dj_h[bo
cekbZ[Z Xo <ecckd_ij _Z[ebe]o4 ÄP[ adem dem j^Wj j^[
fheb[jWh_Wj b[\j je _ji[b\& m_j^ekj YbWii YediY_ekid[ii& m_j^ekj
eh]Wd_iWj_ed& m_bb d[l[h ikYY[[Z _d Z[\[Wj_d] Wd [d[co m^_Y^
WiiW_bi _j ed [l[ho i_Z[ WdZ m^_Y^ _i W ^kdZh[Z j_c[i ikf[h_eh&
_\ dej _d dkcX[hi WdZ _d gkWb_jo& Wj b[Wij _d c[Wdi e\ effh[i'
i_ed WdZ h[fh[ii_ed m^_Y^ hWd][ \hec ijhW_]^j\ehmWhZ
XhkjWb_jo je ^ofeYh_j_YWb X[d[leb[dY[ WdZ j^[ dWhYej_Y e\
h[b_]_edÅ #f( ,-e$(\
:dZ ^[h[ _i Wd [nWcfb[ e\ j^[ j[hci _d m^_Y^ j^[ meha[h'
fh_[iji `kZ][ WdZ YedZ[cd ieY_Wb_ij h[\ehc_ic4 Ä:dZ _d
Yekdjh_[i m^[h[ j^_i Xekh][e_i ieY_Wb'Z[ceYhWYo h[i_iji& _j
\bekdZ[hi WXekj _d W cehWii e\ YedjhWZ_Yj_edi4 h[fh[ii_ed& _d'
`kij_Y[& c_i[ho& W]]h[ii_l[ mWh& Wbb Zk[ je j^_i Ç^[dY[\ehj^
_d[l_jWXb[ Z[Yb_d[É& je gkej[ j^[ [nfh[ii_ed e\ j^[ :UUGTXCVQTG
<QOCPQ % ( (Å #f( ,1,$(
Bj _i jhk[ j^Wj j^[ meha[h'fh_[iji h[cW_d <Wj^eb_Yi4 ÄB\ m[
^ebZ ij[WZ\Wijbo je ekh \W_j^ _d C[iki WdZ A_i ?Wj^[h& j^[
cWij[hi e\ A_ijeho WdZ j^[h[\eh[ e\ j^_i ieY_ebe]_YWb WdZ
feb_j_YWb ^_ijeho j^hek]^ m^_Y^ ekh Xhej^[hi e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj
b_l[& ekh \W_j^ _d j^[ <^khY^ _i `kij Wi a[[dÅ #f( ,03$( M^[o
Z[do j^Wj j^[ ZhWcW e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj h[fbWY[i j^[ ZhWcW e\
iWblWj_ed( ;kj e\j[d j^[ [nfh[ii_edi j^[o ki[ ik]][ij j^Wj
fhe\Wd[ [l[dji ^Wl[ ]hWZkWbbo jWa[d ed j^[ i_]d_\_YWdY[ e\
j^[ iWYh[Z _d j^[ Z_l_Z[Z YediY_[dY[ e\ j^[ fhe]h[ii_l[
<^h_ij_Wd( ÄP[ X[Wh _d ekh \b[i^ j^[ W]ed_[i e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj
WdZ dej ed[ e\ ekh fhWo[hi WdZ ekh >kY^Wh_iji Xkj _i Yed'
Y[hd[Z m_j^ j^[i[ W]ed_[i( ( ( ( Hkh \W_j^& m^_Y^ mWi W fem[h'
\kb cej_lWj_d] \ehY[ _d j^_i YWhdWb Yecckd_ed m_j^ j^[
meha_d] YbWii& _i _d de mWo Z_c_d_i^[Z eh ikbb_[Z j^[h[XoÅ
#f( ,02$( Hd[ _cW]_d[i j^[ <Wj^eb_Y <^khY^ [l[djkWbbo
% M^[ Wkj^eh e\ 5GWPGUUG FG Nc0INKUG WiYh_X[i j^[ YkbfWXb[ ZekXji ^[
c_]^j [nf[h_[dY[ Wi je j^[ Z_l_d_jo Q\ j^[ <^khY^ je Xekh][e_i i_d4
ÄHh& _\ ^[ o_[bZi je j^_i ZekXj& _j _i X[YWki[& jm_ij[Z Xo ^_iÖ Xekh][e_i
fWij& ^[ m_bb dej ^Wl[ ZhW&md \hec j^[ b_l[i WdZ j^[ ijhk]]b[i e\ j^[
meha_d] YbWii j^[ fkhfei[ WdZ c[Wd_d] e\ ^_ijeho WdZ j^[ b[iiedi e\
fWj_[dY[ _j _dij_bi(Å 7GU 0X^PGOGPVU GV NC 1QK# f( 13($
\ GWhYej_Y e\ h[b_]_ed 7 ef_kc e\ j^[ f[efb[(
,1. MA> ef_kc e\ MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
h[Y[_l_d] j^[ meha_d] YbWii& ^[dY[\ehj^ fh[fWh[Z& j^Wdai je
_ji j[cfehWb [cWdY_fWj_ed& \eh j^[ @eif[b e\ <^h_ij( F[Wd'
m^_b[& Äm[ j^_da WdZ \[[b& m_j^ j^[ <^khY^& j^Wj m_j^ekj
j^[i[ c_d_ckc YedZ_j_edi e\ cWj[h_Wb [n_ij[dY[ Çde if_h_jkWb
b_\[ _i feii_Xb[É& j^Wj W cWd m^e _i ^kd]ho YWddej X[b_[l[ _d
j^[ Xekdjo e\ @eZ& j^Wj W cWd m^e _i effh[ii[Z YWddej
X[b_[l[ _d A_i ecd_fej[dY[Å #f( ,1*$( Bd ej^[h mehZi& j^[h['
\eh[& j^[ ]eeZ j_Z_d]i e\ ]h[Wj `eo i^ekbZ dej ^Wl[ X[[d
Z[b_l[h[Z je j^[ ibWl[i5 e\ Wdj_gk_jo& X[\eh[ ibWl[ho ^WZ X[[d
[b_c_dWj[Z j^Wdai je j^[ YbWii ijhk]]b[( ( ( (
M^[i[ gkejWj_edi fhel[ j^Wj& \eh j^[i[ ][d[heki'^[Whj[Z
c[d& j^[i[ <^h_ij_Wdi ^kd]ho \eh i[b\'iWYh_\_Y[& <ecckd_ic
c[Wdi ceh[ j^Wd Wd ef_d_ed ed j^[ [Yedec_Y ioij[c e\ jeZWo
WdZ jecehhem& [l[d ceh[ j^Wd ed[ _Z[ebe]o Wced] ej^[hi(
M^[o ^Wl[ fWii[Z j^hek]^ j^[ \_hij jme ijW][i ed j^[ heWZ
m^_Y^ b[WZi \hec _Z[ebe]o je h[b_]_ed4 j^[ leYWj_ed e\ j^[
fheb[jWh_Wj WdZ _ji _dYWhdWj_ed _d j^[ <ecckd_ij IWhjo& WdZ
j^[ _dj[hfh[jWj_ed e\ j^[ \WYji e\ jeZWo WdZ ]beXWb ^_ijeho
WYYehZ_d] je j^[ Ze]cW( M^[ \_dWb ijW][ _i _dYedY[_lWXb[ \eh W
<Wj^eb_Y4 _\ j^[ YbWiib[ii ieY_[jo m[h[ je iebl[ j^[ h_ZZb[ e\
A_ijeho& _\ ^kcWd_jo& ^Wl_d] eh]Wd_i[Z WdZ f[h\[Yj[Z j^[
[nfbe_jWj_ed e\ j^[ fbWd[j& m[h[ je X[ iWj_i\_[Z m_j^ _ji bej
WdZ Ykh[Z e\ ^ef[& cW_d mekbZ de bed][h X[ j^[ Yh[Wjkh[ \eh
m^ec <^h_ij mWi YhkY_\_[Z Xkj j^[ Yh[Wjkh[ je m^ec FWhn
fhef^[i_[Z j^[ [dZ e\ fh[ ^_ijeho j^Wdai je j^[ fem[h e\ j^[
cWY^_d[ WdZ j^[ h[lebj e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj(
M^[ <^h_ij_Wd YWd d[l[h X[ W ][dk_d[ <ecckd_ij& Wdo
ceh[ j^Wd j^[ bWjj[h YekbZ X[b_[l[ _d @eZ eh _d <^h_ij
X[YWki[ j^[ i[YkbWh h[b_]_ed& _dif_h[Z Xo W \kdZWc[djWb
Wj^[_ic& j[WY^[i j^Wj j^[ Z[ij_do e\ cWd _i Yecfb[j[bo \kb'
\_bb[Z ed j^_i [Whj^ WdZ _d j^[ j[cfehWb Y_jo( M^[ fhe]h[ii_l[
<^h_ij_Wd Ybei[i ^_i [o[i WdZ ^_i c_dZ je j^_i XWi_Y _dYecfWj_'
X_b_jo(
Lec[j_c[i ^[ h[ZkY[i <ecckd_ic je W j[Y^d_gk[ e\ [Yed'
ec_Y eh]Wd_iWj_ed5 ^[ cWa[i W hWZ_YWb Z_ij_dYj_ed X[jm[[d
h[b_]_eki \W_j^ WdZ Yebb[Yj_l[ [n_ij[dY[ WdZ h[\ki[i je h[Ye]'
d_i[ j^Wj j^[ <^h_ij_Wd <^khY^ Ze[i dej jeb[hWj[ j^_i Z_ij_dY'
j_ed Wdo ceh[ j^Wd j^[ i[YkbWh <^khY^( M^[ bWjj[h Ze[i dej
h[]WhZ <ecckd_ic Wi W d[kjhWb j[Y^d_gk[ YecfWhWXb[ je W
cWY^_d[ Wj ieY_[joÉi Z_ifeiWb5 j^[ \ehc[h mWdji je _dif_h[ j^[
 MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,1/
b_l[i e\ [WY^ WdZ [l[hoed[& Wbb j^[ j_c[ WdZ _d [l[ho if^[h[&
WdZ dej h[ijh_Yj _ji[b\ c[h[bo je j^[ WZc_d_ijhWj_ed e\ j^[
iWYhWc[dji(
Lec[j_c[i j^[ fhe]h[ii_l[ <^h_ij_Wd ]e[i je j^[ ej^[h
[njh[c[ e\ [hheh( A[ _i ie el[hm^[bc[Z Xo j^[ ik\\[h_d]i e\
j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj& ^[ i^Wh[i ie fWii_edWj[bo _d j^[ ijhk]]b[ e\
j^[ <ecckd_ij IWhjo& j^Wj ^[ ki[i j^[ iWc[ mehZi& m_j^ j^[_h
<^h_ij_Wd el[hjed[i& je Z[iYh_X[ j^[ l_Y_ii_jkZ[i e\ fhe\Wd[
^_ijeho WdZ j^[ coij[h_[i e\ iWYh[Z ^_ijeho( M^[ <^h_ij_Wd
dej_ed e\ ^_ijeho j[dZi je c[h][ m_j^ j^[ FWhn_ij dej_ed&
j^[ Y_l_b_iWj_ed e\ bWXekh& j^[ h_i[ e\ j^[ cWii[i& j^[ b_X[hWj_ed
e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj( Hd[ Ze[i dej adem m^[j^[h j^[ fhe]h[i'
i_l[ <^h_ij_Wdi Wif_h[ je W kd_l[hiWb fheif[h_jo m^_Y^ mekbZ
\_dWbbo h[iYk[ cWda_dZ \hec ^_i W]['ebZ i[hl_jkZ[ WdZ f[h'
ikWZ[ ^_c je c[Z_jWj_ed ed j^[ ^[h[W\j[h& eh m^[j^[h j^[
YbWiib[ii ieY_[jo& _dij[WZ e\ j^[ <_jo e\ @eZ& ^Wi X[Yec[ j^[
eX`[Yj e\ j^[ \W_j^(
G[_j^[h j^[ [nWcfb[ e\ j^[ ieY_Wb_iji deh j^Wj e\ j^[ fhe'
]h[ii_l[ <^h_ij_Wdi [dWXb[i ed[ je jhWY[ j^[ Z_l_Z_d] b_d[
X[jm[[d c[cX[hi e\ j^[ IWhjo WdZ \[bbem'jhWl[bb[hi( M^[h[
Wh[ IWhjo c[cX[hi m^e j^_da WdZ \[[b _d j^[ iWc[ mWo Wi
fhe]h[ii_l[ <^h_ij_Wdi4 j^[o ^Wl[ jWa[d je h[b_]_ed ekj e\
i^[[h Z[lej_ed eh i[b\'iWYh_\_Y[ eh _d ehZ[h je el[hYec[ Wd
_dj[hdWb h[i_ijWdY[ m^_Y^ i[[ci je j^[c je X[ W h[b_Y e\ j^[_h
Xekh][e_i kfXh_d]_d]4 j^[o Ze dej X[b_[l[ _d Z_Wb[Yj_YWb
cWj[h_Wb_ic& j^[o c[h[bo m_i^ je i[hl[( FWdo \[bbem'
jhWl[bb[hi& ed j^[ ej^[h ^WdZ& Wh[ _ddeY[dj e\ h[b_]_eki
