literature
).
1. Cited from:
http://www.cleantechindia.com/eicnew/techoption/energy.html,
Source: India's Development Report, 1997
Press-mud 9Mt/y
Units MW
Potential 1700
Mar.2003 25.8
Country Total
Quantity Electricity Electricity Direct
energy
Available capacity Generation Combustion
production
(Mt) (kW) (TJ) (TJ)
(TJ)
Composting
Energy recovery and
Landfill
Most of the countries in the world utilized the option of landfill for
the disposal of wastes for a long time. The degradable component
of the wastes in the landfill gives rise to the liquid and gaseous
end products such as leachate and biogas (Jaffrin et al., 2003).
The gaseous products of waste decomposition pollute the air and
contribute to global warming. Similarly the liquid end product,
called leachate, also contributes air pollution (by means of
noxious odors) and ground water pollution (by percolation). These
problems are clearly outlined elsewhere (IEA bioenergy update,
2004) converting organic wastes into a useful form of energy or
compost reduces various environmental impacts. The composting
route results in uncontrolled release of CO2 into the atmosphere
without capturing energy of the waste (Yu et al. , 2002). Of the
above three treatment methods, energy recovery seems to be
effective by offering the following advantages:
• Demand for the land, which is already scarce in cities for the
land filling, is reduced.
• Incineration
• Pyrolysis
• Gasification
Sources/technology Biogas
plants
Units Million
Potential 12
2.2.1.1. Hydrolysis
2.2.1.2. Acidogenesis
2.2.1.3 Acetogenesis
Once many complex intermediates and long chain fatty acids are
produced as intermediates, acetogenic bacteria convert long
chain fatty acids to simple organic acids (formic, acetic and
propionic), carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The principal acids
produced are acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. Acetic
acid can even be produced from the CO2 and H2 . Since about two
thirds of the methane formed in a biogas reactor is derived from
acetate (Gujer, 1983), a decrease in the activity of the acetate
utilising methanogens severely affects the anaerobic digestion
process. Sometimes conversion of acetate to hydrogen and
carbon-di-oxide can also takes place, only at low partial pressures
of hydrogen, i.e. in the presence of hydrogen consuming
organisms (Schnurer, 1999). The products formed in this phase
are due to a number of different microbial species, e.g.,
Syntrophobacter wolinii , a propionate decomposer and
Syntrophomonas wolfei , a butyrate decomposer. Complete
conversion of one mole of acetic acid yields 0.78 SCF SI units of
methane (Schwartz, 1973).
2.2.1.4 Methanogenesis
1. Acidogenic fermentation of
glucose:
C6H12O6 CH3(CH2)2 COOH +
2CO2 + 2H2
C6H12O6+ 2H2O
2CH3COOH + 4H2 + 2CO2
2. Acetogenic oxidation reaction:
CH3(CH2)2COOH + 2H2O
CH3COOH + CO2 + 3H2
CH3CH2COOH + 2H2O
CH3COOH + CO2 + 3H2
3. Methanogenic reactions:
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2
2.3.1 Temperature
Fernandez, (2001) reported that the ISR variation has less impact
on anaerobic degradability than on specific methane productivity
(SMP). While maximum anaerobic degradability was reached in
those tests with high ISR, the greatest values of SMP were with
the lowest values of ISR ratio. A low ISR caused a slow
hydrolysis, although the methane production was fast. Lopes et
al.,( 2004) affirmed that the inoculum used in the process,
substantially improved the performance of the process. For this
study, Lopes used bovine rumen fluid as an inoculum for the
organic fraction of solid waste. Results clearly indicated that the
better performance of the inoculated reactors might be related to
the potential increase in number of indigenous anaerobic
microorganisms of rumen that contributed substantially to
degradation of the organic material in the reactor. The data
obtained shows a strong influence of the bovine rumen fluid
inoculum on anaerobic bio-stabilization of fermentable organic
fraction of USW. Martin, (2001) showed, variability and slowness
in the rate of solid-state anaerobic digestion may be largely due to
inadequate seeding.
2.3.7 Ammonia
• Single-phase digestion.
• Two phase digestion.
• Co-digestion.
• Dry fermentation.
2.5.4 Co-digestion
2.5.5.3. Leaves
2.5.5.4Grasses
• The genetic base of weeds is such that many can grow under a
wide range of cultural and climatic conditions.
a. Terrestrial weeds
2.6 Bio-digesters
Fixed dome Chinese model biogas plant (also called drum less
digester) was built in China as early as 1936. It consists of an
underground brick masonry compartment (fermentation chamber)
with a dome on the top for gas storage. In this design, the
fermentation chamber and gasholder are combined as one unit.
This design eliminates the use of costlier mild steel gasholder,
which is susceptible to corrosion. The life of fixed dome type plant
is longer (from 20 to 50 years) compared to KVIC plant. Based on
the principles of fixed dome model from China, Gobar Gas and
Agricultural Equipment Development Company (GGC) of Nepal
has developed a design and has been popularizing it since the
last 17 years. The concrete dome is the main characteristic of
GGC design.
The solids retention time in such fermenters are thus governed by:
Conclusion