Analysis and Design of RCC Bridges and Box Culvert

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Analysis and Design of RCC Bridges and Box Culvert
Research · April 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2919.8882
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ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BRIDGE AND CULVERT
Practical Training Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the degree
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
By
PAUL TOM P.
13ST17F
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECNOLOGY KARNATAKA
SURATHKAL, MANGALORE – 575025
July 2014
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Practical Training Report entitled ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
OF BRIDGE AND CULVERT submitted by PAUL TOM P. (Register Number: 13ST17F) as
the record of the work carried out by him, is accepted as the Practical Training Report submission
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Master of Technology in
Structural Engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering.
Head of Department Faculty Advisor

Dr. Katta Venkataramana Dr. K. Swaminathan
Department of Civil Engineering Professor - Civil Engineering
NIT Karnataka, Surathkal NIT Karnataka, Surathkal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely thankful to Dr. Katta Venkataraman, Professor & Head,

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka for giving
me the opportunity to undergo internship training at Larsen & Toubro, Chennai.
My special thanks to Dr. K. Swaminathan, Professor of the Civil Engineering

Department for all his help and guidance.
I would like to express my deepest sense of respect and indebtedness to my

Internship Supervisor, Mr. Sadasivam V. and Mrs. Nisha K.C., EDRC-Transportation
IC, Larsen & Toubro, Chennai, for their consistent support, guidance, encouragement and
advice during the project.
I owe my wholehearted thanks to Mr. Lingarajan K., who has been my Internship
Mentor for taking time out of his busy schedule for my doubts and clarifications. I also
thank the entire staff of the company for their cooperation and assistance during the course
of my project.
I hope that I can build upon the experience and knowledge that I have gained and
make a valuable contribution towards this industry in the coming future.
i
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………….…………………………. i
CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………………... ii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BRIDGES……………………………………………………………...………….1
1.2 CULVERT……………………………………………………………….…….….1
1.3 LOADS AND STRESSES………………………………………………………...2
1.4 VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONS……………………………………………….....2
CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SUBSTRUCTURE

2.1 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE …………………………………………….…4
2.1.1 Determination of Permissible Stresses…………………………………….…6
2.2 CALCULATION OF LOADS AND MOMENTS………………………………...7
2.2.1 Dead Load Analysis……………………………………………………….....7
2.2.2 Live Load Analysis………………………………………………….….........8
2.2.3 Calculation of Longitudinal Forces ………………………………………....9
2.2.4 Bearings……………..……………………………………………….............9
2.2.4.1 Fixed Bearing………………………………………………….…10
2.2.4.3 Free Bearing……………………………………………………...10
2.2.5 Wind Forces …………………………………………………………….….10
2.2.6 Seismic Forces……………………………………………………………...11
2.2.7 Load Combinations…………………………………………………...……12
2.3 PIER DESIGN………...……………………………………………………….…13
2.3.1 Design of Pier Cap ……………………………………………………..…..14
2.3.2 Design of Footing ………………...……………………………………..…15
CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
3.1 SECTION PROPERTIES………………………………………………………...17

3.2 LOAD ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………...….18
3.2.1 Live Load Positions………………………………………………………...18
3.2.2 Load Summary……………………………………………..…………........20
3.2.3 Load Combinations…………………………………………...…………....20
ii
3.3 GIRDER DESIGN……………………………………………………………….20
3.4 SHEAR CONNECTOR DESIGN…………………………………………...…...21
3.5 DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE STRESS……………………………………….21
3.6 DIAPHRAGM DESIGN……………………………………………………...….22
CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BOX CULVERT

4.1 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE..……………………………………………...25
4.2 MODELLING OF THE STRUCTURE………………………………………......25
4.3 LOAD CALCULATIONS…………………………………………………...…..25
4.3.1 Dead Load……………………………………………………………….....25
4.3.2 Live Load…………………………………………………………………..26
4.3.3 Load Combinations…………………………………………………...……28
4.4 DESIGN OF BOX SECTION……………………………………………………29
4.4.1 Design for Flexure………………………………………………………….29
4.4.2 Design for Shear……………………………………………………………31
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………..……..32
ANNEXURE 1 : SAMPLE DESIGN OF SUB-STRUCTURE

ANNEXURE 2 : SAMPLE DESIGN OF SUPER-STRUCTURE
iii
1. INTRODUCTION
This internship was carried out at Larsen & Toubro, EDRC, Transportation IC, with the
objective of gaining first-hand knowledge about the technical practices in a structural
design office, office ethics and corporate lifestyle. L & T Transportation Infrastructure
handles major roadway projects which includes National and State Highways all around
India and associated structures like flyovers, Vehicle Underpass (VUP), Pedestrian
Underpass (PUP), Rail Over Bridge (ROB), major & minor bridges and cross-drainage
works like culverts. The structural design wing of this department handles these structures
of all Infrastructure Projects. The design of the VUP Sub-structure & Super-structure and
box culvert included in this internship report are designed based on the Working Stress
Method as per the design codes published by The Indian Roads Congress.
1.1 BRIDGES
A bridge is a structure having a total length above 6m between the inner face of the dirt
walls for carrying traffic or other moving loads over a depression or obstruction such as
channel, road or railway. They are classified as minor or major bridges as per the criteria
given below:
 Minor Bridges – Span greater than 6m upto 60m
 Major Bridges – Span greater than 60m
1.2 CULVERT
A culvert is a cross-drainage structure having a total length of 6m or less between the inner
faces of the dirt wall or extreme vent-way boundaries measured at right angles thereto.
The types of culverts are:
 Box Culvert
 Pipe Culvert
 RCC Solid Slab Culvert
1
1.3 LOADS, FORCES AND STRESSES
The loads and stresses considered in the design are as follows (as per IRC 6-2010):
1. Dead Load
2. Live Load
3. Impact factor due to vehicular live load
4. Vehicle Collision Load
5. Wind Load
6. Longitudinal forces due to braking
7. Earth Pressure (including live load surcharge)
8. Temperature Effect
9. Seismic Forces
1.4 VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONS
The major classifications of vehicles considered as live load for design are
 CLASS 70R WHEELED

Adopted on all roads on which permanent bridges and culverts are constructed.
Should also be checked for Class A Loading.
2
 CLASS 70R TRACKED
 40 TONNES BOGIE LOAD
 CLASS A
Adopted on all roads on which permanent bridges and culverts are constructed.
3
2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SUBSTRUCTURE
2.1 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE
1.5 FREE FIXED 1.5

1 1
Wearing coat
Slope
3000 RCC DIAPHRAGM
JACK LOCATION
3500 1500
RCC PIER CAP
RCC PIER
Fig 1: Typical section of a pier
This includes all the details required by the designer for carrying out analysis. For the
substructure design of abutment piers the details required are:
 Grade of concrete and steel

 Span of Bridge
4
 Width of carriageway and percentage of camber
 Reduced levels of ground, footing, pier cap, etc.
 Type of bearing
 Nature of traffic (live load)
 Seismic Zone, importance factor, type of soil, etc.
 Basic Wind Speed
 Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil
Fig 3: Elevation and plan of an Abutment Pier
5
Fig 2: Transverse Section of a Pier
2.1.1 DETERMINATION OF PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
As per IRC 21-2000 (Cl. 306.4.3), long columns are subject to a Stress Reduction
Factor given by,
β = 1.5 – lef /(100 x rmin)

lef – Effective length of pier
rmin – Least radius of gyration
This is applicable only if the Slenderness ratio (lef / rmin) is greater than 50, ie. for long
piers.
Stresses are increased when analyzing for wind and seismic consideration by 33% and
50% respectively.
6
For M35 concrete,
Normal 11.70 MPa

Permissible flexural compressive stress in
Wind (33% increase) 15.56 MPa
concrete, σcbc
Seismic(50% increase) 17.55 MPa
Normal 240.00 MPa
Permissible flexural tensile stress in steel, σst Wind(33% increase) 319.20 MPa
Normal 205.00 MPa
Permissible compressive stress in steel, σst Wind (33% increase) 272.65 MPa
As per table 1 of IRC 6-2010, for wind load case the permissible stresses are increased by
33% and for seismic case it is increased by 50%.
2.2 CALCULATION OF LOADS AND MOMENTS
The first step in the design of any structure is the analysis of various dead loads, Super-
Imposed Dead Load (SIDL), live loads, seismic loads, wind loads and longitudinal loads.
2.2.1 DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS
Dead load reactions can be directly taken from the STAAD model or can be manually
calculated by considering the dead load due to superstructure (girder, diaphragm and deck
slab). Longitudinal moments are calculated in the same way by multiplying reactions with
the longitudinal eccentricity which is the distance between the centerline of pier and
bearing.
The reaction on each bearing due to girder, diaphragm and deck slab and due to Super-
imposed Dead Load, SIDL (wearing coat and crash barrier) is found out separately.
7
The dead load due to self-weight of pier cap, pier shaft and footing is also separately
calculated by multiplying the unit weight of concrete (25kN/m3) by their respective
volumes
2.2.2 LIVE LOAD ANALYSIS
The live load for each load combination can be calculated manually as well as with the
help of a STAAD model.
For the STAAD model vehicle definitions has to be provided as per IRC 6-2010, for the
load calculations and position of load has to be inputted as per IRC 6-2010.
A point worth noting is that STAAD requires the distance to the centerline of the outermost
wheel away from the origin along the transverse direction, while during manual calculation
of transverse moments the eccentricity of the center of gravity from the centerline of the
carriage-way is used.
As per IRC 6-2010 table 2, for a 3 lane, 12m wide carriage-way, 2 critical load
combinations are possible.
 One Class 70R + One Class A

 Three Class A
One Class 70R; this configuration is checked for criticality as it generates maximum
transverse moment.
The reactions on each bearing is noted down from the STAAD model for design of pier
cap and for the calculation of transverse and longitudinal moments.
As per IRC 6-2010 Cl. 205, for 3 lane traffic, a 10% reduction is to be considered for the
longitudinal effect as the probability of the characteristic loads acting simultaneously is
low.
8
2.2.3 CALCULATION OF LONGITUDINAL FORCES
Longitudinal forces in bridges are generated due to the following factors:
 Braking Effect
 Frictional resistance due to change of temperature or any other cause.
2.2.4 BEARINGS
G1
G2
G3
G4
Free-End Pier Fixed-End Pier

Fig 4: Bearings
Horizontal Reaction Horizontal Reaction

Vertical
Type of Bearing along longitudinal along transverse
Reaction
direction direction
Fixed Pot Bearing
Guided Bearing along

transverse direction
Guided Bearing along
longitudinal direction
Free Bearing
9
2.2.4.1 FIXED BEARING
They are restrained against movement along transverse and longitudinal direction. The
longitudinal forces due to fixed bearing are calculated using the formula:
Fh - μ (Rg + Rq)
Or
Fh/2 + μ (Rg + Rq)
Where, μ is the coefficient of friction at the movable bearing (values obtained from IRC 6-
2010 Cl. 211.5.1).
Rg is the reaction due to dead load
Rq is the reaction due to live load
Fb is the applied horizontal force (due to braking)
2.2.4.2 FREE BEARING
Braking forces which act in the longitudinal direction above bearing level are zero as the
bearing is free in the longitudinal direction in a free-end pier. They are only restrained in
the transverse direction. They don’t resist braking forces. The longitudinal forces due to
friction generated due to movement of bearings are calculated using the formula:
μ (Rg + Rq)
2.2.5 WIND FORCES (Cl 209 IRC 6-2010)
The IRC code mentioned gives equations for the transverse and vertical wind force, the
variables being Drag coefficient, CD (for horizontal force), lift coefficient (CL) , gust factor
(G) , area resisting the force and hourly mean wind pressure (Pz), all of which are given in
the above mentioned clause.
The hourly mean wind pressure is given for varying heights (height exposed above mean
retarding surface) with a basic wind speed of 33ms-1 in table 4 of IRC 6-2010, which has
10
to be multiplied by the ratio of squares of basic wind speed at the location to the base wind
speed corresponding to table 4 (ie. 33ms-1) to obtain the wind pressure corresponding to
the considered location. Intermediate values can be interpolated.
The longitudinal wind load is taken as 25% of the transverse wind load.
The lever arm distance to the center of gravity of the considered portion is also determined
for calculation of moments.
Transverse Wind Force, Ft = Pz x A x G x CD
Vertical Wind Force, Fv = Pz x A x G x CL
2.2.6 SEISMIC FORCES
The Seismic Coefficient Ah is given by the equation,
Ah= (Z/2) x (I/R) x (Sa/g)

Where, Z is the zone factor
I - Importance factor
R - Response Reduction Factor
Sa/g - Seismic Response Acceleration Coefficient for 5% damping.
The values for zone factor, importance factor and Response Reduction Factor are given in
IRC 6-2010 in tables 6, 7 and 8 respectively.
The value for the Seismic Response Acceleration Coefficient depends on the type of soil
and time period of vibration and is given in Cl 219.5.1 in IRC 6-2010 for various types of
soils.
The time period for vibration is given by,
T = 2 x (D/1000F)1/2
Where D – Approximate Dead Load of Superstructure or Live Load
F – Horizontal force in kN required to be applied at the center of mass of the superstructure
for 1mm horizontal deflection at the top of the pier/abutment along the considered direction
of the horizontal force. (Stiffness in kN/mm)
11
The value of stiffness is taken as, F = 3EI/L3
E – Modulus of Elasticity of concrete
I – Moment of Inertia of the section about the axis considered
L – Length of the member
The seismic horizontal force are separately determined for the dead load on superstructure,
SIDL, dirt wall, substructure, pier and live load. Longitudinal Seismic forces are taken as
zero for dead load due to super structure, SIDL and for live load as the pier being designed
has free bearings.
2.2.7 LOAD COMBINATIONS
The following load combinations will be considered in the analysis for determination of
critical values of bending moment and shear force.
1. DL + SIDL (without live load)