deijWb]_W5 j^[o YWbYkbWj[ j^[ Y^WdY[i e\ j^[ IWhjo WdZ WYY[fj
m_j^ekj j^[ b[Wij h[fk]dWdY[ j^[ ioij[c e\ WkjecWj_Y h[\b[n[i&
m^_b[ h[jW_d_d] \eh j^[ci[bl[i j^[ WZlWdjW][i e\ i[c_'
b_X[hjo(
Hd[ m_bb i[WhY^ _d lW_d& m_j^_d j^[ IWhjo& \eh ed[ i_d]b[
Y_ cfh[^[di_l[ l[hi_ed e\ j^[ ^_ijeh_YWb Ze]cW eh j^[ ZWo'je'
ZWo j[WY^_d]( :i m[ ^Wl[ i[[d&% _j _i _cfeii_Xb[ je iWo fh['
Y_i[bo m^Wj j^[ c[cX[hi^_f e\ j^[ IWhjo Wi W m^eb[ X[b_[l[i
_d #WfWhj \hec j^[ IWhjo _ji[b\$( P^[d Wd e\\_Y_Wb Yecckd_gkt
fheYbW_ci j^Wj d_d[ ZeYjehi _d j^[ Dh[cb_d ^Wl[ WiiWii_dWj[Z
Y[hjW_d Z_]d_jWh_[i e\ j^[ h[]_c[& Y^ei[d Wj hWdZec Wced]
% <\( <^Wfj[h BO( ff( ++,'++-(
,10 MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
j^[ Z[WZ& WdZ fbejj[Z je WiiWii_dWj[ ej^[h Z_]d_jWh_[i m^e Wh[
ij_bb Wb_l[& j^[ c_b_jWdji& \hec jef je Xejjec e\ j^[ bWZZ[h&
adem m^Wj j^[o ^Wl[ je iWo #j^ek]^ dej m^Wj j^[o YKNN ^Wl[
je iWo j^h[[ cedj^i ^[dY[$& Xkj j^[o Ze dej adem j^[ YWki[i
WdZ eX`[Yj_l[i e\ j^[ ef[hWj_ed( Ge'ed[ _d ^_i ^[Whj e\ ^[Whji
YWd kdh[i[hl[Zbo WYY[fj j^[ _dj[hfh[jWj_ed m^_Y^ h[l[h'
X[hWj[i \hec ed[ [dZ e\ j^[ <ecckd_ij kd_l[hi[ je j^[ ej^[h
_d Yekdjb[ii cej_edi WZefj[Z Wj Yekdjb[ii c[[j_d]i~WdZ [WY^
cWd Y^eei[i \eh ^_ci[b\ ^_i emd [iej[h_Y _dj[hfh[jWj_ed(
M^[h[ _i Wdej^[h WdZ de b[ii Z_ijkhX_d] WcX_]k_jo m^[d
j^[ LjWj[ Z[Yh[[ W\\[Yji j^[ XheWZ b_d[i e\ j^[ Ze]cW( P^Wj _i
j^[ c[Wd_d] m^_Y^ j^[ X[b_[l[hi~c[d e\ j^[ _dd[h Y_hYb[i
e\ j^[ IWhjo& ^_]^[h e\\_Y_Wbi& beYWb Xeii[i~]_l[ je j^[ cW`eh
YedY[fji9 =e j^[o X[b_[l[ _d j^[ _Z[dj_\_YWj_ed e\ j^[ IWhjo
WdZ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj _d @h[Wj ;h_jW_d& m^[h[ j^[ IWhjo iYWhY[bo
[n_iji9 =e j^[o X[b_[l[ _d j^[ m_j^[h_d] WmWo e\ j^[ Lel_[j
LjWj[& m^[d de ht]_c[ ^Wi [l[h YeccWdZ[Z ikY^ W lWij feb_Y[
\ehY[9 Aem YWd j^[o [dl_iW][ j^[ YbWiib[ii ieY_[jo m^[d W d[m
^_[hWhY^o _i ]hWZkWbbo YhoijWbb_i_d]9
P[ ^Wl[ cWZ[ j^[ Z_ij_dYj_ed X[jm[[d Ç<^khY^c[dÉ WdZ
Ç\W_j^\kbÉ& X[jm[[d j^ei[ m^ei[ fh_cWho Wbb[]_WdY[ _i je j^[
IWhjo WdZ j^ei[ m^e \_hij WdZ \eh[ceij ikXiYh_X[ je j^[
ZeYjh_d[( M^[ Z_ij_dYj_ed Ze[i dej Ye_dY_Z[ m_j^ j^Wj X[jm[[d
j^[ c_b_jWdj WdZ j^[ iocfWj^_i[h( M^[ c_b_jWdj ^Wi jWa[d j^[
Z[Y_i_l[ ij[f WdZ WYY[fj[Z j^[ Z_iY_fb_d[& m^_b[ j^[ iocfW'
j^_i[h h[cW_di ed j^[ j^h[i^ebZ( ;kj j^[ bWjj[h _i dej d[Y[i'
iWh_bo ed[ e\ j^[ \W_j^\kb& _d j^[ i[di[ _d m^_Y^ m[ ^Wl[ ki[Z
j^[ j[hc& deh _i j^[ \ehc[h WbmWoi W jhk[ cWd e\ j^[ <^khY^(
<[hjW_d \[bbem'jhWl[bb[hi _]deh[ j^[ leYWj_ed e\ j^[ fheb['
jWh_Wj eh j^[ YbWiib[ii ieY_[jo WdZ i_cfbo ikXc_j je j^[
^_ijeh_YWb d[Y[ii_jo h[l[Wb[Z Xo j^[ kd_\_YWj_ed e\ [_]^j ^kd'
Zh[Z c_bb_ed c[d kdZ[h j^[ iWc[ bWmi( M^[h[ Wh[ iec[
c_b_jWdji m^e Wh[ _Z[Wb_iji _dj[dj ed i[b\'iWYh_\_Y[& WdZ iec[
\[bbem'jhWl[bb[hi m^e Wh[ Yod_Yi Wdn_eki je \khj^[h j^[_h
YWh[[hi(
P^[h[& j^[d& _i j^[ jhk[ <ecckd_ij je X[ \ekdZ9 Bd
j^[eho& ^[ ckij ^Wl[ X[[d j^hek]^ j^[ j^h[[ ijW][i~j^[ Ykbj
e\ j^[ IWhjo& j^[ _dj[hfh[jWj_l[ iY^ebWij_Y_ic& j^[ jhW_d_d] e\
j^[ c_b_jWdj~Xkj edY[ ^[ ^Wi ]hWZkWj[Z ^[ WYgk_h[i j^[ h_]^j
je Çh['j^_daÉ j^[ Ze]cW _d ^_i emd mWo( A[ m_bb WZefj _d ^_i
 MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,11
emd c_dZ W iocXeb_Y l[hi_ed e\ j^[ IWhjo'<^khY^ d[nki& e\
j^[ mehbZ h[lebkj_ed~W l[hi_ed m^_Y^ m_bb kbj_cWj[bo X[
_Z[dj_YWb m_j^ j^Wj e\ j^[ c[d m^e h[\ki[ je ][j _dlebl[Z(
M^[ c_b_jWdji Wh[ dej Wbb Çjhk[ X[b_[l[hiÉ( Bd \WYj& j^[o Wh[
gk_j[ YediY_eki Xej^ e\ j^[ ej^[h i_Z[ e\ j^[ f_Yjkh[ WdZ j^[
[iej[h_Y c[Wd_d]i( Bd if_j[ e\ j^_i ademb[Z][& j^[o h[jW_d
j^[_h Wbb[]_WdY[ je j^[ cel[c[dj WdZ j^[_h [nf[YjWj_ed e\ W
\kjkh[ m^_Y^ _i Wj edY[ _d[l_jWXb[ WdZ i^Wf[Z Xo j^[ IWhjo(
Fkij ed[ h[Wbbo jWa[ i[h_ekibo W i[YkbWh h[b_]_ed m^_Y^
j[WY^[i _ji Z_]d_jWh_[i Wi ckY^ iY[fj_Y_ic Wi \W_j^& m^ei[
ZeYjh_d[ [bkZ[i ed[Éi ]hWif& WdZ m^_Y^ [n_iji Wi ikY^ edbo
j^hek]^ W i[h_[i e\ Z[Yh[[i m^_Y^ Wh[ _dj[bb[YjkWbbo WXikhZ9
:i ieed Wi ed[ h[`[Yji j^[ _Z[W e\ j^[ _Z[dj_\_YWj_ed e\ j^[
IWhjo m_j^ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj WdZ j^[ _dj[hfh[jWj_l[ iY^ebWij_'
Y_ic& j^[ h[b_]_ed Z_iiebl[i _dje W Yed]bec[hWj_ed e\ ef_d_edi(
<Wd W ZkhWXb[ h[b_]_ed X[ XWi[Z ed W\\_hcWj_edi m^_Y^ Wh[
YedjhWho je j^[ \WYji WdZ je Yecced i[di[9
M^[ Wdim[h je ikY^ W gk[ij_ed& B \[Wh& _i \Wh \hec X[_d]
[ijWXb_i^[Z(
1TQO .KXKN <GNKIKQP VQ =VCNKPKUO
M^[ _dj[bb[YjkWbi _dl[dj[Z _Z[ebe]_[i& ioij[ci e\ _dj[hfh['
jWj_ed e\ j^[ ieY_Wb mehbZ m^_Y^ _cfbo Wd ehZ[h e\ lWbk[i WdZ
ik]][ij h[\ehci je X[ WYYecfb_i^[Z& kf^[WlWbT je X[ \[Wh[Z eh
^ef[Z \eh( M^ei[ m^e& _d j^[ dWc[ e\ K[Wied& YedZ[cd[Z
j^[ <Wj^eb_Y <^khY^ YWc[ je WYY[fj W i[YkbWh Ze]cW X[YWki[
j^[o m[h[ Z_iiWj_i\_[Z m_j^ fWhj_Wb ademb[Z][ eh X[YWki[ j^[o
Yel[j[Z j^[ fem[h m^_Y^ _i ]_l[d edbo je j^[ ^_]^'fh_[iji e\
j^[ Mhkj^(
M^[ ?h[dY^ f^_beief^[hi e\ j^[ [_]^j[[dj^ Y[djkho m[h[
Wbh[WZo _dj[bb[YjkWbi _d j^[ ceZ[hd i[di[ e\ j^[ mehZ5 j^[o
[Whd[Z j^[_h _dYec[i \hec j^[_h f[di WdZ YbW_c[Z j^[ h_]^j&
m^_Y^ j^[o ki[Z \h[[bo& je [nfh[ii j^[_h ef_d_edi& ceij e\j[d
Yh_j_YWbbo& ed j^[ ikX`[Yji e\ ^_ijeho eh feb_j_Yi( G[_j^[h _d
j^[_h j^ek]^j deh \eh j^[_h c[Wdi e\ b_l[b_^eeZ Z_Z j^[o
Z[f[dZ ed j^[ <^khY^5 j^[o m[h[ Yedd[Yj[Z m_j^ j^[ h_Y^
hWj^[h j^Wd m_j^ j^[ ebZ deX_b_jo& WdZ j^[o fhefW]Wj[Z W
YedY[fj_ed e\ j^[ mehbZ m^_Y^ mWi hWZ_YWbbo effei[Z je j^Wj
e\ <Wj^eb_Y WdZ cedWhY^_YWb ?hWdY[(
M^[ Yed\b_Yj X[jm[[d j^[ Yb[h_Yi WdZ j^[ f^_beief^[hi mWi
,12 MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
^_ijeh_YWbbo Xkj dej c[jWf^oi_YWbbo _d[l_jWXb[( M^[ <^khY^
Ze[i dej ^Wl[ je YedZGcd j^[ [\\ehj je eh]Wd_i[ j^[ [Whj^bo
[n_ij[dY[ e\ j^[ ]h[Wj[ij dkcX[h Wi Yec\ehjWXbo Wi feii_Xb[5
_j YWd Wbbem j^[ h_]^j e\ \h[[ [dgk_ho _d cWjj[hi ed m^_Y^
K[l[bWj_ed _i i_b[dj( M^[ Z[i_h[ \eh ademb[Z][ WdZ j[Y^d_YWb
fhe]h[ii _i dem h[]WhZ[Z Wi c[h_jeh_eki& [l[d _\ j^[ [dYoYb_YWbi
Yedj_dk[ je YedZ[cd iY_[dj_\_Y efj_c_ic WXekj ^kcWd
dWjkh[ WdZ cW_djW_d j^[ fh_dY_fb[ e\ Wkj^eh_jo _d cWjj[hi e\
Ze]cW WdZ cehWb_jo( HdY[ j^[ f^_beief^o e\ j^[ ,PEKGP
<GIKOG mWi [b_c_dWj[Z \hec <Wj^eb_Y ZeYjh_d[& _dj[bb[YjkWbi
^WZ de bed][h& _d j^[eho& Wdo gkWhh[b m_j^ j^[ <^khY^(
M^[ gkWhh[b mWi fhebed][Z _d ?hWdY[ Xo j^[ ieY_Wb WdZ
feb_j_YWb heb[ m^_Y^ j^[ <^khY^ ie e\j[d fbWo[Z WdZ m^_Y^
mWi WbmWoi Wjjh_Xkj[Z je _j( : ^_[hWhY^_YWb ieY_[jo m^_Y^ fhe'
YbW_ci W h[l[Wb[Z jhkj^& j^[ <^khY^ \_dZi _j Z_\\_Ykbj je Xh[Wa
e\\ _ji Yedd[Yj_edi m_j^ j^[ fem[hi WdZ j^[ fWhj_[i m^_Y^ Wbie
