1.

AM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

AIM: To simulate am modulation with different modulation index using MATLAB
SOFTWARE

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. MATLAB SOFTWARE
2. PC

PROGRAM:
fc=50000;
fs=1000000;
f=1000;
m=0.5;
a=1/m;
opt=-a;
t=0:1/fs:((2/f)-(1/fs));
x=cos(2*pi*f*t);
y=modulate(x,fc,fs,'amdsb-tc',opt);
subplot(221);plot(x);grid;title('modulating signal');
subplot(222);plot(y);grid;title('am signal with m=0.5'); % am with m=0.5
m=1.0;opt=-1/m;y=modulate(x,fc,fs,'amdsb-tc',opt);%am with m=1.0
subplot(223);plot(y);grid;title('am with m=1.0');
m=1.2;opt=-1/m;y=modulate(x,fc,fs,'amdsb-tc',opt);%am with m=1.2
subplot(224);plot(y);grid;title('am with m=1.2');
z=demod(y,fc,fs,'amdsb-tc');figure(2);plot(z);
title('demodulated output');grid;
 modulating signal am signal with m=0.5
1 4

0.5 2

0 0

-0.5 -2

-1 -4
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000

am with m=1.0 am with m=1.2

2 2

1 1

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000

demodulated output
2

1.5

0.5

-0.5
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
 Result : The AM modulation and demodulation is executed using MATLAB
software.
 2. DSBSC MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To simulate dsbsc modulation and demodulation using MATLAB SOFTWARE.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. MATLAB SOFTWARE
2. PC

PROGRAM:
fc=50000;
fs=1000000;
f=1000;
m=0.5;
a=1/m;
opt=-a;
t=0:1/fs:((2/f)-(1/fs));
x=cos(2*pi*f*t);
s=cos(2*pi*fc*t);%carrier signal
y=modulate(x,fc,fs,'amdsb-sc',opt);
subplot(411);plot(x);grid;title('modulating signal');
subplot(412);plot(s);grid;title('carrier signal');
subplot(413);plot(y);grid;title('DSB-SC signal');
z=demod(y,fc,fs,'amdsb-sc');subplot(414);plot(z);
title('demodulated output');grid;
 Result : The DSB-SC modulation and demodulation is executed using MATLAB
software.
 modulating signal
1

-1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
carrier signal
1

-1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
DSB-SC signal
1

-1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
demodulated output
1

-1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
 3. FM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To simulate FM modulation and demodulation using MATLAB SOFTWARE.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. MATLAB SOFTWARE
2. PC

PROGRAM:
%FM generation
close all;
fc=input('Enter the carrier signal freq in hz,fc=');
fm=input('Enter the modulating signal freq in hz,fm =');
m=input('Modulation index,m= ');
t=0:0.0001:0.1;
c=sin(2*pi*fc*t);%carrier signal
M=sin(2*pi*fm*t);% modulating signal
subplot(3,1,1);plot(t,c);
ylabel('amplitude');xlabel('time index');title('Carrier signal');
subplot(3,1,2);plot(t,M);
ylabel('amplitude');xlabel('time index');title('Modulating signal');
y=cos(2*pi*fc*t+(m.*sin(2*pi*fm*t)));
subplot(3,1,3);plot(t,y);
ylabel('amplitude');xlabel('time index');
title('Frequency Modulated signal');
Result : The FM modulation and demodulation is executed using MATLAB software.
 Carrier signal
1
amplitude

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time index
Modulating signal
1
amplitude

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time index
Frequency Modulated signal
1
amplitude

-1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
time index
 4. SSB MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To simulate SSB modulation and demodulation using MATLAB SOFTWARE.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. MATLAB SOFTWARE
2. PC

PROGRAM:
plot_frequency = 1000;
t = 0:1/plot_frequency:10;
% Choose a maximum frequency for our signal in Hertz
f_max = 10;
% Use a sinusoidal signal
A = 1;phi = 0;v = cos(2*pi*f_max*t);
% Choose a modulation sensitivity
k_am = 1;
% Choose a carrier frequency in Hertz
f_c = 100;
% Perform SSBSC modulation
u = k_am*v.*cos(2*pi*f_c*t) - k_am*imag(hilbert(v)).*sin(2*pi*f_c*t);
% Choose a noise power
N_0 = 0;
% Add some noise to our signal
u_received = u + sqrt(N_0)*randn(size(u));
% Perform coherent demodulation
u_mixed = u_received.*cos(2*pi*f_c*t);
% Choose a cutoff frequency in Hertz
f_cutoff = f_c/2;
% Low pass filter the signal
v_reconstructed = func_low_pass_filter(t, u_mixed, f_cutoff);
% Plot the results
figure(1)
subplot(2,2,1,'box','on');
holdon
plot(t(1:1000),v(1:1000));
xlabel('t [s]');ylabel('amplitude');title('Message signal');
subplot(2,2,2,'box','on','YLim',[-
ceil(max(abs(u(1:1000)))),ceil(max(abs(u(1:1000))))]);
holdon
plot(t(1:1000),u(1:1000));
xlabel('t [s]');ylabel('amplitude');title('SSBSC signal');
subplot(2,2,3,'box','on','YLim',[-
ceil(max(abs(u(1:1000)))),ceil(max(abs(u(1:1000))))]);
holdon
plot(t(1:1000),u_mixed(1:1000));
xlabel('t [s]');ylabel('amplitude');title('Mixed signal');
subplot(2,2,4,'box','on');
holdon
plot(t(1:1000),v_reconstructed(1:1000));
xlabel('t [s]');ylabel('amplitude');title('Reconstructed message signal');
figure(2)
subplot(2,2,1,'box','on');
pwelch(v,[],[],[],plot_frequency);
title('Message signal');
subplot(2,2,2,'box','on');
pwelch(u,[],[],[],plot_frequency);
title('SSBSC signal');
subplot(2,2,3,'box','on');
pwelch(u_mixed,[],[],[],plot_frequency);title('Mixed signal');
subplot(2,2,4,'box','on');
pwelch(v_reconstructed,[],[],[],plot_frequency);
title('Reconstructed message signal');figure(1)
Result : The SSB-SC modulation and demodulation is executed using MATLAB
software.
 Message signal SSBSC signal
1 2