2. DL + SIDL + LL-70R + Longitudinal Frictional Forces
3. DL + SIDL + LL-70R+Class A + Longitudinal Frictional Forces
4. DL + SIDL + LL-3 Class A + Longitudinal Frictional Forces
5. DL + SIDL + LL-70R + Longitudinal Frictional Forces + Wind
6. DL + SIDL + LL-70R+Class A + Longitudinal Frictional Forces +Wind
7. DL + SIDL + LL-3 Class A + Longitudinal Frictional Forces + Wind
8. DL + SIDL + Long. Seismic Force (without live load)
9. DL + SIDL + 20% LL- 70R + Long. Frictional Forces + Long. Seismic Force
10. DL + SIDL + 20% LL- 70R+Class A + Long. Frictional Forces + Long. Seismic
Force
11. DL + SIDL + 20% LL- 3 Class A+ Long. Frictional Forces + Long. Seismic Force
12. DL + SIDL + Long. Frictional Forces + Trans. Seismic Force (without live load)
13. DL + SIDL + 20% LL- 70R+Long. Frictional Forces + Trans. Seismic Force
14. DL + SIDL + 20% LL- 70R+Class A + Long. Frictional Forces + Trans. Seismic
Force
15. DL + SIDL + 20% LL- 3 Class A+ Long. Frictional Forces + Trans. Seismic Force
12
Only 20% of Live Load is taken for the load combinations involving Seismic forces under
the assumption that only 20% of the live load acts on the super-structure in the event of an
earthquake. (Cl. 219.5.2, IRC 6-2010)
The vertical force, horizontal force in transverse and longitudinal direction and Moments
in transverse and longitudinal direction are found out for these load combinations at the
bottom of pier and bottom of foundation. All load cases are checked if they are within
permissible limits of stresses in steel and concrete.
Note: Seismic loads are increased by 25% in seismic cases for calculating the forces at the
bottom of the footing and all moment are recalculated for lever arm distance increased by
the depth of the footing.
2.3 PIER DESIGN
The area of concrete required for pier to resist axial load is calculated by dividing the
maximum axial load value amongst all the load combinations by the permissible stress in
concrete for the respective load case. The area of steel provided in any case shall not be
less than 0.3% of the gross sectional area of concrete (Cl. 306.2.2 IRC 21-2000).
The cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8% nor more
than 8% of the gross cross-sectional area. (Cl. 306.2.1 IRC 21-2000).
As per Cl. 306.3 the diameter of transverse reinforcement of any type shall not be less than
one quarter the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar in that region of the column and in
no case less than 8mm. The pitch of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed 300mm or
the least of the least lateral dimension of the column or 12 times the diameter of the smallest
longitudinal reinforcement in the column.
It may be noted that permissible stress in steel as well concrete is increased by 33% for
wind load case and by 50% for seismic cases.
13
2.3.1 DESIGN OF PIER CAP
Here only the critical reactions on bearings on one side of the pier along the transverse
direction are considered for each load case.
Pier cap is designed at the face of the pier, which have higher values of shear force and
moment and at a distance ‘d’ away from the face of the pier, where d is the effective depth,
where the forces and moments are lower thereby reducing the reinforcement required.
Checks for corbel action are performed where, if a/d >1, the pier cap is designed as a
cantilever beam.
The impact factor is calculated for class 70R and class A vehicle, and the total shear force
and bending moment are adjusted accordingly. The shear force and bending moment due
to self-weight of pier cap, bearing pedestal, dirt wall and centrifugal forces are also
calculated and added to the obtained values.
For the torsion (longitudinal moment) values in the pier cap, the equivalent bending
moment and equivalent shear force are calculated as per IRC 21-2000, Cl. 304.7.2.3.1 and
Cl. 304.7.2.4.2, and the values are added to the values of shear force and bending moment
already calculated.
Design is carried out at pier face and at ‘d’ distance away from face of the pier by
considering the maximum value of shear force and bending moment by working stress
method where,
Effective depth required, dreq = (M/Qb)1/2

where dreq- Effective depth required
M – Bending Moment at the section
Q = (1/2) x j x k x σcbc
j = 1 – (k/3)
k = (280/(3 x σcbc)) / (280/(3 x σcbc) + σst)
σcbc & σst are the permissible flexural strength in steel and concrete respectively.
14
Area of steel required, Ast req = M / ( σst x j x d)
Note : Value of Q & j varies for each load case as permissible stresses in steel and concrete
are increased for wind by 33% and seismic case, it is increased by 50%.
Side face reinforcement of 0.05% of gross area is provided on each face. The sections are
also designed for shear and torsion by providing the appropriate reinforcement as per the
design procedure in IRC 21-2000 Cl 304.7.
2.3.2 DESIGN OF FOOTING
Firstly the additional load on the footing bottom due to self-weight of footing, soil above
footing and due to earth-fill are calculated. The earth-fill and the eccentricity between the
centerline of pier and footing exerts a moment on the footing in the longitudinal direction,
this value is added to the existing moments at the bottom of the footing.
The revised values of vertical load, longitudinal and transverse moments are calculated
after which the stresses at the corners of the footing is calculated using the formula,
P/A ± ML/ZL ± MT/ZT
The net pressure is calculated by reducing the stress due to self-weight of footing and soil
from the total stress and stresses are interpolated to obtain the stress at the center of each
face of the location of the pier.
The critical value of bending moment for section along traffic direction and across traffic
direction is calculated for each load case to determine the reinforcement required at each
face using working stress equations used for pier cap design.
Critical sections are taken at a distance deff along the traffic direction and across the traffic
direction and critical values of shear fore is calculated for the punching shear check.
Punching Shear Stress, τcp = Vp / Aps

Punching Shear, Vp = (P1 + P2 + P3 + P4) / 4 x Effective area in carrying punching shear
Aps – Area resisting punching shear
15
The value of shear stress has to be within permissible limits as per IRC 21-2000 Cl.
307.2.5.5, which states that punching shear stress shall not be less than 0.16 x (fck)1/2.
Fig 5: Dimensional Reinforcement Detail of Sub-structure & Foundation
16
3. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
The superstructure consists of the girder, deck slab and crash barriers. The girders rest
on the bearings through which forces and moments are transferred to the sub-structure.
3.1 SECTION PROPERTIES
The section properties of the girders are initially assumed as per standards or from previous
experience and later checks are done in the design stages to ensure safety. From
calculations the Moment of inertia, area of cross-section and center of gravity of the section
is calculated.
Fig 6: Dimensional Section details of a Girder
The section properties for the composite section, i.e. the section including the deck slab is
also determined from the properties of the individual sections by considering unit width of
17
deck slab for each girder. These section properties are used in creating a STAAD Pro
grillage model for analysis.
3.2 LOAD ANALYSIS
The various load cases considered for the design on the superstructure are:
 Dead Load (Girder + Deck Slab + Diaphragm)
 Super-imposed Dead Load ( Crash Barrier + Wearing Coat)
 Live Load Cases
o Class 70R eccentric
o Class 70R on the inner girder
o Class 70R + 1 Class A
o 3 Class A
The live load cases shown above are for a 3 lane carriage way. The live load combinations
may be changed based on the carriageway width as per IRC 6-2010, table 2.
The shear force and bending moment for each of these load cases are determined at a
distance, ‘d’ away from the support m, at 0.25leff from the support and at the mid-span.
The section is designed for the flexure requirement at mid-span. The longitudinal
reinforcement obtained may be curtailed at a section of 0.25leff from the support based on
the moments at that section.
3.2.1 LIVE LOAD POSITIONS
 CLASS 70R Eccentric
CLASS 70R
4.0 1m
18
 CLASS 70R ON INNER GIRDER
CLASS 70R
5.465m
 CLASS 70R + 1 CLASS A
10m
CLASS 70R CLASS A
4.0 1m
 3 CLASS A
6.15m
CLASS A CLASS A CLASS A
2.65
9.65m
19
3.2.2 LOAD SUMMARY
 The load analysis is summarized for the section at effective depth, ‘d’, away from the
support and at the mid-span for design purposes.
 All the loads and moments are tabulated by taking into considerations the impact factor
for the live load and the longitudinal effect for the various lane configurations.
 Also each live load case is analyzed for maximum shear force and maximum bending
moment condition from the STAAD model and are listed as separated load cases.
 Loads are listed separately for the inner and outer girder.

All the live load cases are each combined with the Super-imposed Dead Load (SIDL)
as these come under the service condition and the critical value is taken as the
maximum results from inner and outer girder results, which is used for carrying out the
design.
3.3 GIRDER DESIGN
The girder design is carried out at the mid-span for the construction stage where only dead
load is considered followed by the curtailment design at the required distance from the
support. After this design is carried out for the composite section in service stage in a
similar fashion and stresses are now combined and checked whether they are within
permissible limits.
The design of girders are carried as a T flange, by determining the neutral axis depth and
this depth is used to determine the revised stresses in steel and concrete due to axial force
combined with biaxial bending.
For the construction stage only the dead load is considered along with the self-weight of
the deck slab as it is cast at a later stage. The SIDL along with live load case is considered
in the service stage and design is carried out. The stresses in concrete and steel are checked
if they exceed the permissible limits.
20
Shear reinforcement is also determined at these 2 sections as per IRC 21-2000 Cl. 304.7.1.
Fig 7: Dimensional Reinforcement Details of Girders
3.4 SHEAR CONNECTOR DESIGN
The deck slab and girder being cast and placed separately are not monolithic and hence
requires a connection for load transfer. This is facilitated with the help of shear connectors
which are cast in the girders in the casting yard with the shear connectors projecting above
the top of the girder. The deck slab is cast around this thereby helping the superstructure
withstand shear.
The maximum shear force due to live load and SIDL are considered for the design as 1.3DL
+1.5 LL, as these are the only loads on the deck slab. Dead load is not considered.
3.5 DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE STRESS
As the various components of the superstructure are cast at different times, the concrete is
of different age and shrinkage occurs in the various components non-uniformly. This
generates a stress known as Differential Shrinkage Stress.
21
It is calculated as per BS 5400-4 1990 Cl. 7.4.3.5
Mcs = ediff x Ecf x Acf x acent

Where, ediff – Differential Shrinkage Strain
Ecf – Modulus of elasticity of the concrete flange
Acf – Area of the effective concrete flange
acent – Distance of the centroid of the concrete flange from the centroid of the composite
section
Φ – Reduction coefficient to allow for creep, taken as 0.43
3.6 DIAPHRAGM DESIGN
G2 G3
G1 G4
Jacking Point
Fig 8 : BMD of Diaphragm from STAAD Pro
The diaphragm beam is also modelled on STAAD to obtain the maximum sagging and
hogging moments, from which the top and bottom reinforcements are designed.
The loads to be considered on the diaphragm are taken for the critical condition, which is
often during jacking. The superstructure is jacked up from time to time, for replacement of
the bearings which may wear off with use. The structure is closed down for vehicle usage
22
during such maintenance and so live loads can be ignored. The loads considered to be
acting on the diaphragm during jacking are the self-weight of girder, deck slab, crash
barrier, wearing coat and self-weight of diaphragm itself
The diaphragm is also provided with shear reinforcement and side face reinforcement as
per IRC 21-2000 Cl. 304.7.1.
23
4. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BOX CULVERTS
A culvert is a structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, or similar
obstruction. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made
from a pipe, reinforced concrete or any other material. Box Culverts are cross-drainage
structures built beneath roadways which are box shaped as the name suggests. They are
less than or equal to 6m in span along the longitudinal direction of the road.
Fig 9: Plan and sectional elevation of a Box Culvert
24
4.1 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE
The basic design data required for analysis of the structure is as follows:
1. Clear span
2. Clear height
3. Dimension of Box Culvert
4. Depth of fill and wearing coat
5. Width of carriage way
6. Soil Properties
4.2 MODELLING OF THE STRUCTURE
The box culvert in modelled as a 2-D member for a 1m strip, restrained with spring
supports. The center-line dimensions of the box culvert are taken for modelling
The stiffness of the supports in the vertical direction is based on ‘Foundation Analysis and
Design’ by Joseph E. Bowles, who states that the Modulus of sub-grade reaction is given
by,
Fs = 40 x S.F. x qa
Where, S.F. is the safety factor
qa is the Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil.
The stiffness, k = ½ x Fs x (Distance between adjacent supports)
4.3 LOAD CALCULATIONS
4.3.1 DEAD LOAD
The dead loads are calculated by considering 1m of the box section. The dead load for top
slab, bottom slab and side walls are calculated separately as a Uniformly Distributed Load
applied on the respective members. The concrete density is generally taken as 25kN/m3.
The Super Imposed Dead Load (SIDL) includes wearing coat, fill and parapet wall. The
wearing coat thickness is generally increased to accommodate future overlay and is also
considered for 1m width and applied as a UDL on the top slab. The parapet wall is of 0.3m
25
width generally and height is provided as required which is including the height of fill. As
the parapet wall is constructed at the sides of the carriage-way, the parapet load is given
throughout the span of the top slab.
Surcharge Live Load is considered to be equivalent to 1.2m of earth fill as per Cl. 214.1
IRC 6.2010. The unit weight of soil fill is taken as 20kN/m3 and the load is applied
horizontally on the side walls.
Earth pressure is considered for the at rest condition. The pressures at top and bottom slab
level are computed and applied on the side walls.
For the High Flood Level (HFL) condition, the water pressure inside the box culvert is
applied vertical down on the bottom slab and the Submerged Soil Pressure is also
calculated and applied horizontally on the side walls. Water pressure acting horizontally
inside and outside will balance each other and is therefore ignored.
4.3.2 LIVE LOAD
For calculation of load dispersion along the traffic direction, as per Cl 305.16.3, IRC 21-
200-, the effect of contact of wheel or track load in the direction of span length shall be
taken as equal to the dimension of the tyre contact area over the wearing surface of the slab
in the direction of the span plus twice the overall depth of the slab inclusive of the thickness
of the wearing surface.
The calculation of load dispersion in the direction across traffic, as per Cl. 305.16.2 IRC
21-2000,
The effective width, beff = α x (1 – a/lo) + bl