h[\ki[ je WYY[fj j^Wj Wkj^eh_jo YWd Yec[ \hec X[bem eh j^Wj
c[d& _d j^[_h m[Wad[ii& Wh[ YWfWXb[ e\ ]el[hd_d] j^[ci[bl[i(
M^[ Yecfhec_i_d] e\ j^[ <^khY^ m_j^ Wdj_ Z[ceYhWj_Y
cel[c[dji% _i dej j^[ edbo& eh [l[d j^[ fh_dY_fWb& YWki[ e\
j^[ f[hi_ij[dj h_lWbho X[jm[[d Yb[h_Yi WdZ _dj[bb[YjkWbi( I[h'
^Wfi j^[ Yb[h_Yi \ekdZ _j Z_\\_Ykbj je h[i_]d j^[ci[bl[i je j^[
[n_ij[dY[ e\ W mekbZ'X[ bWo LjWj[5 f[h^Wfi j^[ _dj[bb[YjkWbi
m[h[ bej^ je WYY[fj W ikXehZ_dWj[ fei_j_ed( ?h[[Z \hec
[YYb[i_Wij_YWb Z[ifej_ic& j^[o Wif_h[Z je h[fbWY[ m^Wj j^[o
j^ek]^j je ^Wl[ Z[ijheo[Z(
<[hjW_d _dj[bb[YjkWbi e\ j^[ E[\j& h[l[bb_d] _d j^[_h Wj^[_ic
WdZ hWZ_YWbbo ^eij_b[ je j^[ h[b_]_eki b_\[& iek]^j je ifh[WZ
kdX[b_[\ Wi c_ii_edWh_[i ifh[WZ X[b_[\& Yedl_dY[Z j^Wj j^[o
m[h[ b_X[hWj_d] cWda_dZ Xo Z[ijheo_d] j^[ ]eZi WdZ fkbb_d]
Zemd j^[_h WbjWhi( Hj^[hi m[h[ Z_igk_[j[Z Xo j^[ _hh[c[Z_'
WXb[ Z[Yb_d[ e\ <^h_ij_Wd_jo WdZ _cfhel_i[Z Ze]cWi m^_Y^
c_]^j X[ h[YedY_b[Z m_j^ hWj_edWb_ic WdZ X[ YWfWXb[ e\ h['
[ijWXb_i^_d] if_h_jkWb kd_jo( ;ebi^[l_ic YecX_d[i Xej^ W_ci4
_j _i _dif_h[Z Xo j^[ YecXWj_l[ WhZekh e\ j^[ ]eZb[ii& WdZ _j
^Wi [bWXehWj[Z Wd ehj^eZeno m^_Y^ YbW_ci je Yed\ehc je j^[
j[WY^_d]i e\ iY_[dY[( <ecckd_ic _i j^[ \_hij _dj[bb[YjkWbiÉ
% M^_i h[cWha Ze[i dej Wffbo _d Wbb P[ij[hd Yekdjh_[i eh [l[d& _d
?hWdY[& je j^[ m^eb[ e\ j^[ d_d[j[[dj^ Y[djkho(
 MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,13
h[b_]_ed je ^Wl[ ikYY[[Z[Z~Xkj _j mWi Xo de c[Wdi j^[ \_hij
je cWa[ W X_Z \eh ikYY[ii(
Bj mWi :k]kij[ <ecj[& f[h^Wfi& m^e \ehckbWj[Z ceh[
Yb[Whbo j^Wd Wdoed[ [bi[ j^[ _Z[Wi m^_Y^ _dif_h[ j^[ i[WhY^
\eh W hWj_edWb_ij h[b_]_ed je h[fbWY[ <^h_ij_Wd_jo( M^[ [ii[dY[
e\ j^[i[ _Z[Wi _i Wi \ebbemi( M^[ebe]o WdZ c[jWf^oi_Yi Wh[ _d'
YecfWj_Xb[ m_j^ fei_j_l[ ademb[Z][( M^[ h[b_]_edi e\ j^[
fWij Wh[ bei_d] j^[_h l_jWb_jo X[YWki[ iY_[dY[ de bed][h f[h'
c_ji ed[ je X[b_[l[ m^Wj j^[ <^khY^ j[WY^[i( ?W_j^ m_bb
]hWZkWbbo Z_iWff[Wh eh m_bb Z[Yb_d[ _dje ikf[hij_j_ed( M^[
Z[Wj^ e\ @eZ b[Wl[i W le_Z _d j^[ ^kcWd iekb5 j^[ d[[Zi e\
j^[ ^[Whj h[cW_d WdZ ckij X[ iWj_i\_[Z Xo W d[m <^h_ij_Wd_jo(
Hdbo j^[ _dj[bb[YjkWbi Wh[ YWfWXb[ e\ _dl[dj_d]& WdZ feii_Xbo
fh[WY^_d]& W ikXij_jkj[ \eh j^[ WdY_[dj Ze]cWi m^_Y^ c_]^j
X[ WYY[fjWXb[ je j^[ iY_[dj_iji( ?_dWbbo& j^[ ieY_Wb \kdYj_edi
m^_Y^ m[h[ \kb\_bb[Z Xo j^[ <^khY^ Wh[ m_j^ ki ij_bb( P^Wj
m_bb j^[ YecckdWb cehWb_jo X[ XWi[Z ed9 Aem m_bb j^[ kd_jo
e\ X[b_[\& m_j^ekj m^_Y^ Y_l_b_iWj_ed _ji[b\ _i _cf[h_bb[Z& X[
iW\[]kWhZ[Z eh h[ijeh[Z Wced] j^[ c[cX[hi e\ j^[ Yebb[Y'
j_l_jo9
P[ adem ^em :k]kij[ <ecj[ iek]^j je Wdim[h j^_i ^_i'
jeh_Y Y^Wbb[d][( :YYehZ_d] je ^_i ioij[c& j^[ bWmi [ijWXb_i^[Z
Xo iY_[dY[ h[l[Wb W Yeic_Y ehZ[h& W f[hcWd[dj ehZ[h e\ ^kcWd
ieY_[j_[i& WdZ Wd ehZ[h e\ ^_ijeh_YWb Z[l[befc[dj( M^[ Ze]cW
_i iY_[dj_\_Y WdZ o[j _j e\\[hi je j^[ c_dZ Z[\_d_j_l[ jhkj^i WdZ
je j^[ ^[Whj Wd eX`[Yj e\ bel[( M^[ ieY_[jo e\ j^[ \kjkh[ m_bb
X[ jejWb Xkj dej jejWb_jWh_Wd( Bj m_bb [cXhWY[ Wbb j^[ m[Wbj^
WdZ Yecfb[n_jo e\ ^kcWd dWjkh[& _j m_bb XWbWdY[ fem[h m_j^
fkXb_Y ef_d_ed& WdZ \ehY[ m_j^ Y^Wh_jo5 _j m_bb cWa[ j^[ fWij
fh[i[dj5 _j m_bb ef[d j^[ heWZ je Ihe]h[ii m_j^ekj h[lebk'
j_ed5 _j m_bb WYYecfb_i^ AkcWd_jo(
>nY[fj _d ;hWp_b& Iei_j_l_ic ^Wi d[l[h jhWdiY[dZ[Z j^[
b_c_ji e\ W i[Yj( Bj d[l[h X[YWc[ j^[ ZeYjh_d[ e\ W cel[c[dj
eh W fWhjo& Wdo ceh[ j^Wd j^[ ÇG[m <^h_ij_Wd_joÉ e\ LW_dj'
L_ced WdZ ^_i \ebbem[hi( M^[ meha e\ W cWj^[cWj_Y_Wd& _j
h[cW_d[Z j^[ Yh[[Z e\ W icWbb& [YY[djh_Y ]hekf(
M^[ i[WhY^ \eh W Y_l_b h[b_]_ed eh_]_dWj[Z m[bb X[\eh[ j^[
?h[dY^ K[lebkj_ed( M^[ Y^Wfj[h e\ j^[ =QEKCN .QPVTCEV m^_Y^
C[Wd'CWYgk[i Kekii[Wk Z[lej[i je j^_i gk[ij_ed [nfh[ii[i j^[
jme _Z[Wi m^_Y^ ^[ ^_ci[b\ ^WZ f_Ya[Z kf \hec j^[ mehai e\
,2* MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
^_i fh[Z[Y[iiehi WdZ m^_Y^ ^Wkdj[Z j^[ c_dZi e\ j^[
[_]^j[[dj^'Y[djkho j^[eh_iji( M^[ i[fWhWj_ed e\ j^[ j[cfehWb
WdZ j^[ if_h_jkWb fem[h _i W fh_dY_fb[ e\ m[Wad[ii4 ÄM^[
^kcXb[ <^h_ij_Wdi Y^Wd][Z j^[_h jkd[& WdZ ieed ed[ iWm
j^_i Wbb[][Z a_d]Zec e\ j^[ ej^[h mehbZ X[Yec[& kdZ[h W
l_i_Xb[ b[WZ[h& j^[ ceij l_eb[dj Z[ifej_ic _d j^_i ed[( F[Wd'
m^_b[& i_dY[ j^[h[ ^Wi WbmWoi X[[d W fh_dY[& WdZ Y_l_b bWmi&
j^[h[ h[ikbj[Z \hec j^_i ZekXb[ fem[h W f[hf[jkWb Yed\b_Yj e\
`kh_iZ_Yj_ed& m^_Y^ cWZ[ Wdo h[WiedWXb[ feb_Yo _cfeii_Xb[ _d
<^h_ij_Wd ijWj[i5 \eh c[d m[h[ d[l[h WXb[ je Z_iYel[h m^ec
j^[o m[h[ ikffei[Z je eX[o& j^[ cWij[h eh j^[ fh_[ij(Å :dZ
Kekii[Wk WZZi4 ÄAeXX[i mWi j^[ edbo cWd m^e ZWh[Z je fhe'
fei[ j^Wj j^[ jme ^[WZi e\ j^[ >W]b[ i^ekbZ X[ kd_j[Z WdZ
[l[hoj^_d] Xhek]^j XWYa je W ijWj[ e\ feb_j_YWb kd_jo& m_j^ekj
m^_Y^ d[_j^[h LjWj[ deh @el[hdc[dj m_bb X[ fhef[hbo Yedij_'
jkj[Z(Å Hd[ h[c[cX[hi j^[ \Wceki f^hWi[4 ÄW ieY_[jo e\ jhk[
<^h_ij_Wdi mekbZ de bed][h X[ W ieY_[jo e\ c[dÅ~m^_Y^
A_jb[h mekbZ ^Wl[ Wffhel[Z(
Ieb_j_YWb fh[eYYkfWj_edi~m^Wj h[b_]_ed m_bb X[ij fhecej[
j^[ fem[h WdZ fheif[h_jo e\ j^[ LjWj[9~c_]^j ^Wl[ fhecfj[Z
Kekii[Wk je fheYbW_c& b_a[ FWY^_Wl[bb_& j^[ ikf[h_eh_jo e\
dWj_edWb h[b_]_edi( A_i emd h[b_]_ed~<^h_ij_Wd_jo h[ZkY[Z je
W iehj e\ j^[_ic~cWa[i ^_c ^[ij_jWj[ ed j^_i ibef[( A[ Ze[i
dej Z[do j^[ WZlWdjW][i e\ j^[ dWj_edWb h[b_]_ed m^_Y^
Äkd_j[i Z_l_d[ mehi^_f m_j^ W bel[ e\ j^[ bWmÅ WdZ m^_Y^&
ÄXo cWa_d] j^[ \Wj^[hbWdZ j^[ eX`[Yj e\ j^[ WZehWj_ed e\ j^[
Y_j_p[di& j[WY^[i j^[c j^Wj je i[hl[ j^[ LjWj[ _i je i[hl[ _ji
jkj[bWho @eZÅ( ;kj& i_dY[ _j _i XWi[Z ed [hheh& _j c_ib[WZi
c[d5 Ä_j cWa[i W f[efb[ XbeeZj^_hijo WdZ _djeb[hWdjÅ& WdZ
fkji _j _dje W dWjkhWb ijWj[ e\ mWh\Wh[ m_j^ Wbb j^[ ej^[hi(
Kekii[Wk \_dWbbo i[jjb[i \eh W fkh[bo Y_l_b Yh[[Z m^_Y^ m_bb
cWa[ [WY^ Y_j_p[d [d`eo ^_i Zkj_[i( M^[ [n_ij[dY[ e\ @eZ&
j^[ :\j[h E_\[& WdZ j^[ fkd_i^c[dj e\ j^[ ]k_bjo~ikY^ Wh[
j^[ Ze]cWi e\ j^_i h[b_]_ed m^_Y^ m_bb X_dZ j^[ Y_j_p[d je ^_i
LjWj[ m_j^ekj \ehY_d] ^_c je beea ed [l[ho ej^[h LjWj[ Wi ^_i
[d[co( ;[jm[[d j^[ ijh_Yjbo dWj_edWb& eh fW]Wd& h[b_]_ed
m^ei[ h[ijehWj_ed YekbZ dej X[ h[]WhZ[Z Wi feii_Xb[ eh Z[i_h'
WXb[ Xo W f^_beief^[h e\ j^[ :][ e\ >db_]^j[dc[dj& WdZ j^[
kd_l[hiWb h[b_]_ed e\ h[Z[cfj_ed m^_Y^ _dif_h[i _dZ_\\[h[dY[
je j[cfehWb ]hWdZ[kh& j^[ Y_l_b h[b_]_ed mekbZ Wle_Z \WdWj_'

MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,2+
Y_ic m_j^ekj m[Wa[d_d] j^[ _dZ_l_ZkWbÉi Z[lej_ed je j^[
iel[h[_]d eh _djheZkY_d] _dje j^[ XeZo ieY_Wb W fh_dY_fb[ e\
Z_l_i_ed WdZ Z_iYehZ(
M^[ ?h[dY^ h[lebkj_edWho Ykbji i^Wh[Z iec[j^_d] e\ j^[
