Parcial 3

Mecnica Analtica II
Gabriel Sandoval
gfsandovalv@unal.edu.co
Junio 2018

1 Complex conjugate of The derivatives with respect to ẋµ and xµ are

the Schrödinger Equa- ∂L q
= m0 ẋµ + Aµ
∂ ẋ µ c
tion ∂L q ∂
= (ẋµ Aµ (xν ))
i~ ∗ ∂xµ c ∂xµ
L= (ψ ψ̇ − ψ ψ̇ ∗ ) q
2 = ẋµ δ µν ∂µ Aν
c
~2 q ν
− (∇ψ ∗ )(∇ψ) − V ψψ ∗ = ẋ ∂µ Aν
2m c
The derivatives with respect to ∂A ψ and Applying the Euler-Lagrange equations
ψ are  
d ∂L ∂L
∂L ∂L i~ =
= = ψ∗ dτ ∂ ẋ µ ∂xµ
∂(∂t ψ) ∂ ψ̇ 2
q q
∂L ∂L ~2 m0 ẍµ + ∂ν Aµ ẋν = ẋν ∂µ Aν
= =− ∇ψ ∗ c c
∂(∂i ψ) ∂(∇ψ) 2m q ν q
⇒ m0 ẍµ = ẋ ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ ẋν
∂L i~ c c
= − ψ̇ ∗ − V ψ ∗ q ν
∂ψ 2 m0 ẍµ = ẋ Fµν
c
Then, by the Euler-Lagrange equations
    Writing this explicitly, for µ = 1
∂L ∂L ∂L
∂t + ∂i = q
∂ ψ̇ ∂(∂i ψ) ∂ψ m0 ẍµ = (ẋ0 F10 + ẋ1 F11 + ẋ2 F12 + ẋ3 F13 )
c
i~ ∗ ~2 2 ∗ i~ q
ψ̇ − ∇ ψ = − ψ̇ ∗ − V ψ ∗ (1) = γ(cEx + ẋy Bz − ẋz By )
2 2m 2 c
Simplifying the equation above, gives = qγ [(E)x + (V × B)x ]
~2 2 ∗
− ∇ ψ + V ψ ∗ = −i~ψ̇ ∗ (2)
2m
Which is the complex conjugate of the
Schrödinger equation. 3 Damped Wave Equa-
tion
2 Lorentz Force from a 3.1 Find a Lagrangian
relativistic Lagrangian The damped wave equation is given by,
m0 q  2
∂ 1 ∂2

∂y(t, x)
L= ẋµ ẋµ + ẋµ Aµ − 2 2 y(t, x) = b
2 c ∂x 2 v ∂t ∂t
1
Or in a more compact notation, 3.2 Hamiltonian and Hamil-
1 ton’s Canonical Equations
y 00 − ÿ = bẏ (3)
v2
From the equations (6) the generalized veloc-
Where y 0 = ∂y/∂x, ẏ = ∂y/∂t. ities, in terms of the momenta are as follows
Supposing the Lagrangian
  ( 2
γt 1 02 1 2 ẏ = −v 2 pt e−btv
L=e y − 2 ẏ (7)
2 2v y 0 = px e−btv
2

Where γ is a constant.
The derivatives of the Lagrangian with re- The Hamiltonian es given by the Legendre’s
spect to y 0 , ẏ and y are transformations of the Lagrangian
∂L
= eγt y 0 H = px y 0 + pt ẏ − L
∂y 0
∂L 1
= −eγt 2 ẏ
∂ ẏ v 2 2

∂L H = p2x e−btv − v 2 p2t e−btv

=0 
1 2 −2btv2 1 2 2 −2btv2

∂y −ebtv 2
p e − v pt e
It follows that 2 x 2
∂ ∂L
= eγt y 00
∂x ∂y 0 1 2
H = e−btv p2x − v 2 p2t


∂ ∂L 1 1 (8)
= − 2 γeγt ẏ − 2 eγt ÿ 2
∂t ∂ ẏ v v
Then, by Euler-Lagrange equations The Hamilton’s canonical equations are given
by
∂ ∂L ∂ ∂L ∂L
∂H