α – a constant having values as per the table in Cl. 305.16.2, IRC 21-2000, depending upon
the b / lo ratio, where b is the width of the slab.
a – the distance of the center of gravity of the concentrated load from the nearer support.
lo – the effective span
26
bl – breadth of the concentration area of the load i.e., the dimension of the tyre or track
contact area over the road surface of the slab in a direction at right angles to the span plus
twice the thickness of the wearing coat or surface finish above the structural slab.
If the effective width is greater than the distance between wheels or tracks of the vehicle,
overlapping of load dispersion occurs and net effective width is considered by taking the
load dispersion due to both wheels without overlapping and for calculation of load
intensity, load due to both tracks or wheels are considered.
The load intensity hence calculated is applied as a UDL per meter width on the top slab of
the STAAD model. The tracked and wheeled vehicles (including bogie load) of each class
are separately analyzed for maximum value of bending moment by placing the vehicle at
the center of span and for maximum shear force by placing the vehicle at the edge of the
span. The critical load case hence obtained is considered for design. The shear force and
bending moment values at critical sections are tabulated after considering reduction due to
longitudinal effect and impact factor. (Impact factor need not be considered for bottom slab
and side wall as they are buried in the soil)
The critical section for bending moment are taken at half the thickness of the slab from the
corner nodes which are the equivalent of the inner face of the box culvert and at the center
of the slab. The critical section for Shear Force is taken at a distance,‘d’, effective depth,
away from the face of the support as shown in the following figure.
4 5 6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3
Fig 10: Critical sections of a Box Culvert
27
1,3 – Critical Section for Bending Moment for bottom slab
4,6 - Critical Section for Bending Moment for top slab
7,10 - Critical Section for Bending Moment for side wall
2 - Critical Section for Shear Force for bottom slab
5 - Critical Section for Shear Force for top slab
8,9 - Critical Section for Shear Force for side wall
The braking force is also calculated as per Cl. 211.2 IRC 6-2010 from the load intensity
value, and half of the value so obtained are applied on each edge of the top slab in the
STAAD model.
The pressure on the base slab due to maximum reaction in the supports from STAAD Pro
model should be less than the Safe Bearing Capacity of the soil.
The critical load combinations considered for design are as follows:
1. DL+SIDL+EP
2. DL+SIDL+EP+LLS-L
3. DL+SIDL+EP+LLS-R
4. DL+SIDL+EP+LLS-BOTH
5. DL+SIDL+EP+LLS-L+LL
6. DL+SIDL+EP+LLS-R+LL
7. DL+SIDL+EP+LLS-BOTH+LL
8. DL+SIDL+EP+LLS-L+LL+BR-L
9. DL+SIDL+EP+LLS-R+LL+BR-R
10. DL+SIDL+EP+LLS-BOTH+LL+BR-L
11. DL+SIDL+EP+LLS-BOTH+LL+BR-R
DL – Dead Load SIDL – Super Imposed Dead Load

EP – Earth Pressure LLS – Live Load Surcharge
BR – Braking Force LL – Live Load
28
The above load combinations are for Low Flood Level, in case of floods, the High Flood
Level (HFL) is considered where Submerged Earth Pressure and water pressure are
additional forces instead of Dry Earth Pressure.
The combinations for HFL are as follows:
1. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP
2. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-L
3. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-R
4. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-BOTH
5. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-L+LL
6. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-R+LL
7. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-BOTH+LL
8. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-L+LL+BR-L
9. DL+SIDL+SEP+WP+LLS-R+LL+BR-R
SEP – Submerged Earth Pressure WP – Water Pressure
The design moments are taken as the maximum value at the critical sections considered.
4.4 DESIGN OF BOX SECTION
The critical case is taken for maximum shear force and maximum bending moment
condition at the critical sections 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 10 as shown in the figure above.
The design for flexure is done as per Working Stress Design Methodology.
4.4.1 DESIGN FOR FLEXURE
The effective depth for the top slab, bottom slab and side wall are calculated by deducting
the clear cover and depth of stirrup and diameter of the reinforcement bar.
The effective depth required is calculated as per the following procedure and the depth is
checked if safe or not. If not section dimensions need to be revised.
Effective depth required, dreq = (M/Qb)1/2
29
where dreq- Effective depth required
M – Bending Moment at the section
Q = (1/2) x j x k σcbc
j = 1 – (k/3)
k = (280/(3 σcbc)) / (280/(3 σcbc) + σst)
σcbc & σst are the permissible flexural strength in steel and concrete respectively.
The area of steel required is calculated as per the following formula and adequate steel is
provided and spacing of bars are computed. The steel provided has to be greater than the
minimum steel required that is 0.12% of the gross area of section.
Area of steel required, Ast req = M/(σst jd)
The area of distribution steel is considered by considering the load combination 0.2DL +
0.3LL. The bending moment at critical section are computed and required steel is provided
as per the procedure for main reinforcement.
Fig 11: Typical Detailing of a Box Culvert
30
4.4.2 DESIGN FOR SHEAR
The critical cases for shear force in the maximum bending moment and maximum shear
force conditions are considered at the critical sections 2, 5, 8 & 9.
The design shear stress is computed as follows (Cl. 304.7 IRC 21-2000):
Design Shear Stress, τv = V / (b x d)

b – breadth of the member
d – effective depth of the member
V – Design Shear across the section
The value of design shear stress must be less than the maximum shear stress allowed in the
section as per IRC 21-2000 table 12A. The permissible shear stress, τc is determined based
on the percentage of steel provided as given in table 12B IRC 21-2000, and the shear
reinforcement is computed for the unbalanced shear force.
Vertical Shear Reinforcement, Asw = Vs x S / (σs x d)

Asw – Total Cross-sectional area of stirrup legs
Vs = V - τc x b x d
S – Spacing of the stirrups
σs – Permissible tensile stress in shear reinforcement
d – effective depth
31
REFERENCES
1. IRC 6-2010, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges
Section II – Loads and Stresses (5th Revision)
2. IRC 21-2000, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section III – Cement Concrete (Plain and Reinforced) (3rd Revision)
3. IRC-78-2000, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges,
Section VII- Foundations and Substructures.
4. Dr. V.K. Raina, Concrete Bridge Practice: Analysis, Design and Economics, page
387-396, Design of a RCC section subject to combined Axial Thrust and Biaxial
Bending.
5. Foundation Analysis and Design, 5th edition, by Joseph E.Bowles, McGraw-Hill,
1996.
32
ANNEXURE 1 : SAMPLE DESIGN OF SUB-STRUCTURE
CONTENTS
1 DETAILS OF SUBSTRUCTURE 1
1.1 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES……………………………………………………….... 2
2 DEAD LOAD 3
2.1 REACTION DUE TO DEAD LOAD……………………………………………...... 3
2.2 REACTION DUE TO SIDL……………………………………………………….... 3
3 LIVE LOAD 4
3.1 CLASS 70R………………………………………………………………………..... 4
3.2 CLASS 70R + 1 CLASS A………………………………………………………...... 5
3.3 3-CLASS A………………………………………………………………………….. 6
4 LONGITUDINAL FORCES 7
4.1 FRICTIONAL FORCE……………………………………………………………… 7
5 WIND FORCE 8
5.1 DEAD LOAD……………………………………………………………………...... 9
5.1.1 Superstructure………………………………………………………………..... 9
5.1.2 Sub-structure…………………………………………………………………... 9
5.2 LIVE LOAD…………………………………………………………………............ 9
6 SEISMIC FORCES 10
6.1 SELF-WEIGHT CALCULATION OF PIER……………………………………….. 10
6.2 SEISMIC COEFFICIENT…………………………………………………………... 11
6.2.1 Longitudinal Direction……………………………………………………........ 11
6.3 DEAD LOAD OF SUPERSTRUCTURE……………………….………………….. 11
6.4 SIDL………………………………………….……………………………………… 11
6.5 DIRT WALL……………………..………………………………………………….. 11
6.6 SUB-STRUCTURE………….……………………………………………………… 12
6.6.1 Pier cap……………..………………………………………………………….. 12
6.6.2 Pier……….……………………………………………………………………. 12
6.7 LIVE LOAD 12
6.7.1 Class 70R…………………………….………………………………………... 12
6.7.2 Class 70R + Class A……….………………………………………………….. 12
6.7.3 3-Class A………...…...………………………………………………………... 12
7 LOAD CASES 13
7.1 FORCES AND MOMENTS FOR FOOTING TOP………………………………… 13
7.2 SEISMIC COMBINATIONS FOR FOOTING TOP……………………………...... 14
7.3 SEISMIC COMBINATIONS FOR FOOTING BOTTOM…………………………. 15
7.4 WIND LOAD FOR FOOTING BOTTOM…………………………………………. 15
8 LOAD COMBINATIONS 16
8.1 PIER BOTTOM…………………………………………………………………....... 16
8.2 FOOTING BOTTOM……………………………………………………………….. 20
9 LOAD SUMMARY 24
9.1 BOTTOM OF PIER…………………………………………………………………. 24
9.2 BOTTOM OF FOOTING………………………………………………………….... 25
10 DESIGN OF FREE-END PIER 26
11 MATERIAL STRESSES 27
12 PIER CAP DESIGN 28
13 FOOTING DESIGN 32
13.1 SECTIONAL PROPERTIES………………………………………………………... 32
13.2 EARTHFILL………………………………………………………………………… 33
13.3 FOOTING CORNER STRESSES…………………………………………………... 34
13.4 NET PRESSURE…………………………………………………………………..... 37
13.5 DESIGN AT CRITICAL SECTIONS……………………………………………..... 38
13.6 FOOTING SHEAR………………………………………………………………….. 43
1. DETAILS OF SUBSTRUCTURE
Grade of Concrete 35.00 MPa

Grade of Steel 500.00 MPa
Density of concrete 25.00 kN/m3
Overall span of RCC Girder 20.00 m
Effective Span 19.00 m
Size of Pier
Transverse Direction 3.00 m
Longitudinal Direction (Thickness) 1.00 m
Equivalent width of pier in transverse direction 2.79 m
Depth of pier cap 1.50 m
Thickness of dirt wall 0.30 m
Spacing between bearings 3.00 m
Eccentricity between C/L OF Pier & Bearings 0.11 m
Height of Crash barrier 1.15 m
Thickness of wearing coat 0.06 m
Thickness of deck slab 0.23 m
Depth of RCC Girder 1.50 m
Thickness of bearing 0.07 m
Minimum height of pedestal 0.20 m
% camber 2.50 %
Average thickness of bearing pedestal 0.31 m
Total width of deck slab 12.00 m
Depth of founding level from GL 2.00 m
Depth of footing 1.00 m
GL to footing top level 1.00 m
FRL at pier location 621.59 m
Existing ground level 613.64 m
Average bearing Top level 619.67 m
Pier cap top level 619.30 m
Footing top level 612.64 m
Founding level 611.64 m
Height of pier from GL to pier cap top 5.65 m
Height from bearing level to footing top 7.03 m
Height of pier (i.e.. Footing top to pier cap top) 6.65 m
2
Cross-sectional Area of Pier (A) 2.79 m
4
Least moment of inertia (I) 0.23 m
Least radius of gyration rmin = √(I/A) 0.29 m
1
Note 3 Table 13 IRC 21-2000 lef=1.75l 11.65
Slenderness Ratio ( lef/rmin) 40.34 <50
Hence, Short pier
Stress Reduction factor (only for long column) (1.5-lef/(100*rmin) 1.00
1.1 PERMISSIBLE STRESSES
(Stress increase as per IRC 21-2000)

Permissible flexural compressive stress in concrete σcbc Normal 11.70 MPa Table 9
Wind 15.56 MPa
Seismic 17.55 MPa
Permissible flexural tensile stress in steel σst Normal 240.00 MPa Table 10
Wind 319.20 MPa
Seismic 360.00 MPa
Permissible compressive stress in steel σst Normal 205.00 MPa Table 10
Wind 272.65 MPa
Seismic 307.50 MPa
2
Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil 440.00 kN/m
2
2. DEAD LOAD
2.1 REACTION DUE TO DEAD LOAD

(Girder+Diaphragm+Deck Slab)
Width of pier cap 1.40 m
Values from STAAD Model
Reaction on Bearings
Bearing Reaction (kN) Trans. ecc. Long. ecc. Trans. Moment Long. Moment
B1 357.00 4.50 0.11 1606.50 39.27
B2 379.00 1.50 0.11 568.50 41.69
B3 379.00 -1.50 0.11 -568.50 41.69
B4 357.00 -4.50 0.11 -1606.50 39.27
1472.00 0.00 161.92
2.2 REACTION DUE TO SIDL

(Wearing coat+crash barrier)
Values from STAAD Model
Reaction on Bearings
Bearing Reaction (kN) Trans. ecc. Long. ecc. Trans. Moment Long. Moment
B1 174.00 4.50 0.11 783.00 19.14
B2 31.00 1.50 0.11 46.50 3.41
B3 31.00 -1.50 0.11 -46.50 3.41
B4 174.00 -4.50 0.11 -783.00 19.14
410.00 0.00 45.10
Total reaction due to dead load = 1882.00 kN
3
3. LIVE LOAD
3.1 CLASS 70R
80 120 120 170 170 170 170
A1 A2
6.58 3.98 1.52 2.13 1.37 3.05 1.37
A1 = 256.27 kN
A2 = 743.73 kN
Total Reaction due to Class 70R = 1000.00 kN
0.45 1.20 2.79 6.00
2.96
Maximum Reaction = 743.73 kN
Transverse Moment = 2197.72 kNm
Longitudinal Moment = 81.81 kNm
4
3.2 CLASS 70R + 1 CLASS A
27 27 114 114 68 68 68 68
A1 A2
1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 5.50
A1 = 142.84 kN
A2 = 357.16 kN
1.95 2.30
7.50
70R A
0.45 1.20 2.79 6.00
2.96 3.10
Transverse Moment = 1090.53 kNm Maximum Reaction = 357.16 kN

Longitudinal Moment = 39.29 kNm Total Reaction due to Class A = 554.00 kN
10% reduction for longitudnal effect as per IRC 6-2010 Cl. 205 Total Reaction = 1100.89 kN
Reaction = 990.80 kN
Longitudinal Moment = 35.36 kNM
5
3.3 3-CLASS A
0.4
6
0.45 0 2.3 1.2 2.3 1.2 2.3
4.25 2.75
0.75
Reaction due to 1 Class A vehicle = 357.16
10% reduction due to longitudnal effect