WcX_]k_jo e\ Kekii[WkÉi Y_l_b h[b_]_ed( M^[_h XWi_i mWi
fWjh_ej_ic& ÄW bel[ e\ j^[ _Z[Wb ieY_[jo& XWi[Z ed `kij_Y[& ckY^
ceh[ j^Wd bel[ e\ j^[ dWj_edWb ie_bÅ(% ;kj& Wj j^[ iWc[ j_c[&
j^[ b[]_ibWjehi Z_Z dej W]h[[ je j^[ i[fWhWj_ed e\ <^khY^ WdZ
LjWj[( M^[ bWjj[h Z_lehY[Z _ji[b\ \hec j^[ ebZ <^khY^ Xkj
jh_[Z je a[[f W h[b_]_eki Y^WhWYj[h& je _cfei[ _ji[b\ Äed j^[
cWii[i kdZ[h j^[ Wif[Yj e\ W <^khY^ m_j^ _ji \[Wiji WdZ _ji
eXb_]Wjeho h_j[iÅ( K[Wied& j^[ d[m ikfh[c[ X[_d]& mekbZ X[
j^[ eX`[Yj e\ W X[b_[\ m^_Y^& fkh][Z e\ Wbb ikf[hij_j_j_ed&
mekbZ i[hl[ Wi j^[ \ekdZWj_ed e\ W \Wj^[hbWdZ Z[ij_d[Z Xo _ji
l_hjk[ \eh W b_c_jb[ii \kjkh[(
M^[ h[lebkj_edWho Ykbji h[cW_d[Z W kd_gk[ WdZ i^ehj'
b_l[Z [f_ieZ[& Wbj^ek]^ j^[o ^WZ W iocXeb_Y WdZ ^_ijeh_YWb
i_]d_\_YWdY[ m^_Y^ Z_Z dej [iYWf[ :k]kij <ecj[( G[_j^[h
j^[ deijWb]_W \eh W dWj_edWb h[b_]_ed& deh j^[ \[[b_d] j^Wj j^[
K[lebkj_ed mekbZ _djheZkY[ W Y_l_Y WdZ kd_l[hiWb \W_j^& Z_i
Wff[Wh[Z m_j^ j^[ h[ijehWj_ed e\ j^[ cedWhY^o WdZ j^[
<Wj^eb_Y <^khY^(
L^_dje_ic h[fh[i[dji j^[ [gk_lWb[dj e\ W dWj_edWb h[b_]_ed5
_j Yecfh_i[i& X[i_Z[i [b[c[dji m^_Y^ fbkd][ _dje j^[ ceij
Z_ijWdj fWij& j^[ Ykbj e\ j^[ >cf[heh Wi j^[ Z[iY[dZWdj e\ j^[
Lkd WdZ j^[ [cXeZ_c[dj e\ [j[hdWb CWfWd( M^[ CWfWd[i[
Wh_ijeYhWYo& m^[d _j cWZ[ kf _ji c_dZ je Xehhem \hec j^[
P[ij j^[ i[Yh[ji e\ c_b_jWho fem[h& i_ckbjWd[ekibo Z[Y_Z[Z je
h[l_l_\o j^[i[ WdY[ijhWb X[b_[\i WdZ fhWYj_Y[i ie j^Wj j[Y^d_YWb
m[ij[hd_iWj_ed mekbZ dej Yecfhec_i[ j^[ Wkj^[dj_Y_jo e\
CWfWd[i[ Ykbjkh[( Hd j^[ cehhem e\ j^[ ?_hij PehbZ PWh&
EkZ[dZeh\\ e\\[h[Z L^_dje_ic Wi W ceZ[b \eh j^[ @[hcWd
f[efb[ _d i[WhY^ e\ if_h_jkWb kd_jo5 ^[ h[_j[hWj[Z j^[ iWo_d]i
e\ j^[ j^[eh_iji \hec FWY^_Wl[bb_ je Kekii[Wk ed j^[ ZhWm'
XWYai e\ ZkWb_ic WdZ j^[ \[hlekh _dZkY[Z _d j^[ cWii[i Xo
j^[ Yedl_Yj_ed e\ \_]^j_d] WdZ Zo_d] \eh @eZ WdZ j^[ GWj_ed
Wb_a[(
y :( FWj^_[p" 0NMRPIBSRINM • KXHIQRNIPE PEKIGIESQE DE KA <•TNKSRINM
#IWh_i( +3-1$& f( -*& gkej[Z Xo A( @ek^_[h _d 8A 6ESMEQQE DX.SGSQRE
0NLRE ER KA FNPLARINM DS ONQIRITIQLE #IWh_i& +3-*$& f( 2(
,2, MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
M^[ d[m Ç@[hcWd <^h_ij_Wd_joÉ mWi W YediY_eki Wjj[cfj je
ÇdWj_edWb_i[É W h[b_]_ed e\ iWblWj_ed( Bd ^_i \kd[hWb ehWj_ed \eh
A_dZ[dXkh] A_jb[h ki[Z j^[ ebZ @[hcWd_Y mehZ ACNJCNNC#
WdZ j^[ oekd] A_jb[h_j[i ZWXXb[Z _d W if[Y_[i e\ \_h['mehi^_f(
;kj ed[ _i j[cfj[Z je _cfkj[ j^[i[ [f_ieZ[i Wi ckY^ je j^[
el[h'[nkX[hWdY[ e\ Xeo iYekji Wi je W i[h_eki h[l_lWb e\ fW]Wd
h_j[i( Bd j^[ [l[dj e\ l_Yjeho _d j^[ L[YedZ PehbZ PWh& A_jb[h
mekbZ fheXWXbo ^Wl[ bWkdY^[Z Wd Wbb'ekj mWh W]W_dij
<^h_ij_Wd_jo5 ^[ mekbZ ^Wl[ _dlea[Z cWj[h_Wb_ic WdZ hWY_Wb'
_ic& j^[ Yed\ki[Z `kcXb[ e\ _Z[Wi effei[Z je Z[ceYhWj_Y
hWj_edWb_ic hWj^[h j^Wd Ç@[hcWd <^h_ij_Wd_joÉ eh j^[
ÇM[kjed_Y \W_j^É( KWY_Wb _d[gkWb_jo& j^[ b[WZ[h'fh_dY_fb[& j^[
kd_jo e\ j^[ dWj_ed& j^[ M^_hZ K[_Y^~j^[i[ j^[c[i& dej ie
ckY^ eh]Wd_i[Z _dje W ioij[c Wi ehY^[ijhWj[Z Xo GWp_ fhefW'
]WdZW& mekbZ ^Wl[ _dif_h[Z j^[ hkdd_d] e\ j^[ LjWj[ WdZ j^[
[ZkYWj_ed e\ j^[ tb_j[5 j^[o mekbZ ^Wl[ [ijWXb_i^[Z W ^_[h'
WhY^o e\ lWbk[i& [nY_j[Z WhZ[dj fWii_edi& _dif_h[Z j^[ Yec'
ckd_ed e\ j^[ \W_j^\kb5 j^[o mekbZ ^Wl[ X[[d iWdYj_\_[Z Xo
gkWi_'h[b_]_eki Y[h[ced_[i( PekbZ j^[o& _d W Y_l_b_iWj_ed X[Wh'
_d] j^[ _cfh_dj e\ <^h_ij_Wd_jo& ^Wl[ X[[d [nf[h_[dY[Z _d W
][dk_d[bo h[b_]_eki mWo9 M^[ iWc[ gk[ij_ed Wh_i[i _d j^[ YWi[
e\ <ecckd_ic& m^_Y^ i[[c[Z je e\\[h Wj bWij W fh[iYh_fj_ed
\eh j^[ ikXij_jkj[ h[b_]_ed m^_Y^ j^[ c_b_jWdji e\ j^[
?h[dY^ K[lebkj_ed& j^[ Iei_j_l_iji WdZ j^[ LW_dj'L_ced_iji
Zh[Wc[Z e\(
ÄM^[ K[lebkj_ed Z_Z dej WZefj W <^khY^( P^o9 ;[YWki[
_j mWi W <^khY^ _ji[b\Å~F_Y^[b[jÉi Z_Yjkc YWd X[ Wffb_[Z je
<ecckd_ic( E_a[ j^[ Y_l_b h[b_]_ed& _j iWdYj_\_[i j^[ Zkj_[i e\
j^[ _dZ_l_ZkWb _d h[bWj_ed je j^[ IWhjo& j^[ ieY_Wb_ij LjWj[& WdZ
j^[ \kjkh[ e\ ^kcWd_jo( :d e\\_Y_Wb h[b_]_ed Wi ieed Wi j^[
fWhjo _i _d fem[h& _j h[cW_di _d effei_j_ed& _d _ji [iej[h_Y
j[WY^_d]& W kd_l[hiWb h[b_]_ed( Bd j^[ iWc[ mWo Wi Iei_j_l_ic&
_j YbW_ci je ]Wj^[h kf j^[ Yh[Wj_edi e\ j^[ fWij WdZ jhWdic_j
j^[c je j^[ ieY_[jo m^_Y^ m_bb \kb\_b j^[ leYWj_ed e\ ^kcWd_jo(
Bj Xh[Wai m_j^ j^[ _dZ_l_ZkWb_ic e\ j^[ W][ e\ >db_]^j[dc[dj&
Xkj _j fhec_i[i ^Wff_d[ii \eh [l[hoed[( Bj i^emi de f_jo \eh
j^[ m[Wa deh jhkij _d j^[ Yecced cWd( Xkj _j `kij_\_[i j^[
Xk_bZ_d] kf e\ j^[ ieY_Wb_ij LjWj[ Xo ^kcWd_jWh_Wd i[dj_c[dji&
WdZ j^[ kdYedZ_j_edWb Wkj^eh_jo e\ j^[ b[WZ[hi Xo j^[ d[Y[i'
i_jo je _dijhkYj j^[ cWii[i( Bj ^Whd[ii[i iY_[dY[ je _ji fkhfei[i&
 MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,2-
Xkj _d j^[ dWc[ e\ iY_[dY[( Bj jkhdi P[ij[hd hWj_edWb_ic kf'
i_Z[ Zemd& Xkj _j Yedj_dk[i je fWo b_f i[hl_Y[ je _j(
P^Wj _i j^[ [nfbWdWj_ed e\ _ji ikYY[ii9 M^[ FWhn_ij
fhef^[j_ic jhWdi\_]kh[i Wd [lebkj_edWho fWjj[hd _dje W iWYh[Z
^_ijeho e\ m^_Y^ j^[ YbWiib[ii ieY_[jo m_bb X[ j^[ ekjYec[( Bj
]_l[i W Z_ifhefehj_edWj[ i_]d_\_YWdY[ je Y[hjW_d _dij_jkj_edi~
j^[ ioij[c e\ emd[hi^_f WdZ j^[ \kdYj_ed_d] e\ j^[ [Yedeco
~WdZ cWa[i fbWdd_d] Xo Wd Wbb'fem[h\kb LjWj[ W Z[Y_i_l[
ijW][ _d ^_ijeho( M^[ _dj[bb_][dji_W bWfi[i Wbb jee [Wi_bo _dje
j^[i[ [hhehi& je m^_Y^ _ji Z[lej_ed je b[\j'm_d] fh_dY_fb[i fh['
Z_ifei[i _j( HXi[ii[Z Xo j^[ d[[Z je _dYh[Wi[ dWj_edWb fhe'
ZkYj_l_jo& _j _i h[WZo je Xehhem j^[ Lel_[j i^ehj'Ykj je cWj[h_Wb
fb[djo(
M^[ Yedj[dj e\ j^[ Ze]cW _i Wd _dj[hfh[jWj_ed e\ ^_ijeho4
LjWb_d_ic ^Wi X[[d Z_\\ki[Z _d W Y[djkho Yedlkbi[Z Xo YWjWi'
jhef^[i( Ckij Wi Wijhebe]o mWi dej _cc[Z_Wj[bo [b_c_dWj[Z Xo
iY_[dj_\_Y Wijhedeco& ie fei_j_l[ ^_ijeho \W_bi je Z[ijheo ^_i'
jeh_YWb coj^ebe]_[i( ;[\eh[ j^[ WZl[dj e\ ceZ[hd f^oi_Yi& j^[
ehZ[h e\ j^[ Yeicei e\\[h[Z _ji[b\ je j^[ Wm[ijhkYa [o[i e\
eXi[hl[hi( Ndj_b h[Y[djbo& [l[ho ieY_[jo X[b_[l[Z _ji[b\ je X[
kd_gk[ WdZ [n[cfbWho( NdYediY_eki e\ j^[ _cc[di_jo e\
j_c[& j^[o Z_Z dej WYY[fj j^[_h ceZ[ij fbWY[ _d W coij[h_eki
fheY[ii e\ [lebkj_ed( M^[ ^_ijeh_YWb coj^ebe]_[i Ze dej [n'
fh[ii WdWY^hed_ij_Y X[b_[\i ie ckY^ Wi W l[ho ^kcWd h[lebj
W]W_dij j^[ b[iiedi e\ [nf[h_[dY[(
Bd ekh ZWo& j[Y^debe]_YWb fhe]h[ii _i Z[\_d_j[bo j^[ XWi_Y
\WYjeh( Bj _i j^_i j^Wj kfheeji j^[ ebZ ]_cYhWYa \ekdZWj_edi e\
Y_l_b_iWj_ed& WdZ ekh Yedj[cfehWh_[i Ze dej i[[c je [dl_iW][
Wdo ^_]^[h W_c j^Wd j^[ fem[h WdZ fheif[h_jo Yh[Wj[Z Xo j^[
cWY^_d[( M^[ fh_eh_jo e\ j^[ _dj[h[iji e\ bWXekh _i Yed\ki[Z
m_j^ j^[ YWkiWb fh_cWYo e\ j^[ \ehY[i e\ fheZkYj_ed& WdZ j^_i
