BS 2654: 1989 3 Typical tank foundation pad A.3.1_ A typical tank foundation pad, an exemple of which is lustrated in figure 25, is described in A.3.2 to A.3.6. A3.2 The matarial ina typical foundation snd to raplaca ‘any unsatisctory underlying soft spots, should be sound, clean and durable. It should bind to form a densa surface when laid in 180 rom layers ard rolled with # 6 tonnes to 10 tonnes roller, The top surfece of the pad should incorporate stable permeable granular drainage layer ‘The core ofthe pad cart be constructed from any highly ‘comoactable, chemically inert, lccally available material ‘that it not susceptibisto frost heave, is non-corrosive and is of low compressibility end sufficient strength, An annular ng of coarse granular material may be required to provid igh edge oad resistance when the locally available mates has low strength except when confined, e., most sands, ‘The annular ring may alto be required to prevent weshrout Of fine soils in the event of a bottom leak and provide protection against erosion ground the tank perimeter ‘A.3.3 Iv is suggested that the surface upon whieh the tank bottom will rest be constructed to @ height of a minima ‘oF 300 mm plus the expacted settlament above the surrounding ground level, The surface of the completed ‘foundation should be sloped up from the periahary to the entre: a slope of 1 in 120 Is recommended es ¢rlnimum, ‘On poor soils, this slope should be increased to compensete tor extra settlement at the tank centre (For ‘coneddown’ bottoms, s90 4.4.2). A.3.4 When the profile of the surface is complete it should ‘be covered with a smooth situmensand mix that i 80mm thick to weatherproof the foundation and provide layer sufficiantly firm to eaery the necessary traffi and facilitate walding of the bottom plates, This layer will also retard corrosion of the tank bottom, Mill see should hava both removed from the underside ef the bottom plates to ‘inimize corrosion (see 3.2111). This bitumen-sand surface ing should extend outside the tank periphery to protect the external surface of the foundation and may need Festrlmming after the water test and from time to time during operation to maintain suitable water drainage away from the tank, Bitumen-sand surfacing should be omitted where eathodie protection of the tank bottom Is adonted. 50 thick bitum sand mix O75 mm PYC pipes oF equal at not wore than 5m between centres around periphery, plastic mesh seraen over inside open end All imarsions arn limowes, unless otherwie sated, Figure 36, Typical tank foundation Ks 4g 120 min. stope Zilli lille Stable permeable compacted granular drainage layer ‘approximately 150 thick Thoroughly compacted chemically inert Fill of granular or other stable, heave fee,tow compressibility eval ¥ %...A.36 A tuiteblo b/tumensand can be produced by hot: ‘mixing in the following proportions by mats: (a) 8 £ 0.5 % (m/m) non-toxic out back bitumen ‘luxed with kerosina end not creosote"), (0) 40 1.0% {mm/m) filler: either limestone dust passing {a sleve of nominal aperture size 75 ym complying with 185410, oF Portidnd cement; (o} 81 £ 1.5 % (ov/m) clean dry washed send with tha Bropertios given in table 2 of BS 882, 1201 ; Part 2 1973, A$ an alternative to the send, crushed rack types 1 to 7, tag oF limestone in accordance with table 63 of 8S 4987 1973 may be used, fs ‘Some variation of these proportions may be necessary to suitambont temperature conditions, loceliy aveilable ‘materials, etc,, and it Is recommended that tral mixes be ‘made in order to achieve the correct proportions to sult ‘the particular case, A.36 A series of 75 mm diameter PVC pipes should bo placed around the perimetar of the drainage layer and rotrude through the bitsand facing to the berm to give warning of any bottom plate leaeage, The pipes should be ft not more than 5 m intervals and the inst should be ‘covered with @ mesh screen to prevent elogging by mat ‘rom the drainage layer, In special casey it may be /ecassary to Intraciuce an impermeable layer below the ‘basa of the foundation pad {see figure 35}, A4 Modifications and alternatives to. typical foundation pads A.4.1 Where poor subrsail conditions necessitate the use of a ceinforced concrete raf ard piled foundations, the raft should be designed in accordance with normal rainforeed ‘concrete practice (see CP 114 or CP 170) and surfaced with a reduced thickness of bitumen-sand mix as desoribed nas, A.B Where a tank with a central itera bottom drainage sump is required: (a) on hard ground where ltto settlement Is expected, may be given a slight fall to the (b) on poor ground where considerable settlement is expected, special consideration should be givan tw the possiblity of unacceptable tensile stresses developing {n the bottom plates and in such cases e foundation constructed as recommended In A.4.1 should be used, A4.3 For high-pressure tanks, it may be nacestary to _Brevent uplift of the shall due to the combined effects of vapour pressure and wind movement by means of an anchorage around the shall bullt into # suitable concrate ring oF raft, *Crecaote Maxed bitumen snot considera 1 be aceeptabie in view of BS 2664: 1989 Where the foundation design inco-pox care should be taken to ensure that thee characteristics of the ring wall and the In 495 to result in excessive differential seta the inner wall ofthe ring beam. Consideration may need 10 be given to the provision of a hinged transition slab in this trea, A minimum thickness of 60 mm of bitumencand should be maintained over the conerete AS Water testing Whila it is normal prectice to tast aft tanks by filing with water before commissioning, this filing should be done under controtied conditions to enaure that foundation failure does not occur during filing. The water text pressure is an intogral pert of the foundation design and should be agreed with a soli mechanics specialist All tank tests will be carried aut to provide adequate measured toad/settlemant records. ‘Tae firet tank In @ new area will be the most critical and fubsequent testing arrangements on other tanks should be adjusted in the light of the first test results whe 4af0 on similar eub-tll conditions ‘A minimum of four points on tanks under 25 m diameter {and eight points on tanks ever 25 m diameter thoule be ‘marked around the base of the tank for subsequent levelling reference, & grester number of points may be required for large tanks and/or where @ complex settlement pattern is expected, Bofore wetar Is added to the tank, the levels et ach reference point should be recorded. Permanent rafe- Fence levels have to be established in locations unalfected by tank loading. AAs o guide, when ground conditions are good and settle- ‘ment is expected to be nesigibe, the tank may be halt. filed with watar as quickly as practicable, having regerd to {te size, the pumping facities and water supply available. ‘No ‘urther filling should proceed until levels have been ‘eken and checked ageinst the readings when empty to {ngure that no uneven settlement is occurring in which cose filing ean proceed until tho tank is three-quarters full, when ‘evel reacings should be taken again. Provided the tenke omains level with only slight settlement due to load, filling {cen then proceed until the tenk is full, when level readings ‘gnin repeated, The full weter lone should be maine tzind for 48 h and provided levels remain sensibly consi tent, the tank can be oftloaded prior to ealibration for service, Provided this tank is satisfactory and subsequent {enks are founded similarly, the level roadinge at one-half tnd three-quarters eapacity may be omittad for smell tanks Of less than 25 m diameter. On weak ground where signti- ant sottlemonts may be expected or where the initial fector of safety agains sip feilure Is low, the rate of fling should be greatly reduced, Somme guidance on the sefe heights for Initial fling and where pauses in fling are It ot comtant, % 63 *