6
4. LONGITUDINAL FORCES
4.1 FRICTIONAL FORCE
As per Cl. 211.5.1 OF IRC 6-2010, following values of horizontal force have been considered.
μ - Coefficient of friction at movable bearing = 0.05
Rg - Reaction at free end due to dead load = 1882.00 kN
Rq - Reaction at free end due to live load
Class 70R 743.73 kN
Class 70R + Class A 990.80 kN
3 Class A 964.33 kN
S.No. Description of traffic load Horizontal Force = μ(Rg + Rq) kN

1 DL+SIDL+Class 70R 131.29
2 DL+SIDL+Class 70R + 1 Class A 143.64
3 DL+SIDL+3 Class A 142.32
Free pier will have no braking forces acting on pier
Bearing Deformation only needs to be calculated for elastomeric bearing
7
5. WIND FORCE
The project stretch contains less obstructions for wind hence the terrain is considered
to be plain as per table 4 of IRC 6-2010
Basic wind speed for the project stretch 42.5 m/s

Height of the superstructure 8.85 m
Height from GL to bottom of superstructure 5.92 m
For height of 9m & for basic wind speed of 33m/s,

2
Horizontal wind pressure 463.7 N/m
For basic wind speed of 42.5m/s,
2
Horizontal wind pressure, Pz 769.1076 N/m
Transverse wind force , FT ( Cl. 209.3.3 of IRC 6-2010)

FT = P z x A1 x G x C D
A1 - Solid Area in m2
G - Gust factor
CD - Drag Coefficient
Longitudinal wind force FL for superstructure shall be taken as 25% of the
transverse wind force as per Cl. 209.3.4 of IRC 6-2010.
Vertical wind force , FT ( Cl. 209.3.5 of IRC 6-2010)

FL = P z x A3 x G x C D
A3 -Area in plan in m2
G - Gust factor
CL - Lift Coefficient = 0.75
5.1 DEAD LOAD
5.1.1 Superstructure
Length of superstructure resisting wind, l = 10.00 m
Depth of superstructure resisting wind, d = 2.93 m
2
Area of deck resisting wind, A1 = 29.31 m
Width of cross-section, b = 12.00 m
b/d = 4.09
CD for structures supported by single beam = 1.40

CD for structures supported by 2 or more beams = 2.09
Gust factor (G) for spans upto 150m = 2.00
Transverse force on superstructure due to wind, FT = 94.36 kN
Longitudinal force on superstructure due to wind, FL = 23.59 kN
C.G. of the force from bearing level = 1.44 m
8
Vertical Wind Load, FL
Width of superstructure = 12.00 m
2
Area in plan, A3 = 120.00 m
Vertical Wind Load, FL = 138.44 kN
5.1.2 Sub-structure =
Dimension of pier in longitudinal direction, b = 1.00 m
Dimension of pier in transverse direction, t = 3.00 m
Height of pier exposed to wind, h = 5.65 m
t/b = 3.00
h/b = 5.65
As per note 4 of IRC 6-2010 page 30, h/b = 40.00
From table 5 of IRC 6-2010, CD = 1.20
As per IRC 6-2010, Cl. 209.4 Note 1, CD value should be multiplied with maximum of
(1-1.5r/b) or 0.5 for piers with rounded corners, where r is the radius of rounded pier corner.
0.50
For pier with r = 0.5m, (1-1.5r/b) = 0.25
CD multiplication factor = 0.50
CD is multiplied by 0.5 = 0.60
Gust factor, G = 2.00
2
Solid area of projected elevation, A1 = 5.65 m
Transverse force on substructure due to wind = 5.22 kN
Longitudinal force on substructure due to wind = 1.30 kN
Lever arm (from top of footing to C.G. of exposed area)

for wind force acting on substructure = 3.82 m
5.2 Live Load

(Cl. 209.3.3 IRC 6-2010)
Height of deck from GL = 7.64 m
For basic wind speed of 42.5m/s,
Hourly mean speed of wind at deck level = 35.80 m/s
Height of live load from ground level = 10.65 m
For height of 10.95m & for basic wind speed 33m/s
2
Horizontal wind pressure = 473.00 N/m
For height of 10.95m & for basic wind speed 42.5m/s
2
Horizontal wind pressure = 784.53 N/m
Total length of superstructure exposed to wind force = 10.00 m
Height of exposed area of live load (excluding height of crash barrier)
for calculating wind force = 1.85 m
Area of live load resisting wind = 18.50 m2
CD value as per Cl. 209.3.6 of IRC 6-2010 = 1.20
Gust factor (G) for spans upto 150m = 2.00
Transverse wind force due to live load = 34.83 kN
Longitudinal wind force = 8.71 kN
C.G. of force from bearing level = 3.81 m
9
6. SEISMIC FORCES
6.1 SELF-WEIGHT CALCULATION OF PIER
12
1.4
0.4
1 1
1.1
2 2
4.4
3.2
2
Area of pier cap above section 1-1 = 4.8 m
2
Area of pier cap between section 1-1 & 2-2 = 8.36 m
2
Total area of pier cap per unit width = 13.16 m
3
Volume of pier cap = 18.424 m
C.G. of pier cap above 1-1 from top = 0.2 m
C.G. of pier cap between 1-1 & 2-2 from top = 0.84386 m
C.G. of pier cap from top = 0.60902 m
Self weight of pier cap = 460.6 kN
Height of straight portion of pier = 5.15 m

2
Area of pier = 2.79 m
3
Volume of pier = 14.3685 m
Self weight of straight portion of pier = 359.213 kN
2
C/s area of dirt wall = 0.77 m
Weight if dirt wall = 231 kN
Longitudinal moment due to dirt wall over piercap = 127.05 kNm
Calculation of Seismic Coefficient

Zone Factor = 0.1
Response Reduction Factor (table 5) = 2.5
10
Importance Factor = 1.2
6.2 SEISMIC COEFFICIENT

6.2.1 Longitudinal Direction
4
M.I. of section about its C.G., I = 0.2325 m
Young's Modulus of Elasticity , E = 30172 Mpa
Height of pier above foundation, L = 6.65 m
Stiffness of pier, F = 3EI/L3 = 71401 kN/m
Dead load from superstructure (DL+SIDL), D = 1882.00 kN
Time Period, T=2(D/1000F)0.5
D= Dead load from super structure in kN
F- Stiffness in kN/mm
Time Period, T=2(D/1000F)0.5 = 0.3247 sec
Sa/g (fig 13 IRC -2-2010) = 2.5
Longitudinal Seismic Coefficient = 0.06
6.2.2 Transverse direction

M.I. of section about its C.G., I = 1.8098 m4
Young's Modulus of Elasticity , E = 30172 Mpa
Height of pier above foundation, L = 6.65 m
3
Stiffness of pier, F = 3EI/L = 555792 kN/m
Dead load from superstructure (DL+SIDL) = 1882.00 kN
20% Live load = 198.16 kN
D = 2080.16 kN
0.5
Time Period, T=2(D/1000F) = 0.12236 sec
Sa/g (fig 13 IRC -2-2010) = 2.5
Transverse Seismic Coefficient = 0.06
Seimic force due to permanent load of superstructure acts the the
C.G. of the superstructure
6.3 DEAD LOAD OF SUPERSTRUCTURE

Total Load = 1472.00 kN
Seismic force in Transverse Direction = 88.32 kN
Seismic force in Longitudinal Direction = 0 kN
CG of superstructure from bearing top = 1.2 m
6.4 SIDL
CG of SIDL from bearing top = 1.95 m
6.5 DIRT WALL
Seismic force in Longitudinal Direction = 13.86 kN
CG of dirt wall from top of footing = 7.709 m
Height of Dirt wall = 2.108 m
11
6.6 SUB-STRUCTURE
6.6.1 Pier cap

CG of pier cap from top of pier cap = 0.61 m
CG of pier cap from top of footing = 6.05 m
6.6.2 Pier
Height from GL to pier cap bottom = 4.15 m
CG of pier cap from top of footing = 3.0775 m
6.7 LIVE LOAD

Only 20% Live load is considered for seismic case
6.7.1 Class 70R
6.7.2 Class 70R + Class A

6.7.3 3-Class A
Horizontal seismic force acts at 1.2m above FRL

C.G. of live load from bearing top = 2.98 m
12
7. LOAD CASES
7.1 FORCES AND MOMENTS FOR FOOTING TOP

The elevation difference between top of bearing to top of 7.03 m
HL ML MT
S.No. Description of loads P (kN) (kN) HT (kN) eL (m) eT (m) (kNm) (kNm)
Dead Load
Self weight of
1.1 superstructure 1472.00 161.92
Weight of dirt
1.2 wall+approach slab 231.00 -127.05
1.3 Weight of pier cap 460.60
1.4 Weight of pier 359.21
2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 Live Load
3.1 Class 70R 743.73 81.81 2197.72
3.2 Class 70R + Class A 990.80 35.36 981.47
3.3 3 Class A 964.33 106.08 723.25
4 Longitudinal Forces
4.1 Frictional Force

4.1.1 DL+SIDL+Class 70R 131.29 7.03 922.68
DL+SIDL+Class 70R +
4.1.2 Class A 143.64 7.03 1009.50
4.1.3 DL+SIDL+3 Class A 142.32 7.03 1000.20
5 Wind Load
5.1 On superstructure
5.1.1 Wind over permanent load -138.44 23.59 94.36 8.47 8.47 199.76 799.04
5.1.2 Wind over live load 8.71 34.83 10.83 10.83 94.34 377.35
Net force on superstructure -138.44 32.30 129.19 294.10 1176.39

5.2 On substructure 1.30 5.22 3.82 3.82 4.98 19.94
13
6 Seismic Loads
6.1 Longitudinal Seismic Case

Dead load on
6.1.1 superstructure 0.00 8.23 0.00
6.1.2 SIDL 0.00 8.98 0.00
6.1.3 Dirt Wall 13.86 7.71 106.85
6.1.4 Pier Cap 27.64 6.05 167.09
6.1.5 Pier 17.39 3.08 53.51
6.1.6 Live Load
6.1.6.1 Class 70R 0.00 10.01 0.00
6.1.6.2 Class 70R + Class A 0.00 10.01 0.00
6.1.6.3 3 Class A 0.00 10.01 0.00
6.2 Transverse Seismic Case

Dead load on
6.2.1 superstructure 88.32 8.23 726.70
6.2.2 SIDL 24.60 8.98 220.86
6.2.3 Dirt Wall 13.86 7.71 106.85
6.2.4 Pier Cap 27.64 6.05 167.09
6.2.5 Pier 17.39 3.08 53.51
6.2.6 Live Load
6.2.6.1 Class 70R 8.92 10.01 89.33
6.2.6.2 Class 70R + Class A 11.89 10.01 119.00
6.2.6.3 3 Class A 11.57 10.01 115.82
7.2 SEISMIC COMBINATIONS FOR FOOTING TOP
HL ML MT
S.No. Description of loads P (kN) (kN) HT (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
Longitudinal Seismic
1 Case
1.1 L+0.3T (DL+SIDL) 58.88 51.54 327.45 382.50
L+0.3T (DL+SIDL+ Class
1.2 70R) 58.88 54.22 327.45 409.30
1.3 70R+ Class A) 58.88 55.11 327.45 418.20
L+0.3T (DL+SIDL+ 3 Class
1.4 A) 58.88 55.01 327.45 417.25
2 Transverse Seismic Case

2.1 T+0.3L (DL+SIDL) 17.67 171.80 98.23 1275.00
T+0.3L (DL+SIDL+ Class
2.2 70R) 17.67 180.73 98.23 1364.33
2.3 70R+ Class A) 17.67 183.69 98.23 1394.01
T+0.3L (DL+SIDL+ 3 Class
2.4 A) 17.67 183.38 98.23 1390.83
14
For Footing bottom , depths are increased by 1m and seismic forces are increased by
7 Seismic Loads
7.1 Longitudinal Seismic Case

Dead load on
7.1.1 superstructure 0.00 9.23 0.00
7.1.2 SIDL 0.00 9.98 0.00
7.1.3 Dirt Wall 17.33 8.71 150.88
7.1.4 Pier Cap 34.55 7.05 243.40
7.1.5 Pier 21.74 4.08 88.63
7.1.6 Live Load
7.1.6.1 Class 70R 0.00 11.01 0.00
7.1.6.2 Class 70R + Class A 0.00 11.01 0.00
7.1.6.3 3 Class A 0.00 11.01 0.00
7.2 Transverse Seismic Case

Dead load on
7.2.1 superstructure 110.40 9.23 1018.77
7.2.2 SIDL 30.75 9.98 306.82
7.2.3 Dirt Wall 17.33 8.71 150.88
7.2.4 Pier Cap 34.55 7.05 243.40
7.2.5 Pier 21.74 4.08 88.63
7.2.6 Live Load
7.2.6.1 Class 70R 11.16 11.01 122.82
7.2.6.2 Class 70R + Class A 14.86 11.01 163.62
7.2.6.3 3 Class A 14.46 11.01 159.24
7.3 SEISMIC COMBINATIONS FOR FOOTING BOTTOM
HL ML MT
S.No. Description of loads P (kN) (kN) HT (kN) (kNm) (kNm)
Longitudinal Seismic
1 Case
1.1 L+0.3T (DL+SIDL) 73.61 64.43 482.91 542.55
1.2 70R) 73.61 67.77 482.91 579.40
1.3 70R+ Class A) 73.61 68.89 482.91 591.64
L+0.3T (DL+SIDL+ 3 Class
1.4 A) 73.61 68.77 482.91 590.33
2 Transverse Seismic Case

2.1 T+0.3L (DL+SIDL) 22.08 214.76 144.87 1808.51
2.2 70R) 22.08 225.91 144.87 1931.33
2.3 70R+ Class A) 22.08 229.62 144.87 1972.13
T+0.3L (DL+SIDL+ 3 Class
2.4 A) 22.08 229.22 144.87 1967.75
7.4 WIND LOAD FOR FOOTING BOTTOM
5 Wind Load
5.1 On superstructure
5.1.1 Wind over permanent load -138.44 23.59 94.36 9.47 9.47 223.35 893.40
5.1.2 Wind over live load 8.71 34.83 11.83 11.83 103.05 412.18
Net force on superstructure -138.44 32.30 129.19 326.40 1305.58