ckZZb[Z iodj^[i_i _i h[]WhZ[Z Wi W Yedgk[ij e\ ademb[Z][(
FWhn_ij _Z[ebe]o Z_iY[hdi W \_n[Z ehZ[h e\ Z[l[befc[dj
kdZ[h j^[ Xb_dZ& WdWhY^_Y ckZZb[ e\ ^kcWd _dj[h[iji( >WY^
cWd eX[oi edbo ^_ci[b\ WdZ Wbb c[d je][j^[h fheZkY[ m^Wj
j^[ ^_]^[h _dj[bb_][dY[ ek]^j je ^Wl[ m_bb[Z( M^[ YWf_jWb_iji&
_d i[WhY^ e\ fhe\_ji& Wh[ ZhW]]_d] je _ji Z[Wj^ j^[ ioij[c je
m^_Y^ j^[o em[ j^[_h ikYY[ii( ?hec j^[ ijhk]]b[ e\ j^[ YbWii[i
m_bb Wh_i[ j^[ YbWiib[ii ieY_[jo( M^[ f[h\[Yj cWha[j& b_a[ j^[
A[][b_Wd ÇKki[ e\ K[WiedÉ& ki[i j^[ []e_ic e\ _dZ_l_ZkWbi
,2. MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
m_j^ W l_[m je j^[ ]h[Wj[h ]eeZ e\ Wbb( ;kj j^[h[ _i W Z[Y_i_l[
Z_\\[h[dY[4 j^[ b_X[hWb h[]WhZi c[d Wi XWi_YWbbo _cf[h\[Yj WdZ
h[i_]di ^_ci[b\ je W ioij[c m^[h[ j^[ ]eeZ m_bb X[ j^[ h[ikbj
e\ Yekdjb[ii WYj_edi WdZ d[l[h j^[ eX`[Yj e\ W YediY_eki Y^e_Y[(
Bd j^[ bWij h[iehj& ^[ ikXiYh_X[i je j^[ f[ii_c_ic m^_Y^ i[[i
feb_j_Yi Wi j^[ Whj e\ Yh[Wj_d] j^[ YedZ_j_edi _d m^_Y^ j^[
l_Y[i e\ c[d Yedjh_Xkj[ je j^[ ]eeZ e\ j^[ LjWj[( M^[ FWhn_ij
WZc_ji& Wi \Wh Wi j^[ fWij _i YedY[hd[Z& j^[ ^[j[he][d[ekid[ii
e\ _dj[dj_edi WdZ [l[dji& Xkj ^[ ]kWhWdj[[i [iYWf[ \hec j^[
johWddo e\ [dl_hedc[dj edY[ j^[ ia[_d e\ ^_ZZ[d \ehY[i _i
kdhWl[bb[Z( M^Wdai je ^_i ademb[Z][ e\ j^[ bWmi e\ ^_ijeho&
cWd m_bb WjjW_d j^[ ]eWb je m^_Y^ ^[ Wif_h[i( ?eh[ademb[Z][
e\ j^[ \kjkh[ cWa[i _j feii_Xb[ je cWd_fkbWj[ Xej^ [d[c_[i
WdZ ikffehj[hi(
Bj _i Wj j^_i fh[Y_i[ fe_dj j^Wj j^[ _Z[ebe]o jkhdi _dje W
Ze]cW( M^[ Yebb[Yj_l[ iWl_ekh de bed][h ikXc_ji je ^_ijeho5
^[ Yh[Wj[i _j& ^[ Xk_bZi j^[ ieY_Wb_ij LjWj[& ^[ cekbZi j^[
\kjkh[( M^_i jhWdi\_]khWj_ed e\ j^[ fWhjo _dje W F[ii_W^
h[cW_di W i[YjWh_Wd WX[hhWj_ed `kij ie bed] Wi j^[ fWhjo l[]['
jWj[i WdZ ijhk]]b[i _d _cfej[dj WdZ _hh[YedY_bWXb[ effei_j_ed(
M^[ i[_pkh[ e\ fem[h Wkj^[dj_YWj[i _ji YbW_ci( M^[ ceh[
Ybei[bo j^[ fWhjo _i _Z[dj_\_[Z m_j^ j^[ LjWj[& j^[ ceh[ ][dk'
_d[bo _j YWd YbW_c je h[fh[i[dj WdZ [cXeZo j^[ YWki[ e\ j^[
fheb[jWh_Wj(
M^[ [nfbWdWj_ed e\ j^[ kd_gk[ ikYY[ii e\ E[d_d_ij'
LjWb_d_ic Wced] Wbb j^[ Wjj[cfji Wj W ikXij_jkj[ h[b_]_ed _i _d
j^[ bWij WdWboi_i gk_j[ i_cfb[4 _j mWi j^[ l_Yjeho e\ j^[ K[lebk'
j_ed m^_Y^ Wbbem[Z j^[ Z_\\ki_ed e\ <ecckd_ic& dej j^[
Wff[Wb e\ j^[ i[YkbWh h[b_]_ed m^_Y^ fh[fWh[Z j^[ mWo \eh j^[
j[d ZWoi m^_Y^ i^eea j^[ mehbZ( NdWhc[Z fhef^[ji _d[l_j'
WXbo f[h_i^5 j^[ \kjkh[ e\ j^[ i[YkbWh h[b_]_ed fh_cWh_bo
Z[f[dZi ed j^[ XWbWdY[ e\ fem[h(
=GEWNCT .NGTKECNKUO
M^[ _dj[bb[YjkWbi e\ ?hWdY[ m[h[ j^[ \_hij je kdZ[hjWa[ j^[
i[WhY^ \eh W ikXij_jkj[ h[b_]_ed( MeZWo& j^[_h Yebb[W]k[i ed
j^[ ej^[h i_Z[ e\ j^[ Bhed <khjW_d Wh[ Yedieb_ZWj_d] j^[ b[]_j_'
cWYo e\ Lel_[j WXiebkj_ic `kij Wi j^[ `kh_iji e\ ebZ
Yedieb_ZWj[Z j^Wj e\ e\ j^[ heoWb WXiebkj_ic5 j^[o _dj[hfh[j
j^[ iWYh[Z iYh_fjkh[i& j^[ Z[YbWhWj_edi e\ j^[ fWhjo Yed]h[ii[i
 MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,2/
WdZ j^ei[ e\ j^[ L[Yh[jWho'@[d[hWb& W\j[h j^[ \Wi^_ed e\ j^[
<^h_ij_Wd j^[ebe]_Wdi( M^[ b[\j'm_d] _dj[bb_][dji_W& m^_Y^
X[]Wd Xo YbW_c_d] \h[[Zec& [dZi kf Xo ikXc_jj_d] je j^[
Z_iY_fb_d[ e\ fWhjo WdZ LjWj[(
AWi j^[ _Z[ebe]o _d \WYj X[Yec[ j^[ [gk_lWb[dj e\ W
h[b_]_ed9 HdY[ W]W_d& _j _i Z_\\_Ykbj je ]_l[ W fei_j_l[ Wdim[h(
NdZ[h j^[ Lel_[j ht]_c[& Wi _d j^[ ;opWdj_d[ jhWZ_j_ed& j^[
^[WZ e\ j^[ LjWj[ _i _Z[dj_YWb m_j^ j^[ ^[WZ e\ j^[ <^khY^(
M^[ _Z[ebe]o& _d j^[ iWc[ mWo Wi j^[ jhWdiY[dZ[djWb \W_j^ e\
ebZ& Z[j[hc_d[i Wbb j^Wj h[Wbbo cWjj[hi5 _j `kij_\_[i Wkj^eh_jo&
WdZ _j fhec_i[i& dej je j^[ _dZ_l_ZkWb Xkj je _dZ_l_ZkWbi _d
j^[ cWii& W `kij h[jh_Xkj_ed _d j^[ ^_ijeh_YWb ^[h[W\j[h& j^Wj
_i je iWo j^[ [Whj^bo \kjkh[( ;kj <ecckd_ic Ze[i dej i[[
_ji[b\ Wi W h[b_]_ed& i_dY[ _j h[]WhZi Wbb h[b_]_ed Wi WdWY^hed_ic5
_j \_]^ji j^[ <^khY^ _d j^[ dWc[ e\ Wj^[_ic& eh Xh_d]i _j je
^[[b _d j^[ dWc[ e\ ieY_Wb_ic~Wi m_j^ [l[ho ej^[h _dij_jk'
j_ed( Bji jejWb_jWh_Wd_ic [dbWh][i ekj e\ Wbb fhefehj_ed j^[
c[Wd_d] e\ W fWhj_Wb ZeYjh_d[ ie j^Wj _j YWd Wff[Wh je [cXhWY[
[l[ho Wif[Yj e\ ^kcWd fem[h(
M^[ WcX_lWb[dY[ e\ j^[ h[bWj_edi X[jm[[d <^h_ij_Wdi WdZ
<ecckd_iji c_]^j m[bb ^Wl[ [dYekhW][Z j^[ ]el[hdc[dji e\
j^[ I[efb[iÉ =[ceYhWY_[i je _dij_]Wj[ ^[h[j_YWb l[djkh[i Yec'
fWhWXb[ je j^ei[ e\ Ç@[hcWd <^h_ij_Wd_joÉ& je h[YedY_b[ j^[
<^h_ij_Wd \W_j^ m_j^ \hW]c[dji e\ j^[ e\\_Y_Wb _Z[ebe]o( M^_i
Ze[i dej& ^em[l[h& i[[c je X[ j^[ Zec_dWdj j[dZ[dYo ed j^[
ej^[h i_Z[ e\ j^[ Bhed <khjW_d(% M^[ <ecckd_ij Wkj^eh_j_[i
[dZ[Wlekh \_hij e\ Wbb je Xh[Wa j^[ XedZi X[jm[[d j^[ dWj_edWb
<^khY^ WdZ j^[ IWfWYo4 Wdo _dj[hdWj_edWb ioij[c _i _djeb[h'
WXb[ je j^[c( M^[o j^[d _cfei[ ed j^[ [YYb[i_Wij_YWb Z_]d_'
jWh_[i W l[hXWb Wbb[]_WdY[ je j^[ LjWj[ ehj^eZeno~Xkj j^_i _i
de ceh[ j^Wd j^[o Z[cWdZ \hec cki_Y_Wdi& Y^[ii fbWo[hi
eh del[b_iji( M^[o [dZ[Wlekh je _cfWhj W feb_j_YWb Y^WhWYj[h
je j^[ WYj_l_j_[i& eh Wj b[Wij je j^[ bWd]kW][& e\ j^[ Çfef[iÉ eh
X_i^efi& Xkj j^[o Ze dej [dYekhW][ W h[b_]_eki _dj[hfh[jWj_ed
e\ j^[ ^_ijeh_YWb _Z[ebe]_[i( Bj _i _d j^[ P[ij hWj^[h j^Wd _d
y M^[h[ ^Wl[& ^em[l[h& X[[d h[fehji e\ j^[ WYj_l_jo _d IebWdZ e\
ÇfWjh_ej fh_[ijiÉ m^e Wh[ FWhn_iji Wi m[bb Wi <Wj^eb_Yi( M^[ d[m
<Wj^eb_Y i[c_dWho _d PWhiWm _i iW_Z je X[ ]_l_d] fh_[iji W FWhn_ij
Wi m[bb Wi W <Wj^eb_Y jhW_d_d]( <\( 9EU @NPJ >ILEQ" =[Y[cX[h +3&
+3/.( Bd j^_i Yedd[Yj_ed Wbie& P( ;Wdd_d]"i 1EP 7NLLSMIQLSQ AKQ
;NKIRIQCHE#=NWIAKE ?EKRPEKIGINM #;[hb_d& +3//$ _i mehj^ h[\[hh_d] jN(
,20 MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
>Wij[hd >khef[ j^Wj Y[hjW_d X[b_[l[hi \_dZ _j Z_\\_Ykbj je Z_i'
j_d]k_i^ X[jm[[d j^[ ZhWcW e\ j^[ <hkY_\_n_ed WdZ j^[ ZhWcW
e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj& X[jm[[d j^[ YbWiib[ii ieY_[jo WdZ j^[ D_d]'
Zec e\ A[Wl[d(
<ecckd_ic _i j^ki dej ie ckY^ W h[b_]_ed Wi W feb_j_YWb
Wjj[cfj je \_dZ W ikXij_jkj[ \eh h[b_]_ed _d Wd _Z[ebe]o [h[Yj[Z
_dje W LjWj[ ehj^eZeno~Wd ehj^eZeno m^_Y^ ]e[i ed Y^[h_i^'
_d] YbW_ci WdZ fh[j[di_edi WXWdZed[Z Xo j^[ <Wj^eb_Y
<^khY^( M^[ j^[ebe]_Wdi dem WZc_j \W_hbo WdZ igkWh[bo j^Wj
j^[ <^h_ij_Wd K[l[bWj_ed YWddej Yecf[j[ _d j^[ h[Wbci e\
Wijhedeco eh f^oi_Yi& j^Wj j^[ ademb[Z][ _j YedjW_di WXekj
j^[i[ ikX`[Yji _i hkZ_O[djWho& WdZ [nfh[ii[Z _d j[hci WYY[i'
i_Xb[ je j^[ c_dZi e\ j^[ f[efb[i b_l_d] Wj j^[ j_c[ e\ <^h_ij(
M^[ f^oi_Y_ij b[Whdi dej^_d] \hec j^[ ;_Xb[ WXekj dkYb[Wh
fWhj_Yb[i5 ^[ m_bb dej b[Whd ckY^ ceh[ WXekj j^[c \hec j^[
iWYh[Z iYh_fjkh[i e\ Z_Wb[Yj_YWb cWj[h_Wb_ic(
