EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING
1977
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Response of Building.
For major earthquakes, most structures will experience yielding A building is analyzed for its response to ground motion by
in some of their elements. The energy-absorbing capacity of the representing the structural properties in and idealized mathematical
yielding of the structure will limit the damage so that the buildings that model as an assembly of masses interconnected by spring and dampers.
are properly designed and detailed can survive earthquake forces which The tributary weight of each floor level is lumped into a single mass, and
are substantially greater than the design forces that are associated with the force-deformation characteristics of the lateral force-resisting walls
allowable stresses in the elastic range. Seismic design concepts must and/or frames between floor levels are transformed into equivalent
consider building proportions and details for their ductility (capacity to stiffness, Because of the complexity of the calculations for methods of
yield) and reserve energy-absorption capacity for surviving the inelastic dynamic analysis, the use of computer program is
deformations that would result from a maximum expected earthquake. generally necessary. Under certain condition,
Special attention must also be paid to connections however, many buildings can be designed by
which hold the force-resisting elements together. the equivalent static force method.
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Elements attached to the floors of the building Elements of seismic design are as follows:
(mechanical equipment, piping, non-structural partitions, 1. Nature of Seismic Codes
etc.) respond to the floor motion in much the same manner 2. Location of Site
that the building responds to ground motion. When these 3. Selection of Structural System
elements are rigid and are rigidly attached to the structure, 4. Techniques of Seismic Design
5. Alternatives To Prescribe Provisions
the forces on the elements will be in same proportion to the 6. Future Expansions
mass as the forces on the forces on the structure. But 7. Preparation of Project Documentation
elements that are flexible and have periods 8. Major Checkpoints
close to any of the predominant modes of the
building vibration will experience forces in a
proportion substantially greater that the
force on the structure.
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d. Shear Walls
f. Ductility
The shear wall is designed as a vertical beam. To resist
It is the capacity of building materials, systems, or structures
tensile stress due to bending moments, structural elements are
to absorb energy with acceptable deformations and without failure in
concentrated at the vertical edges of the walls in a manner for
the inelastic range.
diaphragm. These boundary elements must be anchored into
foundation which is capable of transferring the forces into the ground. g. Non-Structural Partition
e. Connections For analysis and detailing, the effects of non-structural partitions,
filler walls, and stairs must be considered. The non-structural elements
Past performance of buildings in earthquakes has shown that
that are rigidly tied to the structural system can have a substantial
connections between floor and roof diaphragms and the shear walls
influence on the magnitude and distribution of earthquake
are vulnerable to failure because of high stress concentrations. In order
forces, causing a shear wall like response with
to develop the reserve capacity of the structural
considerably high lateral forces and overturning
elements, the design forces for connections
moments.
between lateral force-resisting elements are required
to be greater than the design forces for the elements themselves.
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6. Future Expansion
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