5.2 On substructure 1.30 5.22 4.82 4.82 6.29 25.16
15
8. LOAD COMBINATIONS
8.1 PIER BOTTOM
8.1.1 DL+SIDL (Without Live Load)
S.No. Description of loads P (kN) HL (kN) HT (kN) eL (m) eT (m) ML (kNm) MT (kNm)
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
Total 2932.81 79.97
8.1.2 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Longitudinal Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R 743.73 81.81 2197.72
4 Longitudinal Frictional Force 131.29 7.03 922.68
Total 3676.54 131.29 0.00 1084.46 2197.72
8.1.3 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Class A+Longitudinal Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A 990.80 35.36 981.47
Total 3923.61 143.64 0.00 1124.83 981.47
8.1.4 DL+SIDL+LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - 3 Class A 964.33 106.08 723.25
Total 3897.14 142.32 0.00 1186.25 723.25
16
8.1.5 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Longitudinal
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R 743.73 81.81 2197.72
5 Wind Load
5.1 On superstructure -138.44 32.30 129.19 294.10 1176.39
5.2 On substructure 1.30 5.22 3.82 3.82 4.98 19.94
Total 3538.10 164.89 134.41 1383.54 3394.05
Negative because wind is assumed to act upwards for critical condition
8.1.6 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R +Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Wind Load
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A 990.80 35.36 981.47
5 Wind Load
5.2 On substructure 1.30 5.22 3.82 3.82 4.98 19.94
Total 3785.17 177.24 134.41 1423.91 2177.80
8.1.7 DL+SIDL+LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Wind Load
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - 3 Class A 964.33 106.08 723.25
5 Wind Load
5.2 On substructure 1.30 5.22 3.82 3.82 4.98 19.94
Total 3758.71 175.92 134.41 1485.33 1919.58
17
8.1.8 DL+SIDL+Longitudinal Seismic Case (Without Live Load)
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 Longitudinal Seismic Force 58.88 51.54 327.45 382.50

Total 2932.81 58.88 51.54 407.42 382.50
8.1.9 DL+SIDL+20% LL Class 70R+Longitudinal Forces+Longitudinal Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R 148.75 16.36 439.54
Total 3081.56 190.17 54.22 1346.46 848.84
8.1.10 DL+SIDL+20% LL Class 70R+Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Longitudinal Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A 198.16 7.07 196.29
Total 3130.97 202.52 55.11 1423.99 614.50
8.1.11 DL+SIDL+20% LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Longitudinal Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - 3 Class A 192.87 21.22 144.65
Total 3125.68 201.20 55.01 1428.83 561.90
18
8.1.12 DL+SIDL+Transverse Seismic Case (Without Live Load)
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 Transverse Seismic Force 17.67 171.80 98.23 1275.00
Total 2932.81 17.67 171.80 178.20 1275.00
8.1.13 DL+SIDL+20% LL Class 70R+Longitudinal Forces+Transverse Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R 148.75 16.36 439.54
Total 3081.56 148.95 180.73 1117.25 1803.88
8.1.14 DL+SIDL+20% LL Class 70R+Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Transverse Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A 198.16 7.07 196.29
Total 3130.97 161.31 183.69 1194.78 1590.30
8.1.15 DL+SIDL+20% LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Transverse Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - 3 Class A 192.87 21.22 144.65
Total 3125.68 159.98 183.38 1199.62 1535.48
19
8.2 FOOTING BOTTOM
It may be noted that Seismic loads are increased by 25% in seismic cases for
8.2.1 DL+SIDL (Without Live Load)
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
Total 2932.81 79.97
8.2.2 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Longitudinal Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R 743.73 81.81 2197.72
Longitudinal Frictional
4 Force 131.29 8.03 1053.97
Total 3676.54 131.29 0.00 1215.75 2197.72
8.2.3 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Class A+Longitudinal Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A 990.80 35.36 981.47
4 Force 143.64 8.03 1153.14
Total 3923.61 143.64 0.00 1268.47 981.47
8.2.4 DL+SIDL+LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - 3 Class A 964.33 106.08 723.25
4 Force 142.32 8.03 1142.52
Total 3897.14 142.32 0.00 1328.56 723.25
20
8.2.5 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Longitudinal Forces+Wind Load
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R 743.73 81.81 2197.72
4 Force 131.29 8.03 1053.97
5 Wind Load
5.2 On substructure 1.30 5.22 4.82 4.82 6.29 25.16
Total 3538.10 164.89 134.41 1548.43 3528.46
Negative because wind is assumed to act upwards for critical condition
8.2.6 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R +Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Wind Load
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A 990.80 35.36 981.47
4 Force 143.64 8.03 1153.14
5 Wind Load
5.2 On substructure 1.30 5.22 4.82 4.82 6.29 25.16
Total 3785.17 177.24 134.41 1601.16 2312.21
8.2.7 DL+SIDL+LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Wind Load
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - 3 Class A 964.33 106.08 723.25
4 Force 142.32 8.03 1142.52
5 Wind Load
5.2 On substructure 1.30 5.22 4.82 4.82 6.29 25.16
Total 3758.71 175.92 134.41 1661.25 2053.99
21
8.2.8 DL+SIDL+Longitudinal Seismic Case (Without Live Load)
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10

Total 2932.81 73.61 64.43 562.88 542.55
8.2.9 DL+SIDL+20% LL Class 70R+Longitudinal Forces+Longitudinal Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R 148.75 16.36 439.54
4 Force 131.29 8.03 1053.97

Total 3081.56 204.89 67.77 1633.21 1018.94
8.2.10 DL+SIDL+20% LL Class 70R+Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Longitudinal Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A 198.16 7.07 196.29
4 Force 143.64 8.03 1153.14

Total 3130.97 217.25 68.89 1723.10 787.93
8.2.11 DL+SIDL+20% LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Longitudinal Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - 3 Class A 192.87 21.22 144.65
4 Force 142.32 8.03 1142.52

Total 3125.68 215.92 68.77 1726.62 734.98
22
8.2.12 DL+SIDL+Transverse Seismic Case (Without Live Load)
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10

Total 2932.81 22.08 214.76 224.84 1808.51
8.2.13 DL+SIDL+20% LL Class 70R+Longitudinal Forces+Transverse Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R 148.75 16.36 439.54
4 Force 131.29 8.03 1053.97

Total 3081.56 153.37 225.91 1295.17 2370.87
8.2.14 DL+SIDL+20% LL Class 70R+Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Transverse Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - Class 70R+Class A 198.16 7.07 196.29
4 Force 143.64 8.03 1153.14

Total 3130.97 165.72 229.62 1385.06 2168.42
8.2.15 DL+SIDL+20% LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Transverse Seismic Forces
1 Dead Load 2522.81 34.87

2 SIDL 410.00 45.10
3 LL - 3 Class A 192.87 21.22 144.65
4 Force 142.32 8.03 1142.52

Total 3125.68 164.40 229.22 1388.58 2112.40
23
9. LOAD SUMMARY
9.1 BOTTOM OF PIER
S.No. Description of Load Combination P (kN) HL (kN) HT (kN) ML (kNm) MT (kNm)

1 DL+SIDL (Without Live Load) 2932.81 0.00 0.00 79.97 0.00
NORMAL
2 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Longitudinal Forces 3676.54 131.29 0.00 1084.46 2197.72
3 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Class A+Longitudinal Forces 3923.61 143.64 0.00 1124.83 981.47
4 DL+SIDL+LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces 3897.14 142.32 0.00 1186.25 723.25

DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Longitudinal Forces+Wind
5 3538.10 164.89 134.41 1383.54 3394.05
Load
WIND
DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R +Class A+Longitudinal
6 3785.17 177.24 134.41 1423.91 2177.80
Forces+Wind Load
DL+SIDL+LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Wind
7 3758.71 175.92 134.41 1485.33 1919.58
Load
DL+SIDL+Longitudinal Seismic Case (Without Live
8 2932.81 58.88 51.54 407.42 382.50
LONGITUDINAL
Load)
DL+SIDL+20% LL Class 70R+Longitudinal
SEISMIC
9 3081.56 190.17 54.22 1346.46 848.84
Forces+Longitudinal Seismic Forces
DL+SIDL+20% LL Class 70R+Class A+Longitudinal
10 3130.97 202.52 55.11 1423.99 614.50
DL+SIDL+20% LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal
11 3125.68 201.20 55.01 1428.83 561.90
DL+SIDL+Transverse Seismic Case (Without Live
12 2932.81 17.67 171.80 178.20 1275.00
Load)
TRANSVERSE
SEISMIC
13 3081.56 148.95 180.73 1117.25 1803.88
Forces+Transverse Seismic Forces
14 3130.97 161.31 183.69 1194.78 1590.30
15 3125.68 159.98 183.38 1199.62 1535.48
24
9.2 BOTTOM OF FOOTING
S.No. Description of Load Combination P (kN) HL (kN) HT (kN) ML (kNm) MT (kNm)

1 DL+SIDL+Longitudinal Forces (Without Live Load) 2932.81 0.00 0.00 79.97 0.00
NORMAL
2 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Longitudinal Forces 3676.54 131.29 0.00 1215.75 2197.72
3 DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Class A+Longitudinal Forces 3923.61 143.64 0.00 1268.47 981.47
4 DL+SIDL+LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces 3897.14 142.32 0.00 1328.56 723.25
DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R+Longitudinal Forces+Wind
5 3538.10 164.89 134.41 1548.43 3528.46
Load
WIND
DL+SIDL+LL Class 70R +Class A+Longitudinal
6 3785.17 177.24 134.41 1601.16 2312.21
Forces+Wind Load
DL+SIDL+LL 3 Class A+Longitudinal Forces+Wind
7 3758.71 175.92 134.41 1661.25 2053.99
Load
DL+SIDL+Longitudinal Forces+Longitudinal Seismic
8 2932.81 73.61 64.43 562.88 542.55
LONGITUDINAL
Case (Without Live Load)
SEISMIC
9 3081.56 204.89 67.77 1633.21 1018.94
10 3130.97 217.25 68.89 1723.10 787.93
11 3125.68 215.92 68.77 1726.62 734.98
DL+SIDL+Longitudinal Forces+Transverse Seismic
12 2932.81 22.08 214.76 224.84 1808.51
Case (Without Live Load)
TRANSVERSE
SEISMIC
13 3081.56 153.37 225.91 1295.17 2370.87
14 3130.97 165.72 229.62 1385.06 2168.42
15 3125.68 164.40 229.22 1388.58 2112.40
25
10. DESIGN OF FREE-END PIER
Length of section along tranverse direction 2.79 m

Length of section along longitudinal direction 1.00 m
Effective Cover 60 mm
End Spacing 0.1 m
No. of bars along tranverse direction (on one side) 16 Nos.

Bar Diameter 16 mm
Area of steel along transverse direction 3216.990877 mm2
No. of bars along longitudinal direction (on one side) 6 Nos.

Bar Diameter 16 mm
Area of steel along longitudinal direction 1206.371579 mm2
IRC 21-2000 Table 9 Note 1
Modular Ratio 10
Grade of Concrete 35.00 Mpa
Permissible flexural compressive stress in concrete σcbc Normal 11.70 MPa

Wind 15.56 MPa
Seismic 17.55 MPa
Permissible flexural tensile stress in steel σst Normal 240.00 MPa
Wind 319.20 MPa
Seismic 360.00 MPa
Permissible compressive stress in steel σst Normal 205.00 MPa
Wind 272.65 MPa
Seismic 307.50 MPa
Area of Concrete 2.79 m2

Area of steel 8846.724913 mm
Percentage of Steel 0.317086914 %

Area of concrete to resist axial load only 335351.58 mm2
Minimum Area of steel 2682.81265 mm2

Area of steel required 8370 mm2
SAFE
26
11. MATERIAL STRESSES
Longitudinal Direction (Thickness) 1.00 m

Equivalent width of pier in transverse direction 2.79 m
Effective Cover 60 mm
Area of steel along transverse direction on one face 3216.99 mm2
Distance to C.G. transverse steel from NA 440.00 mm
Area of steel along longitudinal direction on one face 1206.37 mm2
Distance to C.G. of longitudinal steel from NA 1335.00 mm
Total Area of Steel = 8846.72 mm2
Modular Ratio 10.00
Effective Area = 1.47E+06 mm2
Section Modulus in transverse direction, ZTT 4.90E+08 mm3
Section Modulus in the longitudinal direction, ZLL 1.35E+09 mm3
STEEL TENSION m(bd^3/12+MT/ZT-ML/ZL)

CONCRETE COMP (bd^3/12+MT/ZT+ML/ZL)
Mx (Trans.) My (Long.) σ concrete σ steel

S.No. P (kN) kNm kNm ex (m) ey (m) (Mpa) tension (Mpa)
1 2932.81 79.97 0.00 0.03 0.00 2.15 21.32
NORMAL
2 3676.54 1084.46 2197.72 0.29 0.60 6.33 59.98
3 3923.61 1124.83 981.47 0.29 0.25 5.68 53.76
4 3897.14 1186.25 723.25 0.30 0.19 5.60 52.85
5 3538.10 1383.54 3394.05 0.39 0.96 7.74 72.89
WIND
6 3785.17 1423.91 2177.80 0.38 0.58 7.08 66.67
7 3758.71 1485.33 1919.58 0.40 0.51 7.00 65.76
LONGITUDINAL
8 2932.81 407.42 382.50 0.14 0.13 3.10 29.91
9 3081.56 1346.46 848.84 0.44 0.28 5.47 51.09 SEISMIC
10 3130.97 1423.99 614.50 0.45 0.20 5.48 51.15
11 3125.68 1428.83 561.90 0.46 0.18 5.45 50.83
12 2932.81 178.20 1275.00 0.06 0.43 3.30 32.13

TRANSVERSE
13 3081.56 1117.25 1803.88 0.36 0.59 5.71 53.74

SEISMIC
14 3130.97 1194.78 1590.30 0.38 0.51 5.74 53.96
15 3125.68 1199.62 1535.48 0.38 0.49 5.70 53.62
27
12. PIER CAP DESIGN
Effective depth, d = 1.4025 m