M^[ <^h_ij_Wd \W_j^ cWo X[ iW_Z je X[ jejWb& _d j^[ i[di[
j^Wj _j _dif_h[i j^[ m^eb[ e\ [n_ij[dY[5 _j mWi jejWb_jWh_Wd
m^[d _j h[\ki[Z je WYademb[Z][ j^[ Wkjedeco e\ fhe\Wd[
WYj_l_j_[i( M^[ <eccWd_ij \W_j^ X[Yec[i jejWb_jWh_Wd Wi ieed
Wi _j Wif_h[i je X[ jejWb& i_dY[ _j YWddej Yh[Wj[ j^[ _bbki_ed e\
jejWb_jo [nY[fj Xo _cfei_d] e\\_Y_Wb jhkj^i& Xo ikX`[Yj_d] je
j^[ ehZ[hi e\ j^[ Y[djhWb fem[h WYj_l_j_[i m^ei[ l[ho [ii[dY[
Z[cWdZi Wkjedeco(
Hd[ YWd YedY[_l[ ^em fe[ji c_]^j X[ Wd_cWj[Z Xo j^[
<ecckd_ij \W_j^& Wi ej^[hi Xo j^[ <^h_ij_Wd \W_j^& ^em
f^oi_Y_iji eh [d]_d[[hi c_]^j fWii_edWj[bo Z[i_h[ je i[hl[ j^[
fheb[jWh_Wj( ;kj _j _i [ii[dj_Wb j^Wj j^_i Yedl_Yj_ed WdZ j^_i
Z[lej_ed i^ekbZ X[ WWj^[dj_Y WdZ dej Z_YjWj[Z \hec ekji_Z[
Xo j^[ Xkh[WkYhWji _d Y^Wh][ e\ Ykbjkh[( Bj _i [ii[dj_Wb j^Wj
j^[ bWjj[h i^ekbZ b[Wl[ j^[ Whj_ij \h[[ je \_dZ ^_i emd \ehci
WdZ j^[ iY_[dj_ij ^_i emd jhkj^i( LeY_Wb_ij h[Wb_ic eh Z_Wb[Yj_YWb
cWj[h_Wb_ic YWddej ceX_b_i[ Wd [dj_h[ Yecckd_jo _dje W
kdWd_cekibo [nf[h_[dY[Z Yh[[Z eh f^_beief^o( : fi[kZe'
kd_jo _i eXjW_d[Z Xo ikXehZ_dWj_d] j^[ if[Y_\_Y c[Wd_d] e\
[WY^ if_h_jkWb kd_l[hiG je j^[ ieY_Wb \kdYj_ed m^_Y^ _i Wii_]d[Z
je _j& Xo i[jj_d] kf [gk_leYWb eh \Wbi[ fhefei_j_edi Wi j^[
XWi_i e\ W ZeYjh_d[ m^_Y^ _i Wbb[][Z je X[ Wj edY[ iY_[dj_\_Y
WdZ f^_beief^_YWb(

MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,21
P[ _d j^[ P[ij ^Wl[ de d[[Z je beea \eh W h_lWb ehj^eZeno
je Yecf[j[ m_j^ ^_ijeh_YWb cWj[h_Wb_ic~Wi j^ek]^ W f^_be'
ief^o YekbZ eh i^ekbZ [ijWXb_i^ j^[ fh_dY_fb[i WdZ YedY[fji
e\ j^[ dWjkhWb iY_[dY[i WdZ j^[ XheWZ b_d[i e\ j^[_h h[ikbji~
j^[ ceh[ ie X[YWki[ Yh_j_Y_ic Wbed[ _i [dek]^ je [nehY_i[ j^[
]^eij e\ Lel_[j YkbjkhWb kd_jo WdZ X[YWki[ j^_i Whj_\_Y_Wb
iodj^[i_i m_bb [l[djkWbbo Z_iieblG e\ _ji emd WYYehZ( :bh[WZo
j^[ cWj^[cWj_Y_Wdi& f^oi_Y_iji WdZ X_ebe]_iji adem j^Wj
FWhn_ij'E[d_d_ic cWo X[ WXb[ je e\\[h W j[hc_debe]o~Wj j^[
X[]_dd_d] WdZ j^[ [dZ e\ j^[ Xeea~je iodY^hed_i[ j^[ h[ikbji
e\ j^[_h h[i[WhY^[i m_j^ j^[ e\\_Y_Wb j^[eh_[i& Xkj dej Wd _dijhk'
c[dj e\ [nfbehWj_ed( M^[ ^_ijeh_Wdi& [l[d _\ j^[o WZc_j ed
j^[ m^eb[ j^[ lWb_Z_jo e\ j^[ FWhn_ij YWj[]eh_[i& \[[b j^[c'
i[bl[i je X[ j^[ fh_ied[hi e\ Wd ehj^eZeno m^_Y^ _i Xej^
WXiebkj[ WdZ [l[h'Y^Wd]_d]( Bj _i jhk[ j^Wj <Wj^eb_Y Ze]cW&
WfWhj \hec _cfhelWXb[ W\\_hcWj_edi h[bWj_d] je ikX`[Yji m^_Y^
Wh[ X[oedZ j^[ ]hWif e\ ^kcWd h[Wied& YedjW_d[Z j^[ ikc'
cWho eh j^[ ioijtcWj_iWj_ed e\ Wd _cf[h\[Yj iY_[dj_\_Y adem'
b[Z][( ;kj ^Wl_d] i^[Z j^_i XkhZ[d e\ fhe\Wd[ WYgk_h[c[dji&
<Wj^eb_Y_ic mWi WXb[ je fkh][ _ji[b\ m_j^ekj X[jhWo_d] _ji
fh_dY_fb[i~je ]e Z[[f[h& _d \WYj& WdZ Ybei[h je _ji emd
[ii[dY[( M^[ <ecckd_ij ehj^eZeno& ed j^[ ej^[h ^WdZ& YekbZ
dej fkh][ _ji[b\ eh Wbbem W hWj_edWb [nfh[ii_ed e\ iY_[dj_\_Y
fheXb[ci m_j^ekj ifb_jj_d] _ji[b\ kf _dje _ji Yecfed[dj fWhji&
m_j^ekj Z_iiebl_d] _dje W Yed]bec[hWj[ e\ ceh[ eh b[ii [gk_'
leYWb ef_d_edi ed j^[ ieY_[jo e\ jeZWo WdZ jecehhem(
M^[ _Z[ebe]o X[Yec[i W Ze]cW Xo WYgk_[iY_d] _d WXikhZ_jo(
HdY[ _j _i WYademb[Z][Z j^Wj _d [l[ho ieY_[jo W c_deh_jo
[n[hY_i[i j^[ b[WZ_d] \kdYj_edi& j^[ Wii_c_bWj_ed e\ j^[ fWhjo
Z_YjWjehi^_f je j^[ Z_YjWjehi^_f e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj YebbWfi[i
_cc[Z_Wj[bo& WdZ Wbb j^Wj h[cW_Pi _i je YecfWh[ \hec [nf[h_'
[dY[ j^[ WZlWdjW][i WdZ j^[ h_iai e\ j^[ i_d]b[ fWhjo m_j^
j^ei[ e\ W fWhb_Wc[dj [b[Yj[Z Xo f[WY[\kb Yecf[j_j_ed( B\
j^[ YbW_c je kd_l[hiWb_jo m[h[ Zheff[Z~dej d[Y[iiWh_bo j^Wj
e\ j^[ FWhn_ij fhef^[j_ihs_ Xkj c[h[bo j^[ E[d_d_ij l[hi_ed~
j^[ Xbk\\ mekbZ X[ YWbb[Z( M^[ ieY_Wb_ij ieY_[jo mekbZ h[cW_d
j^[ eX`[Yj_l[ e\ ^_ijeh_YWb [lebkj_ed& Xkj j^[h[ mekbZ X[ cWdo
heWZi b[WZ_d] je _j% M^[ ieY_Wb'Z[ceYhWj_Y fWhj_[i mekbZ de
bed][h X[ jhW_jehi Xkj Xhej^[hi5 j^[o mekbZ \kb\_b j^[
,22 MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
h[Z[cfjeho \kdYj_ed _d j^[ P[ij& m^[h[ j^[ h_]ekhi e\ ;eb'
i^[l_a j[Y^debe]o Wh[ kdd[Y[iiWho( Bd ej^[h mehZi& j^[ <ec'
ckd_iji mekbZ WYY[fj i_dY[h[bo j^[ _dj[hfh[jWj_ed m^_Y^ _i
ik]][ij[Z je j^[c m_j^ Wdn_eki ]eeZm_bb Xo j^ei[ FWhn_iji
m^e ^Wl[ dej jWa[d b[Wl[ e\ j^[_h i[di[i& m^e WZc_h[ j^[
\_l['o[Wh fbWdi Xkj Z[j[ij j^[ YedY[djhWj_ed YWcfi( M^[ <ec'
ckd_iji mekbZ h[Wbbo X[b_[l[ m^Wj j^[o dem fWo b_f i[hl_Y[ je&
ed ehZ[hi& m^[d j^[ _dj[h[ij e\ j^[ Lel_[j Nd_ed Z[cWdZi _j(
LkY^ W Yedl[hi_ed i[[ci Wd [Wio ed[& o[j _j mekbZ X[
[dek]^ je YWbb j^[ [ii[dj_Wbi e\ j^[ Ze]cW _dje gk[ij_ed( B\
j^[ _Z[dj_\_YWj_ed e\ j^[ fheb[jWh_Wj m_j^ j^[ <ecckd_ij
IWhjo _i dej kd_l[hiWb WdZ kdgk[ij_edWXb[& j^[ K[lebkj_ed e\
+3+1 bei[i j^[ fbWY[ m^_Y^ _i Wii_]d[Z je _j _d j^[ iWYh[Z ^_i'
jeho WdZ X[Yec[i de ceh[ j^Wd W bkYao Yekf( Bd j^_i YWi[&
^em YWd ed[ \eh[j[bb m^_Y^ Yekdjh_[i Wh[ Z[ij_d[Z \eh j^[
^Whi^ X[d[\_ji e\ WYY[b[hWj[Z _dZkijh_Wb_iWj_ed& ^em& _\ j^[
ikffehj[hi e\ j^[ L[YedZ Bdj[hdWj_edWb Wh[ de bed][h [nYec'
ckd_YWj[Z& cW_djW_d j^Wj j^[ jhWdi_j_ed \hec ed[ ht]_c[ je
Wdej^[h Z[cWdZi W l_eb[dj Xh[Wa9 P_j^ekj j^[ _Z[W e\ W
h[lebkj_ed m^_Y^ cWhai j^[ [dZ e\ fh['^_ijeho& j^[ Lel_[j
h[Wb_jo mekbZ X[ de ceh[ j^Wd m^Wj _d \WYj _j _i~W XhkjWb
c[j^eZ e\ ceZ[hd_iWj_ed kdZ[h j^[ YeccWdZ e\ W i_d]b[
fWhjo dec_dWj[Z dej Xo Z[ij_do Xkj Xo j^[ kd\eh[i[[WXb[
l_Y_ii_jkZ[i e\ ^kcWd Yed\b_Yj(
B\ j^[ Kkii_Wd <ecckd_ij IWhjo ij_Yai je _ji YbW_c je h[fh['
i[dj WdZ [cXeZo j^[ YWki[ e\ j^[ mehbZ fheb[jWh_Wj& _j ckij
fbkd][ [l[h Z[[f[h _dje j^[ coij[h_[i e\ j^[ [iej[h_Y iY^ebWij_'
Y_ic( B\ _j h[dekdY[i j^_i YbW_c& _j WXZ_YWj[i Yecfb[j[bo(
Leed& WZefj_d] j^[ Yekdi[bi e\ ieY_Wb'Z[ceYhWj_Y m_iZec& _j
mekbZ X[]_d je i^Wh[ _ji Z_iWX_b_j_[i( ;ekh][e_i WdZ Xeh_d] Wi
j^[ ;h_j_i^ EWXekh IWhjo& h[Yel[h[Z \hec _ji _bbki_edi WdZ
Ykh[Z e\ j[hheh& _j mekbZ WZlWdY[ h[iebkj[bo jemWhZi W iehj
e\ jm[dj_[j^'Y[djkho Eek_i'I^_b_ff_ic(
P^[d Wbb _i iW_Z WdZ Zed[& _idÉj j^_i Yedl[hi_ed _d[l_jWXb[9
BidÉj _j Wbh[WZo X[]_dd_d] je ^Wff[d X[\eh[ ekh [o[i9 :bh[WZo
j^[ IWhjo i[[ci je X[ ZhWm_d] _d _ji ^ehdi WdZ h[ijh_Yj_d] _ji
WYj_l_j_[i( Bj ^Wi Wbbem[Z iec[ b_X[hjo je iY_[dj_\_Y Yedjhe'
l[hio WdZ jeb[hWj[Z b_j[hWho mehai~del[bi WdZ fbWoi~m^_Y^
h_Z_Ykb[ Y[hjW_d Wif[Yji e\ j^[ ht]_c[( M^[ [njh[c[ WdZ
Wbceij cedijheki b[d]j^i je m^_Y^ j^[ [dibWl[c[dj e\ j^[

MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,23
Yh[Wj_l[ _dj[bb[Yj ^WZ X[[d YWhh_[Z Zkh_d] j^[ bWij o[Whi e\
LjWb_dÉi b_\[ ^Wl[ X[[d Wjj[dkWj[Z( M^[ _dj[hfh[jWj_l[