0.5 1
amplitude

amplitude
0 0

-0.5 -1

-1 -2
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
t [s] t [s]
Mixed signal Reconstructed message signal
2 0.5

1
amplitude

amplitude

0 0

-1

-2 -0.5
0 0.5 1 0 0.5 1
t [s] t [s]
 Message signal SSBSC signal
0 0
Power/frequency (dB/Hz)

Power/frequency (dB/Hz)
-50 -50

-100 -100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Frequency (kHz) Frequency (kHz)
Mixed signal Reconstructed message signal
0 0
Power/frequency (dB/Hz)

Power/frequency (dB/Hz)

-50 -50

-100 -100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Frequency (kHz) Frequency (kHz)
 5. PWM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To simulate PWM modulation and Demodulation using MATLAB SOFTWARE.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. MATLAB SOFTWARE
2. PC

PROGRAM:
%PWM wave generation
t=0:0.001:1;
s=sawtooth(2*pi*10*t+pi);
m=0.75*sin(2*pi*1*t);
n=length(s);
for i=1:n
if (m(i)>=s(i))
pwm(i)=1;
elseif (m(i)<=s(i))
pwm(i)=0;
end
end
plot(t,pwm,'-r',t,m,'--k',t,s,'--b');grid;
title('PWM wave');axis([0 1 -1.5 1.5]);
Result : The PWM modulation and demodulation is executed using MATLAB software.
 PWM wave
1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
 6. ANALOG SIGNAL SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION
AIM: To simulate analog signal sampling and reconstruction using MATLAB
SOFTWARE.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. MATLAB SOFTWARE
2. PC

PROGRAM:
%creating "analog" signal
clear; %clears all variables
t=0:.1:20;F1=.1;F2=.2;
x=sin(2*pi*F1*t)+sin(2*pi*F2*t);
%plotting
figure(1);subplot(2,1,1);plot(t,x);
title('Original signal')
xlabel('t');ylabel('x(t)');subplot(2,1,2);
x_samples=x(1:10:201); %gets 21 samples of x.
stem(x_samples,'filled');
title('Sampled signal');xlabel('n');ylabel('x_s(n)');
axis([0 20 -2 2]);
%starting reconstruction process
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,2);plot(t,x,'black');
holdon;
plot([0 20],[0 0],'black');
holdoff;
xlabel('t');ylabel('x(t)');title('Original signal');
grid;
x_recon=0;subplot(2,1,1);
for k=0:length(x_samples)-1
stem(0:length(x_samples)-1,x_samples,'filled');
if k==length(x_samples)-1
title('Reconstruction finished');
else
title('Sample by sample reconstruction');
end
gridon;
l=k:-.1:-20+k;
x_recon=x_recon+x_samples(k+1)*sinc(l);
axis([0 20 -2 2]);
hold;
plot(t,x_samples(k+1)*sinc(l),'r')
plot(t,x_recon);
holdoff;
waitforbuttonpress;
end
Result : The Analog signal sampling and reconstruction is executed using MATLAB software.
 Original signal
2

1
x(t)

-1

-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
t
Sample by sample reconstruction
2

-1

-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Reconstruction finished
2

-1

-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Original signal
2

1
x(t)

-1

-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
t
 7. PPM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
AIM: To simulate PPM modulation and demodulation using MATLAB SOFTWARE.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. MATLAB SOFTWARE
2. PC

PROGRAM:
fc=50;
fs=1000;
f1=200;f2=300;
t=0:1/fs:((2/f1)-(1/fs));
x1=0.4*cos(2*pi*f1*t)+0.5;
subplot(311);plot(x1);title('message signal');GRID;
subplot(312);y=modulate(x1,fc,fs,'ppm');plot(y);
title('PPM MODULATION');
GRID;
z=demod(y,fc,fs,'ppm');
subplot(313);plot(z);title('demodulated o/p');grid;
Result : The Pulse Position modulation and demodulation is executed using MATLAB
software.
 message signal
1

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PPM MODULATION
1

0.5

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
demodulated o/p
1

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10