Width of pier cap 1.4 m
0.105 3.00
B2 1.4025 1.70 B1 1.5
Depth @ 'd' away
from face of pier 0.4
1.20
1.1
14.04
0.20 4.40
Results from STAAD after 10% reduction due to longitudinal effect for 3 lanes traffic for live load
Description Reaction of Bearing (kN)

S.No.
B1 B2
1 Dead Load 357.00 379.00
2 SIDL 174.00 31.00
3 Live Load
3.1 Class 70R 343.00 405.00
3.2 Class 70R + Class A 297.00 337.50
3.3 3 Class A 285.30 266.40
Impact Factor (As per IRC-6-2010 Cl. 208)
For Class A and combination 1.17 (Cl. 208.2)

For Class 70R 1.17 (Cl. 208.4 Fig 5)
Loads @ face of pier considering impact factor
Bending
Shear Force Torsion
S.No. Description Moment
(kN) (kNm)
(kNm)
1 Dead Load 736.00 1148.28 80.96
2 SIDL 205.00 543.53 22.55
3 Class 70R 875.16 1295.82 96.27
4 Class 70R + Class A 744.32 1123.36 81.87
5 3 Class A 647.19 1071.99 71.19
Loads @ distance 'd' from the face of pier considering impact factor
Bending
Shear Force Torsion
S.No. Description Moment
(kN) (kNm)
(kNm)
1 Dead Load 357.00 607.79 39.27
2 SIDL 174.00 296.24 19.14
3 Class 70R 343 683.23 44.14
4 Class 70R + Class A 297 593.16 38.32
5 3 Class A 285.3 569.79 36.81
28
Bending Moment and Shear Force due to self weight of cantilever portion of pier cap
at pier face at distance d away

Depth of pier cap 1.50 m 1.20 m
Shear due to pier cap 157.06 kN 89.70 kN
Increase shear by 10% for bearing 172.77 kN 98.67 kN
C.G. of pier cap section from 1.85 m 1.33 m

Bending Moment due to self weight 319.92 kNm 131.66 kNm
Shear due to dirt wall 88.65 kN 61.65 kN
Lever arm of shear force due to 2.30 m 1.60 m
Bending Moment due to dirt wall 204.11 kNm 98.71
Load Combination at pier face at distance 'd' away from pier face
S.No.
Torsion SF (kN) BM (kNm) Torsion SF (kN) BM (kNm)
1 DL+SIDL+Class 70R 199.78 5065.20 3187.40 102.55 1034.32 1817.63
DL+SIDL+Class 70R
2 +Class A 185.38 3638.54 3442.71 96.73 988.32 1727.56
3 DL+SIDL+3 Class A 174.70 3541.40 3391.34 95.22 976.62 1704.19
Maximum 199.78 5065.20 3442.71 102.55 1034.32 1817.63
Calculation of Equivalent Shear force and bending moment due to torsion
Load Combination at pier face at distance 'd' away from pier face
S.No.
Eq. BM Eq. SF Eq. BM
Torsion Eq. SF (kN) Torsion
(kNm) (kN) (kNm)
1 DL+SIDL+Class 70R 199.78 228.32 243.43 102.55 117.20 112.06
2 DL+SIDL+Class 70R +Class A 185.38 211.87 225.89 96.73 110.55 105.70
3 DL+SIDL+3 Class A 174.70 199.66 212.87 95.22 108.83 104.05
Eq. SF = 1.6T/b
Eq. BM = T(1+D/b)/1.7
29
Total Shear Force and Bending Moments
S.No. Load Combination at pier face at distance 'd' away

SF (kN) BM (kNm) SF (kN) BM (kNm)
1 DL+SIDL+Class 70R 2305.89 3954.86 1151.53 1929.69
2 DL+SIDL+Class 70R +Class A2158.60 3668.60 1098.88 1833.26
3 DL+SIDL+3 Class A 2049.26 3604.21 1085.45 1808.24
Maximum 2305.89 3954.86 1929.69 1929.69

Modular Ratio 10.00
Permissible flexural compressive stress in concrete σcbc Normal 11.70 MPa
Permissible flexural tensile stress in steel σst Normal 240.00 MPa
Permissible compressive stress in steel σst Normal 205.00 MPa
k 0.31
j 0.90
Q 1.64
Clear Cover 40.00 mm

Total Depth, D 1500.00 m
Width of pier cap, b 1400.00 m
Design Shear Force at column face 2305.89 kN
Maximum Bending Moment 3954.86 kNm
Effective Depth Required, dreq 1312.73 mm
Depth provided, d 1402.50 mm
Design for flexure

Ast req 13117.32 mm2
Diameter of bar 25.00 mm
No. of bars required 28.00
1st layer 14 Nos. of 25 mm dia bars

2nd layer 14 Nos. of 25 mm dia bars
Provided Reinforcement 13744.47
Side face reinforcement (0.05%) 1050.00 mm2
Diameter of bars 12.00 mm
No. of bars required 10.00
Provide 10 Nos. of 12 mm dia bars along each side face
30
Design for shear
At the face of pier
Table 12A IRC 21-2000

For M35 concrete, τc max 2.30 Mpa
Effective depth 1402.50 mm
Design Shear Stress, τv 1.17 < 2.3
SAFE
% reinforcement 0.65
Table 12B IRC 21-2000
Shear stress in concrete, τc 0.35 MPa
Shear force for which reinforcement is required 1618.67 kN
Area of shear reinforcement required 788.19 mm2
Provide 4 legged 16 mm dia stirrups
Asv 804.25 mm2

Spacing Required 142.85 mm
mm dia
Provide Fe415 grade 4 legged 16 stirrups @ 140 mm
Area of shear reinforcement provided 804.25 mm2

> 788.185 SAFE
Transverse Reinforcement
As per IRC 21-2000 Cl 304.7.2.4.3

Maximum Torsion 199.78 kNm
Average effective width, b1 1263.00 mm
Average effective depth, d1 813.00 mm
Torsional transverse reinforcement required, Aswt 480.41 mm2
< 804.248 OK
31
13. FOOTING DESIGN
3 1.2 1.3
P2 P3
1.15
Traffic Direction
3.2
1.15
P1 P4
1.00
3.1 1.4 Ground Level
0.3
2
0.7
13.1 SECTIONAL PROPERTIES

Area of pier 2.79
Footing dimension along transverse direction 5.50
Footing dimension along longitudinal direction 5.50
Area 30.25 m2
Section Modulus, ZL 27.73 m3
Section Modulus, ZT 27.73 m3
C.G. of footing along traffic direction (from left) 2.91 m

C.G. of footing normal to traffic direction (from left) 2.75 m
Area of footing section 5.05 m2

Volume of footing 27.78 m3
Weight of footing 694.38 kN
Load due to soil above footing(upto GL) 598.70 kN
32
13.2 EARTHFILL
Distance between pier and RE wall 0.40 m

Height of soil retained by RE wall 7.95 m
Weight of soil retained by RE wall 2361.45 kN

Eccentricity of wt of soil on footing along longitudinal direction 1.40 m
Moment due to soil above GL 3306.03 kNm
Eccentricity of pier from centre of footing 0.85 m
S.No. Ptop (kN) Pbottom (kN) Ml (kNm) ML (Mx) kNm MT (Mx) kNm
1 2932.81 6587.33 79.97 893.11 0.00
NORMAL
2 3676.54 7331.06 1215.75 1396.71 2197.72
3 3923.61 7578.14 1268.47 1239.43 981.47
4 3897.14 7551.67 1328.56 1322.02 723.25
5 3538.10 7192.63 1548.43 1847.07 3528.46
WIND
6 3785.17 7439.70 1601.16 1689.78 2312.21
7 3758.71 7413.23 1661.25 1772.38 2053.99
LONGITUDINAL
8 2932.81 6587.33 562.88 1376.02 542.55
SEISMIC
9 3081.56 6736.08 1633.21 2319.92 1018.94
10 3130.97 6785.49 1723.10 2367.80 787.93
11 3125.68 6780.20 1726.62 2375.82 734.98

TRANSVERSE
12 2932.81 6587.33 224.84 1037.98 1808.51

SEISMIC
13 3081.56 6736.08 1295.17 1981.88 2370.87
14 3130.97 6785.49 1385.06 2029.76 2168.42
15 3125.68 6780.20 1388.58 2037.78 2112.40
33
13.3 FOOTING CORNER STRESSES
Footing Corner Stresses

Load Case
P1 (kN/m ) P2 (kN/m2) P3 (kN/m2)
2
P4 (kN/m2)
1 185.55 185.55 249.97 249.97
NORMAL
2 271.24 112.72 213.46 371.98
3 241.21 170.42 259.82 330.61

4 228.05 175.88 271.24 323.40
5 298.41 43.91 177.14 431.63
WIND
6 268.39 101.62 223.49 390.26
7 255.22 107.07 234.91 383.06
TRANSVERSE LONGITUDINAL
8 187.71 148.57 247.82 286.95
SEISMIC
9 175.76 102.27 269.60 343.09
10 167.34 110.51 281.29 338.12
11 164.97 111.95 283.31 336.32
12 245.55 115.11 189.98 320.42
SEISMIC
13 236.71 65.71 208.65 379.65
14 229.31 72.91 219.31 375.71

15 226.83 74.47 221.45 373.81
Summary of Base Pressure at bottom of footing
2 Max. Pressure Min. Pressure

SBC (kN/m ) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
Normal 440.00 371.98 112.72 OK
Wind 550.00 431.63 43.91 OK
Longitudinal Seismic 550.00 343.09 102.27 OK
Transverse Seismic 550.00 379.65 65.71 OK
34
P2 P23 PF P32 P3
P21 PB P34
1.355
PE PA PC PG
2.79 5.5
P12 P43
PD
9.96
1.355
P1 P14 PH P41 P4
3.1 1.00 1.4

5.5
35
Footing Corner Stresses
Load Case
P12 (kN/m2) P21 (kN/m2) P23 (kN/m2) P32 (kN/m2) P34 (kN/m2) P43 (kN/m2) P41 (kN/m2)P14 (kN/m2)
1 185.55 185.55 221.86 233.57 249.97 249.97 233.57 221.86
NORMAL
2 232.18 151.77 169.50 187.82 252.51 332.92 346.33 328.02
3 223.77 187.86 220.81 237.06 277.26 313.17 307.85 291.60
4 215.20 188.73 229.63 246.96 284.09 310.55 299.13 281.79
5 235.71 106.61 119.00 143.23 239.83 368.93 397.72 373.50
WIND
6 227.30 142.70 170.31 192.47 264.58 349.18 359.24 337.08
7 218.72 143.57 179.13 202.37 271.41 346.56 350.52 327.27
TRANSVERSE LONGITUDINA
8 178.06 158.21 204.51 222.56 257.46 277.31 261.69 243.64
L SEISMIC
9 157.66 120.38 196.58 227.01 287.70 324.98 300.50 270.07
10 153.34 124.51 206.77 237.82 295.29 324.12 294.65 263.60
11 151.91 125.01 208.54 239.69 296.37 323.26 292.71 261.55
12 213.41 147.25 157.31 170.92 222.11 288.28 301.36 287.75
SEISMIC
13 194.58 107.84 146.28 172.27 250.78 337.53 343.27 317.28
14 190.78 111.45 155.43 182.05 257.84 337.18 338.45 311.83
15 189.29 112.01 157.31 184.04 258.98 336.27 336.39 309.67
36
13.4 NET PRESSURE
Self weight of footing + soil 1293.08 kN

Area of base at footing 30.25 m2
Pressure at 4 corners of footing 42.75 kN/m2
Net pressure = Pressure due to load and moment - Pressure at 4 corners due to footing and soil
2
Load Case PA (kN/m ) PB (kN/m2) PC (kN/m2) PD (kN/m2) PE (kN/m2) PF (kN/m2) PG (kN/m2) PH (kN/m2)
1 179.12 175.02 190.83 175.02 142.81 184.97 207.22 184.97
NORMAL
2 206.01 159.40 224.33 239.81 149.23 135.92 249.97 294.43
3 213.46 189.82 229.71 225.73 163.07 186.19 252.47 256.98
4 212.96 193.66 230.30 220.13 159.22 195.55 254.57 247.71
5 203.50 130.48 227.73 259.58 128.42 88.37 261.64 342.86
WIND
6 210.95 160.89 233.11 245.49 142.26 138.64 264.13 305.42
7 210.45 164.74 233.70 239.89 138.40 148.00 266.24 296.15
8 181.33 165.09 199.38 184.94 125.39 170.79 224.64 209.92
L SEISMIC
9 190.58 161.29 221.01 198.57 96.27 169.05 263.60 242.54
10 192.44 167.15 223.49 195.98 96.18 179.55 266.96 236.38
11 192.30 167.95 223.45 194.84 95.71 181.37 267.07 234.38
12 179.78 141.93 193.39 208.10 137.58 121.37 212.45 251.81
SEISMIC
13 189.03 136.56 215.02 223.31 108.46 116.52 251.41 287.53
14 190.88 141.90 217.50 221.24 108.37 125.99 254.77 282.39
15 190.75 142.75 217.47 220.04 107.90 127.93 254.88 280.29
37
13.5 DESIGN AT CRITICAL SECTIONS
Effective cover 75 mm
Diameter of reinforcement along traffic direction 16 mm
Diameter of reinforcement across traffic direction 16 mm
Effective depth along traffic direction 0.917 m

Effective depth across traffic direction 0.901 m
a 1 2 b
P2 PF P3
d 0.45
d
PB 1.36
4 0.901 0.901
4
PE PA PC PG
2.79
Traffic Direction
3 3
PD
0.901 0.901
c c 0.45 1.355
P1 PH P4
a
2.2 0.917 1.00 0.917 b 0.5