iY^ebWij_Y_ic h[cW_di eXb_]Wjeho& Xkj _j Ze[i dej f[hcWd[djbo
cW_djW_d W iehj e\ be]_YWb _diWd_jo( M^[ ht]_c[ _i X[Yec_d]
ceh[ Xekh][e_i WdZ XheWZ'c_dZ[Z WdZ _d fhWYj_Y[ _\ dej _d
j^[eho _i j[dZ_d] je h[dekdY[ j^[ kd_l[hiWb_jo e\ FWhn_ij'
E[d_d_ic(
M^[ h[jkhd je dehcWb b_\[& j^[ mWd_d] e\ _Z[ebe]_YWb
WhZekh& mWi XekdZ je Yec[ ieed[h eh bWj[h( M^[ K[lebkj_ed
cWo X[ f[hcWd[dj& Xkj j^[ h[lebkj_edWho if_h_j [lWfehWj[i(
M^[ j^_hZ ][d[hWj_ed e\ b[WZ[hi& _\ dej j^[ i[YedZ& cWo ^[[Z
j^[ b[iied e\ <_d[Wi WdZ h[dekdY[ _cfeii_Xb[ Yedgk[iji( Aem&
_d j^[ bed] hkd& YekbZ j^[ ijWX_b_jo e\ W Xkh[WkYhWj_Y Z[ifej'
_ic X[ YecX_d[Z m_j^ j^[ fhei[boj_ic e\ W Yedgk[h_d] i[Yj9
M^[ h[lebkj_edWho _Z[Wb& eh_[djWj[Z jemWhZi j^[ \kjkh[& b_l[i
ed _bbki_edi5 Xkj j^[ cW_d Y^WhWYj[h_ij_Yi e\ j^[ [n_ij_d]
Lel_[j ehZ[h YWddej [Wi_bo X[ _]deh[Z(
M^[ LjWb_d_ij ht]_c[ el[hYWc[ j^[ YedjhWZ_Yj_ed X[jm[[d
j^[ `kij_\_YWj_ed e\ fh[i[dj Wkj^eh_jo WdZ j^[ [nf[YjWj_ed e\ W
f[h\[Yj \kjkh[ Xo i_ckbjWd[ekibo h[iehj_d] je j[hheh WdZ _Z[e'
be]o& Xo [nWbj_d] j^[ fh[i[dj dej \eh _ji emd iWa[ Xkj Wi W
ijW][ ed j^[ heWZ je j^[ YbWiib[ii ieY_[jo( F[Wdm^_b[& j^[
h[ikbji e\ _dZkijh_Wb_iWj_ed& j^[ Yedieb_ZWj_ed e\ j^[ d[m
hkb_d] YbWii& j^[ ]hWZkWb [Yb_fi[ e\ j^[ fhec[j^[Wd WYj m^_Y^
eh_]_dWj[Z j^[ ikf[h^kcWd [dj[hfh_i[~Wbb j^_i ^Wi Yedif_h[Z
je kdZ[hc_d[ W \W_j^ m^_Y^ Z_iiebl[i _dje ef_d_edi Wi ieed Wi
_j Y[Wi[i je X[ Wd_cWj[Z Xo \WdWj_Y_ic( LkY^& _d j^[ bed] hkd&
i[[ci je c[ je X[ j^[ ceij b_a[bo fheif[Yj( Bj mekbZ X[ mhed]
je YedYbkZ[ \hec j^_i j^Wj j^[ d_]^jcWh[ m_bb lWd_i^& j^Wj j^[
_cfh_dj e\ FWhn_ij'E[d_d_ij jhW_d_d] m_bb iec[^em \WZ[
WdZ j^[ kd_jo e\ j^[ Xekh][e_i WdZ <ecckd_ij Y_l_b_iWj_edi
X[ c_hWYkbekibo h['[ijWXb_i^[Z( ;[jm[[d X[b_[\ WdZ Z_iX[b_[\&
X[jm[[d jejWb WZ^[h[dY[ je j^[ LjWb_d_ij iY^ebWij_Y_ic WdZ YWj['
]eh_YWb h[`[Yj_ed e\ j^[ c[djWb kd_l[hi[ e\ j^[ IWhjo& j^[h[ _i
heec \eh cWdo _dj[hc[Z_Wj[ ijW][i( =ekXji WXekj Z[jW_bi e\
_dj[hfh[jWj_ed Ze dej d[Y[iiWh_bo W\\[Yj j^[ ieb_Z_jo e\ j^[
m^eb[( M^[ cW_d <edY[fji e\ j^[ ZeYjh_d[ Wh[ fh[i[hl[Z& WdZ
j^[ c_b_jWdji Yedj_dk[ je h[Wied _d j[hci e\ h[bWj_edi e\ fhe'
ZkYj_ed& ieY_Wb YbWii[i& \[kZWb_ic& YWf_jWb_ic WdZ _cf[h_Wb_ic(
I[h^Wfi j^[ <ecckd_ij mWo e\ j^ek]^j WdZ WYj_ed ikhl_l[i
!" MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
j^t beii e\ j^[ \W_j^ bed][h j^Wd j^[ YedY[fjkWb WffWhWjki(
BdjhWdi_][dY[ jkhd[Z W]W_dij j^[ YechWZ[i e\ o[ij[hZWo5 j^[
j[dZ[dYo je \ebbem je j^[ X_jj[h [dZ j^[ be]_Y eh j^[ Wbb[][Z
be]_Y e\ j^[ ijhk]]b[& je i[[ j^[ mehbZ _d XbWYa WdZ m^_j[5
h[bkYjWdY[ je WZc_j j^[ \hW]c[djWj_ed e\ fheXb[ci& j^[ ded'
kd_jo e\ j^[ fbWd[j WdZ j^[ fbkhWb_jo e\ ZeYjh_d[i5 j^[i[ ^Wd]'
el[hi \hec j^[ jhW_d_d] ^[ ^Wi h[Y[_l[Z e\j[d Y^WhWYj[h_i[ j^[
[n'<ecckd_ij& j^[ kd\heYa[Z fh_[ij e\ W c_b_jWdj i[Yj(
IheXWXbo j^[ _dj[bb[YjkWb ^Wi ceh[ Z_\\_Ykbjo j^Wd j^[ Yec'
ced cWd _d \h[[_d] ^_ci[b\ \hec j^_i _Z[ebe]o m^_Y^& b_a[
j^[ LjWj[ m^_Y^ Z[h_l[i \hec _j& _i ^_i [if[Y_Wb ^WdZ_meha(
M^[ Lel_[j ]el[hdc[dj hkb[i _d j^[ dWc[ e\ W ZeYjh_d[
[bWXehWj[Z Xo Wd _dj[bb[YjkWb m^ei[ b_\[ mWi if[dj _d b_XhWh_[i
WdZ _dj[hfh[j[Z \eh j^[ fWij Y[djkho Xo Yekdjb[ii ej^[h _d'
j[bb[YjkWbi( NdZ[h W <ecckd_ij ht]_c[ j^[ _dj[bb[YjkWbi&
ief^_iji hWj^[h j^Wd f^_beief^[hi& hkb[ j^[ heeij( M^[ [nWc_d'
_d] cW]_ijhWj[i m^e kdcWia Z[l_Wj_edi& j^[ mh_j[hi Ye[hY[Z
_dje ieY_Wb_ij h[Wb_ic& j^[ [d]_d[[hi WdZ cWdW][hi m^e Wh[
ikffei[Z je [n[Ykj[ j^[ fbWdi WdZ je _dj[hfh[j j^[ WcX_]keki
ehZ[hi e\ j^[ Y[djhWb Wkj^eh_jo~Wbb ckij X[ Z_Wb[Yj_Y_Wdi( M^[
L[Yh[jWho'@[d[hWb e\ j^[ IWhjo& cWij[h WdZ WhX_j[h el[h j^[
b_l[i e\ c_bb_edi e\ c[d( _i Wbie Wd _dj[bb[YjkWb4 Wj j^[ [dZ e\
W jh_kcf^Wb YWh[[h ^[ e\\[hi je j^[ \W_j^\kb W j^[eho e\ YWf_jWb'
_ic WdZ ieY_Wb_ic~Wi j^ek]^ W Xeea h[fh[i[dj[Z j^[ ^_]^[ij
WYYecfb_i^c[dj( M^[ [cf[hehi e\ ebZ m[h[ e\j[d fe[ji eh
j^_da[hi5 \eh j^[ \_hij j_c[ j^[ [cf[heh WYjkWbbo h[_]di SWC
Z_Wb[Yj_Y_Wd& _dj[hfh[j[h e\ j^[ ZeYjh_d[ WdZ e\ ^_ijeho(
<Wf_jWb_iji& XWda[hi& Wh_ijeYhWji~Wbb j^ei[ m^e& _d W fWhb_W'
c[djWho Z[ceYhWYo& XWh j^[ _dj[bb[YjkWbiÉ heWZ je fem[h~^Wl[
Z_iWff[Wh[Z( Bd j^[ [_]^j[[dj^ Y[djkho& j^[ _dj[bb[YjkWbi
Z[dekdY[Z j^[ YedY[djhWj_ed e\ [dehceki h_Y^[i _d j^[ _dij_'
jkj_edi e\ j^[ <^khY^& Xkj j^[o WYY[fj[Z m_j^ekj iYhkfb[ j^[
fhej[Yj_ed e\ j^[ h_Y^ c[hY^Wdji eh HGTOKGTU$I^P^TCWZ% M^[o
WjjWYa[Z _d[gkWb_j_[i e\ f[hiedWb ijWjki WdZ fb[WZ[Z j^[ YWki[
e\ j^[ h_i_d] Xekh][e_i_[( ;[\eh[ j^[ ?h[dY^ K[lebkj_ed& j^[
b[\j'm_d] _dj[bb[YjkWb Z_Z dej h[i[dj Yecc[hY[ eh Yecf[j_j_ed
eh m[bb'[Whd[Z \ehjkd[i& Xkj m[Wbj^ j^Wj mWi [_j^[h _d^[h_j[Z
eh i[gk[ij[h[Z& WdZ Z_iYh_c_dWj_edi e\ X_hj^( Bd [l[ho f[h_eZ&
^[ ^Wi i[j ^_ci[b\ kf Wi j^[ WZl[hiWho e\ j^[ fem[h\kb& \_hij
j^[ <^khY^& j^[d j^[ deX_b_jo& WdZ \_dWbbo j^[ Xekh][e_i_[(
 MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,3+
Gem& ^em[l[h& _d j^[ YWi[ e\ j^[ Xkh[WkYhWj_Y Z_Wb[Yj_Y_Wdi&
^[ i[[ci je ^Wl[ WYgk_h[Z W ikZZ[d jeb[hWdY[& Wi j^ek]^ ^[
iWm _d j^[c ^_i emd b_a[d[ii(
M^[ <ecckd_ij LjWj[ d[[Zi cWdW][hi je Z_h[Yj \WYjeh_[i&
WdZ mh_j[hi& fhe\[iiehi WdZ fioY^ebe]_iji je ifh[WZ j^[
ZeYjh_d[( ;ej^ j^[ [d]_d[[hi Wj ]h_fi m_j^ Xhkj[ cWjj[h WdZ
j^[ [d]_d[[hi _d Y^Wh][ e\ iekbi [d`eo ikXijWdj_Wb WZlWdjW][i4
fh[ij_][ WdZ ]bWcekh& W ^_]^ ijWdZWhZ e\ b_l_d]& j^[ i[di[ e\
fWhj_Y_fWj_d] _d W ij_hh_d] WY^_[l[c[dj( M^[o Wh[ dej ie _d'
][dkeki Wi je X[ jWa[d _d Xo fhefW]WdZW \eh j^[ cWii[i& Xkj
j^[o Wh[ jee a[[d ed j^[_h fh_l_b[][i je h[\ki[ je `kij_\o j^[
ht]_c[ WdZ j^[_h emd ZeY_b_jo jemWhZi _j( M^ki j^[o YecX_d[
X[b_[\ m_j^ iY[fj_Y_ic& l[hXWb Wbb[]_WdY[ m_j^ c[djWb h[i[hlW'
j_edi5 j^[o Wh[ _dYWfWXb[ [_j^[h e\ m^eb[^[Whj[Zbo WYY[fj_d]
Wd _hhWj_edWb Ze]cWj_ic eh e\ i^Wa_d] e\\ j^[ if[bb e\ Wd
[bki_l[ ehj^eZeno(
<Wd j^[o dej& _d j^[ \_dWb h[iehj& _dlea[ j^[ [nWcfb[ e\ j^[
jhWdiY[dZ[djWb h[b_]_edi9 <^h_ij_Wd_jo Xhek]^j _ji c[iiW][ je
j^[ ibWl[i Wi m[bb Wi je j^[ a_d]i5 _j jWk]^j j^Wj c[d m[h[
[gkWb _d j^[ [o[i e\ @eZ _d if_j[ e\ ieY_Wb ^_[hWhY^_[i( M^[
<^khY^ d[l[hj^[b[ii b[]_j_c_i[Z j^[ FG HCEVQ Wkj^eh_jo WdZ
WiikW][Z j^[ YediY_[dY[ e\ j^[ fem[h\kb( :dZ j^[h[ m[h[
j_c[i m^[d _j Wif_h[Z je h[_]d ed j^_i [Whj^( Aem YekbZ j^[
fhe]h[ii_l[ _dj[bb[YjkWbi h[\ki[ je e\\[h j^[_h jWb[dji je W LjWj[
m^_Y^ fheYbW_ci j^[ jhk[ ZeYjh_d[& je j^[ Xk_bZ_d] kf e\ W
ieY_[jo m^_Y^ Yed\ehci m_j^ j^[ ^ef[i e\ h[lebkj_edWho
hWj_edWb_ic WdZ m^_Y^ _i ][d[heki je [nf[hji WdZ c[d e\
b[jj[hi`RTQXKFKPI VJG[ QDG[9


 !