+ =
∂t ∂ ẏ ∂x ∂y 0 ∂y ∂i y = i

∂p (9)
1 γt ∂H
− 2 e (γ ẏ + ÿ) + eγt y 00 = 0 ∂i pi = −

v ∂y
Since eγt 6= 0 for any value of γ and t, the
equation above can be written as follows. For this case i = t, x.
1 γ Applying (9) to (8), it follows that
y 00 − 2
ÿ = 2 ẏ (4)
v v
By setting γ = bv 2 the equation, (4) is exactly
( 2
∂t y = ẏ = −v 2 e−bv t pt
the same as (3). 2 (10)
So, a possible Lagrangian that reproduces ∂x y = y 0 = e−bv t px
the damped wave equation is ∂ t pt + ∂ x px = 0 (11)
 
1 bv2 t 02 1 2
L= e y − 2 ẏ (5) The equations (10) are the same as (6).
2 v
Replacing (10) into (11) gives,
3.1.1 Conjugate momenta !
2
ebv t 
bv 2 t 0

 2 ∂t − 2 ẏ + ∂x e y =0
∂L ebv t v
p = = − 2 ẏ


 t

 ∂ ẏ v 1
(6) ⇒ −bẏ − ÿ + y 00 = 0
v2
∂L

1
 2
= ebv t y 0

p x = ⇒ y 00 − ÿ = bẏ

∂y 0
v2
2
4 The Sine-Gordon Equa- 4.3 Test a Solution
tion Given the function

4.1 S-G Equation from a La- φ(t, x) = 4 arctan(ekγ(x−vt) )

grangian
Show that φ(t, x) satisfies the Sine-Gordon
Given the Lagrangian equation.
The function arctan x can be written as
 
1 µν 2
L = ρ − η ∂µ φ∂ν φ + k (cos φ − 1)
 
1 i−z
2 arctan z = ln
2i i+z
Or equivalently
  Then, φ(t, x) can be written as
1 µ 2
L = ρ − ∂ φ∂µ φ + k (cos φ − 1) (12)
2 4

i − ekγη

φ(η) = ln
The derivatives with respect to ∂µ φ and φ of 2i i + ekγη
the Lagrangian are
Where η = x − vt.
∂L The D’Alambertian in two dimensions is
= −ρ∂ µ φ
∂(∂µ φ) given by
∂L
= −ρk 2 sin φ 1 ∂2 ∂2
∂φ =− +
c2 ∂t2 ∂x2
Therefore,
  And in terms of the new variable η
∂L ∂L
∂µ =
∂∂µ φ ∂φ 
v2 ∂ 2

= 1− 2
⇒ −ρ∂µ ∂ φ = −ρk 2 sin φ
µ
c ∂η 2
Defining φ = ∂µ ∂ µ φ, the equation above be- 1 ∂2
= 2 2
comes γ ∂η

φ = k 2 sin φ (13) Therefore, the D’Alambertian of φ(η) is

4k 2 eγηk e2γηk − 1
4.2 Canonical Momenta φ(η) = −
(e2γηk + 1)2
The canonical momenta is given by
∂L The function sin(z) can be written as a
= −ρ∂ µ φ combination of exponential functions as fol-
∂(∂µ φ)
lows

eiz − e−iz
sin(z) =
4.2.1 Stress-Energy Tensor 2i
The Stress-Energy tensor is defined as follows Then, applying this function to φ(η) and mul-
∂L ν tiplying by k2, gives
T µν = ∂ − η µν L
∂(∂µ φ)

2 4k 2 eγηk e2γηk − 1
k sin(φ(η)) = −
For this particular case the tensor es given by (e2γηk + 1)2
1
T µν = − ∂ µ φ∂ ν φ − ρk 2 η µν (cos φ − 1) (14) Hence φ(η) − k 2 sin(φ(η)) = 0
2
3
4.3.1 Energy Density Plotting (15) gives the following
The energy density is the component T 00 of
the tensor (14).
0
00 1 −2
T = − ∂ 0 φ∂ 0 φ − ρk 2 η 00 (cos φ − 1) −4
2 −6
1 −8
= − (−∂t φ)2 + ρk 2 (cos φ − 1) −10
2
3
Then, the energy density is given by the fol- −3 0 φ̇
0 −3
φ 3
lowing expression

1
ρenergy = − φ̇2 + ρk 2 (cos φ − 1) (15) 1: Plot of the energy density
2