1 2
3.1 1.4
38
Moment at 1-1 due to earth retained by RE wall -751.37 kNm
Moment
Depth Required
Load Case about 1-1 Ast Required (mm2)
(mm)
(kNm)
1 38.62 68.76 193.53 k 0.28
NORMAL
2 311.52 195.29 1561.17 j 0.91
3 620.94 275.72 3111.87 Q 1.49
4 548.68 259.18 2749.73
5 77.37 97.32 285.87 k 0.23
WIND
6 232.06 168.56 857.47 j 0.92
7 159.80 139.87 590.47 Q 1.63
LONGITUDINAL
8 325.92 199.76 1060.03 k 0.21
SEISMIC
9 757.53 304.54 2463.80 j 0.93
10 742.85 301.57 2416.05 Q 1.68
11 752.25 303.47 2446.60
TRANSVERSE
12 124.81 123.61 405.93 k 0.21
SEISMIC
13 556.42 261.00 1809.70 j 0.93
14 541.74 257.54 1761.94 Q 1.68
15 551.13 259.76 1792.50
Maximum Ast 3111.87 mm2
39
Moment
Depth Required
(mm)
(kNm)
1 1087.48 364.88 5449.96 k 0.28
NORMAL
2 1301.28 399.14 6521.42 j 0.91
3 1319.92 401.99 6614.82 Q 1.49
4 1328.53 403.30 6657.99
5 1349.30 406.44 4985.72 k 0.23
WIND
6 1367.94 409.24 5054.59 j 0.92
7 1376.55 410.52 5086.42 Q 1.63
LONGITUDINAL
8 1165.42 377.73 3790.42 k 0.21
SEISMIC
9 1344.27 405.68 4372.09 j 0.93
10 1360.80 408.17 4425.86 Q 1.68
11 1361.15 408.22 4427.00
TRANSVERSE
12 1110.86 368.79 3612.98 k 0.21
SEISMIC
13 1289.71 397.36 4194.65 j 0.93
14 1306.24 399.90 4248.42 Q 1.68
15 1306.59 399.96 4249.56
40
Moment
Depth Required
(mm)
(kNm)
1 917.18 335.10 2856.06 k 0.28
NORMAL
2 1394.66 413.22 4342.91 j 0.91
3 1244.91 390.40 3876.60 Q 1.49
4 1204.30 383.98 3750.13
5 1590.96 441.34 4520.67 k 0.23
WIND
6 1441.21 420.06 4095.16 j 0.92
7 1400.60 414.09 3979.75 Q 1.63
LONGITUDINAL
8 1017.87 353.01 2797.54 k 0.21
SEISMIC
9 1150.61 375.32 3162.37 j 0.93
10 1125.50 371.21 3093.35 Q 1.68
11 1116.85 369.78 3069.60
TRANSVERSE
12 1197.83 382.95 3292.17 k 0.21
SEISMIC
13 1343.66 405.59 3692.96 j 0.93
14 1322.89 402.44 3635.89 Q 1.68
15 1313.79 401.06 3610.86

41
Moment
Depth Required
(mm)
(kNm)
1 917.18 335.10 4678.11 k 0.28
NORMAL
2 725.77 298.09 3701.80 j 0.91
3 946.19 340.36 4826.08 Q 1.49
4 984.17 347.12 5019.78
5 517.05 240.34 2586.10 k 0.23
WIND
6 737.47 287.03 3688.60 j 0.92
7 775.45 294.33 3878.55 Q 1.63
8 852.74 303.55 4234.03 k 0.21
L SEISMIC
9 840.48 301.37 4173.19 j 0.93
10 885.68 309.36 4397.62 Q 1.68
11 893.16 310.67 4434.74
12 647.40 264.49 3214.49 k 0.21
SEISMIC
13 622.06 259.27 3088.69 j 0.93
14 662.92 267.64 3291.54 Q 1.68
15 670.86 269.24 3330.97
Minimum Area of reinforcement = 0.12% of cross-sectional area (As per IRC 78-2000 Cl. 707.2.7)
Minimum reinforcement 6600 mm2

Reinforcement required along traffic direction 6657.99 mm2 SAFE
Diameter of bar 16
Provide 16 mm diameter bars @ 160 mm c/c
Reinforcement provided 6911.50 mm2 SAFE
Reinforcement required across traffic direction 5019.78 mm2 PROVIDE MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT
Diameter of bar 16 mm
Provide 16 mm diameter bars @ 160 mm c/c
Reinforcement provided 6911.50 mm2 SAFE
42
13.6 FOOTING SHEAR
Weight of soil retained by RE wall beyond section a-a per meter 347.14 kN/m
Reduction in shear along section a-a due to flaring depth Moment(a-a) x tanβ / da-a
tanβ = 0.10
Effective depth at section a-a 0.83 m
Moment about a-a due to soil 433.71 kNm
Area resisting shear at a distance 'd' away from the face of the pier
along traffic direction (section c-c & d-d) 5.05 m2
across traffic direction (section a-a & b-b) 4.56 m2
Permissible Shear Stress is obtained from Table 12B of IRC 21-2000
Permissi
Stress at Stress at SF Shear ble
Load BM about SF along
section a- section b- along b- Stress Shear
Case a-a, kNm a-a, kN Stress
a, kN/m2 b, kN/m2 b, kN (τv), Mpa
(τc) Mpa
1 168.38 -73.12 5.84 SAFE 202.37 544.05 0.12 SAFE 0.20
NORMAL
2 189.22 -46.37 152.33 SAFE 242.39 653.98 0.14 SAFE 0.20
3 198.55 -16.96 272.57 SAFE 245.74 661.74 0.15 SAFE 0.20
4 197.07 -24.27 245.19 SAFE 247.39 666.73 0.15 SAFE 0.20
5 181.29 -85.73 5.07 SAFE 251.61 681.72 0.15 SAFE 0.27
WIND
6 190.63 -56.33 125.31 SAFE 254.96 689.48 0.15 SAFE 0.27
7 189.14 -63.63 97.94 SAFE 256.61 694.47 0.15 SAFE 0.27
-100.66 SAFE 0.13 SAFE

LONGITUDINAL
8 164.79 -103.64 217.17 586.83 0.30

SEISMIC
9 162.68 -151.57 -257.30 SAFE 251.00 683.51 0.15 SAFE 0.30
10 163.96 -150.70 -250.75 SAFE 254.10 692.09 0.15 SAFE 0.30
SAFE SAFE
11 163.73 -151.63 -254.35 254.17 692.34 0.15 0.30
-26.11 SAFE 0.12 SAFE

TRANSVERSE
12 167.30 -82.28 206.81 556.88 0.30

SEISMIC
13 165.20 -130.21 -182.75 SAFE 240.64 653.57 0.14 SAFE 0.30
14 166.48 -129.34 -176.20 SAFE 243.74 662.15 0.15 SAFE 0.30
15 166.24 -130.27 -179.80 SAFE 243.81 662.39 0.15 SAFE 0.30
43
Permissi
Stress at Shear Stress at SF Shear ble
Load SF along Shear
section c- Stress section d- along d- Stress
Case c-c, kN Stress
c, kN/m2 (τv) Mpa d, kN/m2 d, kN (τv), Mpa (τc),
Mpa
1 181.64 485.49 0.10 SAFE 181.64 457.71 0.09 SAFE 0.20
NORMAL
2 276.13 656.84 0.13 SAFE 143.78 349.20 0.07 SAFE 0.20
3 246.51 622.97 0.12 SAFE 187.41 466.44 0.09 SAFE 0.20
4 238.47 615.56 0.12 SAFE 194.92 487.50 0.10 SAFE 0.20
5 314.96 719.88 0.14 SAFE 102.48 238.27 0.05 SAFE 0.27
WIND
6 285.34 686.01 0.14 SAFE 146.10 355.50 0.07 SAFE 0.27
7 277.30 678.61 0.13 SAFE 153.61 376.56 0.07 SAFE 0.27
LONGITUDINAL
8 201.55 532.10 0.11 SAFE 168.88 424.08 0.08 SAFE 0.30
SEISMIC
9 227.81 613.52 0.12 SAFE 166.45 418.87 0.08 SAFE 0.30
10 222.84 611.51 0.12 SAFE 175.39 443.14 0.09 SAFE 0.30
11 221.13 609.52 0.12 SAFE 176.87 447.27 0.09 SAFE 0.30
0.11 SAFE 0.06 SAFE
TRANSVERSE
12 237.16 561.34 128.26 311.66 0.30
SEISMIC
13 266.01 645.99 0.13 SAFE 123.24 299.34 0.06 SAFE 0.30
14 261.90 645.06 0.13 SAFE 131.32 321.26 0.06 SAFE 0.30
15 260.10 642.95 0.13 SAFE 132.89 325.63 0.06 SAFE 0.30
Area of footing at base 30.25 m2

Area available at d/2 away from face of pier 7.11 m2
Area effective in carrying punching shear 23.14 m2
Average depth at d/2 away from pier 0.86 m

Area resisting punching shear, Aps 8.07 m2
Punching shear, Vp = Net Load, P - (P1+P2+P3+P4)/4 x Area effective in carrying punching shear
Punching Shear Stress, τcp = Vp/Aps

Grade of concrete 35.00 Mpa
Allowable Punching Shear - 0.16 x (fck)0.5
44
Allowable
Load Punching Shear
τ , MPa
Case Shear, kN cp Stress,
Mpa
1 1547.49 0.19 0.95 SAFE
NORMAL
2 1722.21 0.21 0.95 SAFE
3 1780.25 0.22 0.95 SAFE
4 1774.03 0.22 0.95 SAFE
5 1689.69 0.21 1.26 SAFE
WIND
6 1747.73 0.22 1.26 SAFE
7 1741.51 0.22 1.26 SAFE
LONGITUDINAL
8 1547.49 0.19 1.42 SAFE
9 1582.44 0.20 1.42 SAFE SEISMIC
10 1594.05 0.20 1.42 SAFE
11 1592.80 0.20 1.42 SAFE

TRANSVERSE
12 1547.49 0.19 1.42 SAFE

SEISMIC
13 1582.44 0.20 1.42 SAFE
14 1594.05 0.20 1.42 SAFE
15 1592.80 0.20 1.42 SAFE
Reinforcement at top of footing

As per IRC 78-2000 Cl. 707.2.8)
Minimum area of reinforcement = 250 mm2/m in each direction
Along traffic direction = 1375 mm2

Across traffic direction = 1375 mm2
Spacing Calculation & Actual provided area of reinforcement
45
ANNEXURE 2 : SAMPLE DESIGN OF SUPER-STRUCTURE
CONTENTS
DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE 1
1. SECTION PROPERTIES 2
1.1 NEAR SUPPORT…………………………………………………………………………......2
1.2 MID-SPAN…………………………………………………………………………………....3
1.3 INTERMEDIATE SECTION………………………………………………………………....4
1.4 DIAPHRAGM………………………………………………………………………………...4
2. LOAD CALCULATION 5
2.1 DEAD LOAD………………………………………………………………………….……...5

2.2 SIDL……………………………………………………………………………………..…….5
2.3 LIVE LOADS………………………………………………………………………………....5
2.4 ANALYSIS RESULTS……………………………………………………………………….6
2.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS……………………………………………………………….……7
3. GIRDER DESIGN 8
3.1 CONSTRUCTION STAGE…………………………………………………………………...8
3.2 SERVICE STAGE…………………………………………………………………………...10
4. SHEAR DESIGN 16
5. SHEAR CONNECTOR DESIGN 17
6. DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE STRESSES 18
7. DIAPHRAGM DESIGN 19
STAAD Input file for Girder Design………………………………………………………..…21
STAAD Input file for Diaphragm Design…………………………………………………..…26

DETAILS OF SUPERSTRUCTURE

3
Density of concrete 25.00 kN/m
Overall span of RCC Girder 18.00 m
Effective Span 17.50 m
Spacing between bearings 3.00 m

Depth of RCC Girder 1.50 m
% camber 2.50 %
Total width of deck slab 12.00 m
FRL at pier location 621.59 m
Existing ground level 613.64 m

Pier cap top level 621.34 m
Height of pier from GL to pier cap top 7.70 m
1
1. SECTION PROPERTIES
1.1 NEAR SUPPORT
750
2 2 150
3 3 25
75
1500 1
0
5 5 0
4 4 0
600
600
S.No. Area (mm2) C.G. (mm) A x CG (mm3) Iself (mm4) Ibase (mm4) Iyy (mm4)
1 900000 750 6.75E+08 1.69E+11 6.75E+11 2.70E+10
2 22500 1425 3.21E+07 4.22E+07 4.57E+10 2.57E+09
3 1875 1341.666667 2.52E+06 6.51E+04 3.38E+09 1.99E+08
4 0 0 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
5 0 0 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Total 924375 7.10E+08 7.24E+11 2.98E+10
Area 0.92 m2
C.G. from bottom 767.63 mm
Distance of N.A. from top 732.37 mm
Distance of N.A. from bottom 767.63 mm
4
Moment of inertia 0.18 m
3
Ztop 0.24 m
4
Zbottom 0.23 m
Composite Section at support
Thickness of deck slab 230.00 mm

Actual Width of deck slab 3000.00 mm
Effective width of deck slab 3000.00 mm
Grade of concrete in deck slab 40.00 Mpa
Grade of concrete in girder 40.00 Mpa
Girder 924375 767.63 7.10E+08 1.79E+11 7.24E+11 2.98E+10
Slab 690000 1615 1.11E+09 3.04E+09 1.80E+12 5.18E+11
Total 1614375 1.82E+09 2.53E+12 5.47E+11
Total Area 1.61 m2

Total depth of section 1.73 m
C.G. of composite section from bottom 1.13 m
Distance of N.A. from top of slab 0.60 m
Distance of N.A. from bottom 1.13 m
Distance of N.A. from top of girder 0.37 m
4
Moment of Inertia 0.47 m
3
Ztop slab 0.78 m
3
Ztop girder 1.26 m
3
Zbottom 0.41 m
4
Moment of inertia about y-y axis 0.55 m
2
1.2 MID-SPAN
750
2 2 150
3 3 75
225
1500 1
150
5 5 150
4 4 250
300
600
1 450000 750 3.38E+08 8.44E+10 3.38E+11 3.38E+09
2 67500 1425 9.62E+07 1.27E+08 1.37E+11 4.94E+09
3 16875 1325 2.24E+07 5.27E+06 2.96E+10 9.02E+08
4 75000 125 9.38E+06 3.91E+08 1.56E+09 3.94E+09
5 22500 300 6.75E+06 2.81E+07 2.05E+09 9.28E+08
Total 631875 4.72E+08 5.08E+11 1.41E+10
Area 0.63 m2
C.G. from bottom 747.26 mm
Distance of N.A. from top 752.74 mm
Distance of N.A. from bottom 747.26 mm
4
Moment of inertia 0.16 m
3
Ztop 0.21 m
4
Zbottom 0.21 m
Composite Section at mid-span
Thickness of deck slab 230.00 mm