FWhn YWbb[Z h[b_]_ed j^[ ef_kc e\ j^[ f[efb[( P^[j^[h _j
mWdji je eh dej& j^[ <^khY^ Yedieb_ZWj[i j^[ [ijWXb_i^[Z _d'
`kij_Y[( Bj ^[bfi c[d je ikffehj WdZ je \eh][j j^[_h _bbi _dij[WZ
e\ Ykh_d] j^[c( HXi[ii[Z Xo j^[ ^[h[W\j[h& j^[ X[b_[l[h _i _d'
Z_\\[h[dj je j[cfehWb j^_d]i(
FWhn_ij _Z[ebe]o& Wi ieed Wi W LjWj[ ^Wi Xk_bj _j kf _dje Wd
ehj^eZeno& bWoi _ji[b\ ef[d je j^[ iWc[ Yh_j_Y_ic4 _j Wbie
j[WY^[i j^[ cWii[i eX[Z_[dY[ WdZ Yed\_hci j^[ Wkj^eh_jo e\
j^[ hkb[hi( Feh[el[h& <^h_ij_Wd_jo ^Wi d[l[h ]_l[d j^[ hkb[hi
W Yecfb[j[bo \h[[ ^WdZ( >l[d j^[ eh_[djWb <^khY^[i h[i[hl[Z
,3, MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
j^[ h_]^j je YedZ[cd Wd kdmehj^o iel[h[_]d5 j^[ MiWh&
j^ek]^ j_jkbWh ^[WZ e\ j^[ <^khY^& Z_Z dej Yedjheb j^[ Ze]cW(
M^[ L[Yh[jWho'@[d[hWb e\ j^[ <ecckd_ij IWhjo h[jW_di \eh
^_ci[b\ j^[ b_X[hjo& m^[d[l[h Y_hYkcijWdY[i h[gk_h[ _j& je h['
mh_j[ j^[ ^_ijeho e\ j^[ <ecckd_ij IWhjo m^_Y^ Yedij_jkj[i
j^[ [ii[dY[ e\ j^[ LjWb_d_ij Ze]cW( M^[ YedY[fj e\ j^[ YbWii'
b[ii ieY_[jo _i [cfj_[Z e\ c[Wd_d] Wi j^[ ht]_c[ Xehd e\ j^[
K[lebkj_ed X[Yec[i ijWX_b_i[Z _dje Wd ebZ'\Wi^_ed[Z Xkh[Wk'
YhWj_Y Z[ifej_ic( Ckij_\_YWj_ed Xo c[Wdi e\ j^[ ^_ijeh_YWb ^[h['
W\j[h Z[Yb_d[i& m_j^ j^[ \Wceki jh_Wbi& _dje W b_d]k_ij_Y
Yec[Zo4 j^[ Çej^[h mehbZÉ _i dej ie ckY^ j^[ \kjkh[ Wi j^[
fh[i[dj h[Wb_jo jhWdi\_]kh[Z Xo j^[ mehZi m^_Y^ Wh[ ki[Z je
Z[\_d[ _j%
Bj m_bb X[ iW_Z j^Wj j^[ <ecckd_ij h[b_]_ed _d ekh j_c[ ^Wi
W gk_j[ Z_\\[h[dj c[Wd_d] \hec j^[ <^h_ij_Wd h[b_]_ed( M^[
<^h_ij_Wd ef_kc cWa[i j^[ f[efb[ fWii_l[& j^[ <ecckd_ij
ef_kc _dY_j[i j^[c je h[lebj( NdZekXj[Zbo& j^[ FWhn_ij'
E[d_d_ij _Z[ebe]o ^Wi Yedjh_Xkj[Z je j^[ jhW_d_d] _\ dej j^[
h[Yhk_jc[dj e\ h[lebkj_edWh_[i( E[d_d WdZ ^_i YechWZ[i
eX[o[Z dej ie ckY^ W ZeYjh_d[ Wi W feb_j_YWb _dij_dYj& W jWij[
\eh WYj_ed WdZ j^[ m_bb je fem[h( M^[ FWhn_ij fhef^[j_ic
d[l[hj^[b[ii eh_[djWj[Z j^[_h b_l[i WdZ Wheki[Z Wd _d\_d_j[
^ef[( P^Wj Z_Z c_bb_edi e\ Yehfi[i cWjj[h X[i_Z[ j^[ YbWiib[ii
ieY_[jo6
>l[d dem j^Wj _j ^Wi X[[d ^WhZ[d[Z WdZ ij[h_b_i[Z Xo
Ze]cWj_ic& j^[ FWhn_ij _Z[ebe]o Yedj_dk[i je [n[hY_i[ W
h[lebkj_edWho \kdYj_ed _d j^[ d[mbo'WmWa[d[Z Yekdjh_[i e\
:i_W WdZ :\h_YW( Bj [dYekhW][i j^[ ceX_b_iWj_ed e\ j^[ cWii[i&
_j Y[c[dji j^[ kd_jo e\ j^[ _dj[bb[YjkWbi& X[m_bZ[h[Z Xo j^[
Z_if[hi_ed e\ j^[ h[b_]_eki i[Yji( :i Wd _dijhkc[dj e\ WYj_ed
_j h[cW_di [\\[Yj_l[( >bi[m^[h[& _d ?hWdY[ \eh [nWcfb[& _j _i
gk_j[ ej^[hm_i[( M^[h[& j^[ Ykbj e\ j^[ K[lebkj_ed WdZ j^[
fWj^[j_Y Wfeijhef^_i_d]i e\ ^_ijeho h[fh[i[dj W iehj e\
[iYWf_ic( M^[ o[Whd_d] \eh j^[ :feYWbofi[ Ze[i dej _dif_h[
_cfWj_[dY[ \eh h[\ehc Xkj h[i_]d[Z WYY[fjWdY[ e\ fh[i[dj
h[Wb_jo YecX_d[Z m_j^ l[hXWb h[\kiWb& m^_Y^ _i j^[ fe_dj e\
^edekh e\ j^_i ie'YWbb[Z ded Yed\ehc_ic(
M^_i _i dej je Z[do j^Wj [l[d _d ?hWdY[ c_bb_edi e\ c[d
WhY mW_j_d] \eh Wd [l[dj& j[hh_Xb[ Wi W Yeic_Y YWjWijhef^[&
_djen_YWj_d] Wi W YWhd_lWb& m^_Y^ m_bb Wbj[h j^[_h m^eb[ Z[ij_do(
 MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL BG L>:K<A H? : K>EB@BHG ,3-
M^[ Wh]kc[dj m^_Y^ _cfh[ii[i ie cWdo fhe]h[ii_l[
<^h_ij_Wdi~^em je _cXk[ j^[ b_l[i e\ j^[ feeh WdZ j^[ kd'
\ehjkdWj[ m_j^ c[Wd_d] WdZ ^ef[~^WZ de \ehY[ \eh W c_dZ
b_a[ j^Wj e\ L_ced[ P[_b& m^e YekbZ dej YedY[_l[ j^Wj \W_j^
YekbZ _dlebl[ j^[ iWYh_\_Y[ e\ jhkj^( Hd[ h[if[Yji j^[ X[b_[l[hi&
Xkj ed[ ckij YecXWj [hheh(
M^[ LjWb_d_ij h[b_]_ed ceX_b_i[i j^[ cWii[i m_j^ W l_[m je
j^[ i[_pkh[ e\ fem[h WdZ hWf_Z _dZkijh_Wb_iWj_ed5 _j iWdYj_\_[i
j^[ Z_iY_fb_d[ e\ j^[ \_]^j[hi WdZ j^[ Xk_bZ[hi5 _j WZ`ekhdi
kdj_b W\j[h j^[ K[lebkj_ed& WdZ j^[d _dje W \kjkh[ m^_Y^
h[Y[Z[i \khj^[h WdZ \khj^[h Wi ed[ WZlWdY[i jemWhZi _j& j^[
cec[dj m^[d j^[ f[efb[ m_bb ]Wj^[h j^[ \hk_ji e\ j^[_h bed]
fWj_[dY[(
M^[ <ecckd_ij ht]_c[ m^_Y^ ^Wi fkj Wd [dZ je W Y[djkho
e\ jhekXb[i _d <^_dW _i Y[hjW_dbo ceh[ [\\[Yj_l[& WdZ f[h^Wfi
ceh[ YedY[hd[Z m_j^ j^[ bej e\ ehZ_dWho c[d& j^Wd j^[
ht]_c[i m^_Y^ fh[Y[Z[Z _j( Bj _i ki[b[ii je h[]h[j j^Wj j^[i[
h[\ehci m[h[ dej Xhek]^j WXekj Wj icWbb[h Yeij& m_j^ekj j^[
h[]_c[djWj_ed e\ j^[ [dj_h[ f[efb[ WdZ j^[ cWii_l[ b_gk_ZW'
j_edi( R[j& [l[d ie& ed[ YWddej Xkj X[ ^eij_b[ je j^[ i[YkbWh
h[b_]_ed(
A[ m^e Ze[i dej X[b_[l[ _d @eZ _i dej d[Y[iiWh_bo ^eij_b[
je j^[ h[b_]_edi e\ h[Z[cfj_ed m^_Y^ fheYbW_c [j[hdWb jhkj^i4
j^Wj cWdÉi ieY_Wb Z[ij_do _i dej j^[ X['Wbb WdZ j^[ [dZ'Wbb e\
^_i [n_ij[dY[5 j^Wj j^[ ^_[hWhY^o e\ m[Wbj^ WdZ Wkj^eh_jo Ze[i
dej h[\b[Yj j^[ ^_[hWhY^o e\ lWbk[i5 j^Wj mehbZbo \W_bkh[ _i
iec[j_c[i j^[ heWZ je ^_]^[h ikYY[ii5 WdZ j^Wj c[d Wh[ kd_j[Z
Xo W coij[h_eki \hWj[hd_jo _d if_j[ e\ j^[ \h[['\eh'Wbb ijhk]]b[(
A[ m^e Ze[i dej X[b_[l[ _d j^[ FWhn_ij fhef^[j_ic ckij
Z[dekdY[ j^[ i[YkbWh h[b_]_ed& [l[d _\& ^[h[ WdZ j^[h[& _j fhe'
ZkY[i Z[i_hWXb[ Y^Wd][i( Bj _i W ikf[hij_j_ed m^_Y^ [dYekhW][i
jkhd Xo jkhd l_eb[dY[ WdZ fWii_l_jo& Z[lej_ed Wbie WdZ ^[he'
_ic& Xkj \_dWbbo iY[fj_Y_ic& c_n[Z m_j^ \WdWj_Y_ic& mWh
W]W_dij j^[ kdX[b_[l[hi [l[d j^ek]^ j^[ \W_j^ ^Wi ]hWZkWbbo
[cfj_[Z _ji[b\ e\ _ji ikXijWdY[( Bj m_bb fh[l[dj ^kcWd \h_[dZ'
i^_f WdZ Xhej^[h^eeZ& ed j^_i i_Z[ e\ feb_j_Yi eh X[oedZ _j&
kdj_b j^[ ZWo m^[d& h[dZ[h[Z ej_ei[ Xo j^[ GODQWTIGQKUGOGPV
e\ j^[ Xeii[i WdZ j^[ h[bWj_l[ Yedj[djc[dj e\ j^[ cWii[i& _j m_bb
Z[Yb_d[ _dje W ^kcZhkc& YeccedfbWY[ _Z[ebe]o WdZ m_bb de
bed][h [lea[ [_j^[h ^ef[ eh ^ehheh(
,3. MA> HIBNF H? MA> BGM>EE><MN:EL
Bj mekbZ X[ mhed] je eX`[Yj j^Wj _d ekh W][ h[b_]_ed ckij
be]_YWbbo X[ i[YkbWh i_dY[& WYYehZ_d] je j^[ Zec_dWdj f^_be'
ief^o& j^[ Z[ij_do e\ cWda_dZ ]e[i de \khj^[h j^Wd j^[
hWj_edWb eh]Wd_iWj_ed e\ j^[ fbWd[j( :j^[_ic& ^em[l[h ikh[ e\
_ji[b\& d[_j^[h _cfb_[i dej `kij_\_[i _Z[ebe]_YWb Ze]cWj_ic( M^[
i[fWhWj_ed e\ <^khY^ WdZ LjWj[& m^_Y^ _i j^[ eh_]_d e\ j^[
f[Ykb_Wh ]h[Wjd[ii e\ j^[ P[ij& Ze[i dej Z[cWdZ W kdWd_ceki
\W_j^ _d j^[ ZekXb[ dWjkh[ e\ cWd( Bj Ze[i dej [l[d Z[cWdZ
j^Wj W cW`eh_jo e\ j^[ Y_j_p[di i^ekbZ Yedj_dk[ je X[b_[l[
_d j^[ K[l[bWj_ed( Bj ikhl_l[i& _d j^[ Y[djkho e\ kdX[b_[\& fhe'
l_Z[Z j^Wj j^[ LjWj[ _ji[b\ Ze[i dej fhe\[ii je X[ j^[ [cXeZ_'
c[dj e\ Wd _Z[W eh j^[ ieb[ m_jd[ii je j^[ jhkj^(
I[h^Wfi W fhef^[j_ic _i j^[ ^[Whj WdZ iekb e\ Wbb WYj_ed( Bj
Y^Wbb[d][i j^[ mehbZ WdZ W\\_hci j^[ Z_]d_jo e\ j^[ ^kcWd
c_dZ _d Z[\_WdY[ eh Wif_hWj_ed( ;kj m^[d hkb[hi& fhekZ e\ W
ikYY[ii\kb h[lebkj_ed& i[_p[ kfed W fhef^[j_ic _d ehZ[h je
[ijWXb_i^ j^[_h fem[h WdZ Yed\ekdZ j^[_h [d[c_[i& j^[ i[YkbWh
h[b_]_ed _i Xehd& YedZ[cd[Z \hec j^[ ijWhj je X[Yec[ f[jh_'
\_[Z _dje Wd ehj^eZeno eh je Z_iiebl[ _dje _dZ_\\[h[dY[( M^[
c[d e\ j^[ P[ij ^Wl[ h[cW_d[Z jee <^h_ij_Wd je Z[_\o j^[
j[cfehWb Y_jo( Aem YWd j^[ fkdZ_ji e\ j^[ Lel_[j bWm cW_d'
jW_d j^[ h[lebkj_edWho \[hlekh9 B\ j^[ h[Wb_jo iWj_i\_[i j^[
b_l_d]& j^[ j_c[ e\ _dZ_]dWj_ed WdZ \[hc[dj _i el[h( B\ _j
Z_iWffe_dji j^[c& ^em m_bb _j X[ WYademb[Z][Z Wi j^[ heWZ
jemWhZi j^[ c_bb[dd_kc9
M^[ i[YkbWh h[b_]_ed m_bb fheXWXbo h[i_ij \eh iec[ j_c[ j^[
YedjhWZ_Yj_ed m^_Y^ ^Wkdji _j( ;kj _d j^[ P[ij _j h[fh[i[dji
de ceh[ j^Wd Wd _d[l_jWXb[ ij[f jemWhZi j^[ [dZ e\ Aef[(