Actual Width of deck slab 3000.00 mm
Effective width of deck slab 3000.00 mm
Grade of concrete in deck slab 40.00 Mpa
Grade of concrete in girder 40.00 Mpa
Girder 631875 747.26 4.72E+08 1.55E+11 5.08E+11 1.41E+10
Slab 690000 1615 1.11E+09 3.04E+09 1.80E+12 5.18E+11
Total 1321875 1.59E+09 2.31E+12 5.32E+11
Total Area 1.32 m2

Total depth of section 1.73 m
C.G. of composite section from bottom 1.20 m
Distance of N.A. from top of slab 0.53 m
Distance of N.A. from bottom 1.20 m
Distance of N.A. from top of girder 0.30 m
4
3
Ztop slab 0.77 m
3
Ztop girder 1.36 m
3
Zbottom 0.34 m
4
3
1.3 INTERMEDIATE SECTION
3
Total Area 1.47 m
4
4
1.4 DIAPHRAGM
400
1480
including slab depth
Area (mm2) Iself (mm4) Ibase (mm4)

3
S.No. C.G. (mm) A x CG (mm )
1 592000 740.00 4.38E+08 1.08E+11 4.32E+11
4
3
Ztop 0.15 m
3
Zbottom 0.15 m
4
2. LOAD CALCULATION
Thickness of deck slab 0.23 m

Distance between bearings 3.00 m
Cross-sectional area of crash barrier 0.30 m2
2.1 DEAD LOAD

Dead load of girder at the support 23.11 kN/m
Dead load of girder at midspan 15.80 kN/m
Dead load due to deck slab 17.25 kN/m
2.2 SIDL
SIDL due to wearing coat on girder 6.60 kN/m
SIDL due to crash barrier 7.50 kN/m
2.3 LIVE LOADS
Class 70R - Maximum Eccentricity
Class 70R
4.01
Class 70R - on 2nd girder
Class 70R
5.465
Class 70R + Class A
10
Class 70R Class A
4.01
3 Class A
6.15
Class A Class A Class A
2.65
9.65
5
STAAD grillage model is prepared with the vehicle postions as shown above.
2.4 ANALYSIS RESULTS

Live load results from STAAD
Impact Factor for Class 70R 1.185
Impact Factor for Class A and combinations 1.1875
Effective Length of span 17 m
The live load results are including increase for impact factor and 10% reduction
for longitudinal effect for 3 lane configuration
Summary of Forces for Outer Girder
Shear Force (kN) Bending Moment (kNm)

daway 0.25 leff
S.No. Load Case (1.5m (4.25m At 0.25 leff (4.25m
from from midspan from support)
support) support)
1 DL of girder+deck slab+diaphragm 253.24 146.64 1270.36 966.76
2 SIDL (Crash Barrier+Wearing Coat) 119.70 68.07 591.75 446.93
3 Live Load (Maximum SF)

3.1 70R eccentric Load Case 20 213.81 127.13 1063.79 923.23 Impact Factor Included
3.2 70R on girder 2 Load Case 60 73.36 50.58 435.01 338.32
3.3 70R + 1 Class A Load Case 100 187.90 110.36 933.39 815.10 Impact factor and longitudinal
3.4 3 Class A Load Case 145 178.00 113.49 1036.60 698.56 effect included
4 Live Load (Maximum BM)

Summary of Forces for Inner Girder
Shear Force Bending Moment (kNm)

daway 0.25 leff
support) support)
1 DL of girder+deck slab+diaphragm 252.25 146.55 1262.83 963.38
2 SIDL (Crash Barrier+Wearing Coat) 25.20 18.03 153.14 111.25
3 Live Load (Maximum SF)

4 Live Load (Maximum BM)

6
2.5 LOAD COMBINATIONS
Load Combinations for Outer Girder

daway 0.25 leff
support) support)
Combo 1 2 + 3.1 333.51 195.20 1655.54 1370.16
Combo 2 2 + 3.2 193.06 118.65 1026.76 785.25
Combo 3 2 + 3.3 307.60 178.43 1525.14 1262.03
Combo 4 2 + 3.4 297.70 181.56 1628.35 1145.49
Combo 5 2 + 4.1 396.14 247.72 2104.19 1531.37

Combo 6 2 + 4.2 214.71 142.93 1192.94 871.63
Combo 7 2 + 4.3 343.15 248.85 1914.57 1386.79
Combo 8 2 + 4.4 286.28 170.39 1671.87 1164.73
Maximum 396.14 248.85 2104.19 1531.37
Load Combinations for Inner Girder

daway 0.25 leff
support) support)
Combo 1 2 + 3.1 262.47 134.21 1207.64 1087.48
Combo 2 2 + 3.2 320.62 165.92 1464.26 1334.69
Combo 3 2 + 3.3 247.82 131.56 1146.43 1037.27
Combo 4 2 + 3.4 198.24 130.16 1173.14 792.46
Combo 5 2 + 4.1 270.10 217.49 1594.06 1116.56

Combo 6 2 + 4.2 335.31 274.25 1921.85 1372.59
Combo 7 2 + 4.3 253.75 203.40 1479.70 1054.45
Combo 8 2 + 4.4 187.54 118.92 1216.45 815.73
Maximum 335.31 274.25 1921.85 1372.59
Outer girder resists approximately 10% more moment than inner girder so design is done for outer girder
and same design is adopted for inner girder as all girders are precast.
7
3. GIRDER DESIGN
3.1 CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Design of girder for construction stage (Dead Load alone)
bf
σc
σ c'
kd
Neutral Axis
d D
bw
σst/m
Width of the web, bw 300.00 mm

Width of the flange, bf 750.00 mm
Depth of the flange, Df 150.00 mm
Overall depth of the section, D 1500.00 mm
Moment to be resisted by the section, Me 1270.36 kNm
Diameter of main bar 32.00 mm at
No. of bars 5.00 Nos.
68.00 mm from bottom of girder
Effective cover provided 132.00 mm
Area of steel provided 12063.72 mm2
Grade of concrete adopted 40.00 MPa
Permissible compressive stress in bending 13.33 MPa

Permissible tensile stress in reinforcement 240.00 MPa
Modular Ratio, m 10.00
Factor for critical neutral axis 0.36
8
Check for neutral axis
If neutral axis lies within the range, for kd<Df
(bf x kd) x (kd/2) = m x Ast x (d - kd)
Solving
Neutral Axis depth, kd 521.76 mm
Neutral Axis depth factor, k 0.38
As neutral axis depth (kd) < Depth of flange, neutral axis lies in the web
For kd >Df
((bf - bw) x Df) x (kd - Df/2) + (bw x kd) x kd/2 = m x Ast x (d - kd)
6.75E+04 x kd - 5.06E+06 + 150.00 kd^2 = 1.65E+08 - 1.21E+05 kd
150.00 kd^2 + 1.88E+05 kd - 1.70E+08 = 0.00
Revised Neutral axis depth, kd 608.69 mm
Stresses for given moment
Bending Moment , M = (bf x (0.5 x σc x kd) x (d - kd/3)) - ((bf - bw) x (0.5 x σc' x (kd - Df) x (d - Df - (kd - Df)/3))
1.27E+09 = 2.66E+08 σc - σc x
8.28E+07
1.27E+09 = 1.83E+08 σc
where σc' = (σc x (kd - Df)/kd)
Actual stress in concrete, σc 6.94 Mpa
Actual stress in bottom most steel layer, 93.84 Mpa

σst = (D-d1'-kd) x σc x m/kd
Top of Girder 6.94 MPa
93.84
MPa
9
Curtailment Design of girder for construction stage (DL alone)
bf
σc
σ c'
kd
Neutral Axis
d D
bw
σst/m


10
Solving
For kd >Df
6.75E+04 x kd - 5.06E+06 + 150.00 kd^2 = 1.13E+08 - 8.04E+04 kd
150.00 kd^2 + 1.48E+05 kd - 1.18E+08 = 0.00
9.67E+08 = 2.39E+08 σc - σc x
6.69E+07
9.67E+08 = 1.73E+08 σc
Actual stress in bottom most steel layer 98.08 Mpa

98.08
MPa
11
3.2 SERVICE STAGE
Design of Composite girder for Service stage

bf
σc
σc '
kd
Neutral Axis
d D
bw
σst/m


12
Solving
For kd >Df
6.21E+05 x kd - 7.14E+07 + 150.00 kd^2 = 1.93E+08 - 1.21E+05 kd
150.00 kd^2 + 7.42E+05 kd - 2.64E+08 = 0.00
2.10E+09 = 7.44E+08 σc - σc x
5.80E+07
2.10E+09 = 6.86E+08 σc

122.06
MPa
Final Stresses
Actual stess in concrete at top of girder flange, σc 7.89 Mpa

Actual Stress in bottom most steel layer, σst 215.90 MPa
Actual stress within permissible limit
13
Curtailment Design of Composite girder for Service stage
bf
σc
σ c'
kd
Neutral Axis
d D
bw
σst/m


14
Solving
For kd >Df
6.21E+05 x kd - 7.14E+07 + 150.00 kd^2 = 1.31E+08 - 8.04E+04 kd
150.00 kd^2 + 7.01E+05 kd - 2.03E+08 = 0.00
1.53E+09 = 6.30E+08 σc - σc x
1.26E+07
1.53E+09 = 6.17E+08 σc

126.35MPa
Modular Ratio 10.00

Final Stresses (Curtailment design)
Actual stess in concrete at top of girder flange, σc 5.99 Mpa

Actual Stress in bottom most steel layer, σst 224.43 MPa
Actual stress within permissible limit
Adding stress due to differential shrinkage
Final stress in steel 226.79 Mpa
15
4. SHEAR DESIGN
Design for shear at distance 'd' away from the support of girder
Shear at 'd' distance away from support 648.39 kN

Nominal shear stress, τv 1.35 MPa
Permissible Shear Stress, τc,max 2.50 MPa
Refer IRC 21-200 Table 12A , corresponding to M40 concrete
Section is adequate
Percentage Reinforcement at the section 2.52 %

Design shear strength in concrete 0.60 MPa
Shear in concrete, Vuc 287.64 kN
Provide 2 legged 12 mm dia stirrups @ 125 mm spacing

2
Asv 226.19 mm
Sv 125.00 mm
σsv 200.00 MPa
Shear resistance of vertical stirrups 578.33 kN
Total Shear resistance at the section 865.97 kN
SAFE
2
Minimum shear reinforcement, Asv,min 41.55 mm
SAFE
Design for shear at distance 0.25leff (4.25m) from the support of girder
Shear at 4.25m distance away from support 274.25 kN

Nominal shear stress, τv 0.56 MPa
Permissible Shear Stress, τc,max 2.50 MPa
Refer IRC 21-200 Table 12A , corresponding to M40 concrete
Section is adequate
Percentage Reinforcement at the section 1.64 %

Design shear strength in concrete 0.51 MPa
Shear in concrete, Vuc 249.39 kN
Provide 2 legged 12 mm dia stirrups @ 250 mm spacing
Asv 226.19 mm2

Sv 250.00 mm
σsv 200.00 MPa
Shear resistance of vertical stirrups 294.96 kN
Total Shear resistance at the section 544.35 kN

SAFE
2
Minimum shear reinforcement, Asv,min 83.09 mm
SAFE
16
5. SHEAR CONNECTOR DESIGN
4
Inertia of composite section 0.41 m
Maximum shear due to SIDL ('d' away) 119.70 kN

Maximum shear due to live load ('d' away) 310.11 kN
Total shear (1.3DL + 1.5LL) 620.78 kN
3000
230
321 C.G. of compressive area

1500 C.G. of composite section
1274
300
2
Transformed compressive area of concrete flange, Ac 0.69 m
CG of composite section 1273.55 mm
Y,( Distance between CG of compressive area and that of composite section) 0.32 m
Design Shear = VAY / I 338.23 kN/m
Provide 2 legged 12 mm dia shear connectors @ 150 mm spacing

2
Area of connector, As 226.19 mm
Permissible Shear Stress for fy 500 435.00 Mpa
Shear Capacity of connector, C 98.39 kN
Spacing Required 290.91 mm
Provided 150.00 mm
SAFE
17
6. DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE STRESSES
Sectional properties at mid span of composite section of girder and slab

Total Area 1.32 m2
Total Depth of section 1.73 m
CG 1.20 m
Distance of NA from top of slab 0.53 m
Distance of NA from bottom 1.20 m
Moment of inertia 0.41 m4
Ztop 0.77 m3
Zbottom 0.34 m3
As per BS 5400-4 1990 Cl 7.4.3.5

Mcs = ediff x Ecf x Acf x acent
ediff - Differential Shrinkage Strain 1.00E-04
Ecf - Modulus of elasticity of the concrete flange 31622.78 Mpa
2
Acf - Area of the effective concrete flange 0.69 m
acent - Distance of the centroid of the concrete flange from the
centroid of the concrete section 0.34 m
Φ - Reduction coefficient to allow for creep 0.43
Mcs 320.36 kNm

Fcs 938.25 kN
Stress in compression flange -1.36 Mpa

Stress due to direct compression 0.71 Mpa
Stress at top due to flexural bending 0.42 Mpa
Stress at bottom due to flexural bending -0.95 Mpa
Tension negative
Total stress at top due to differential shrinkage -0.23 Mpa
Total stress at bottom due to differential shrinkage -0.24 Mpa
-1.36 MPa 0.71 MPa 0.42 MPa -0.23 MPa
(-) (+)
+ (+) + = (-)
(-)
-0.95 MPa -0.24 MPa
18
7. DIAPHRAGM DESIGN
Girder+Deck Slab+Wearing Coat
Crash
Barrier
Diaphragm
1.5m 1m 2m 3m 2m 1m 1.5m
Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement for Diaphargm
Overall depth of diaphragm 1480.00 mm

Width of the diaphragm 400.00 mm
Gross Area, Ag 592000.00 mm2
Moment obtained from STAAD model

Design sagging moment 294.70 kNm
Design Hogging Moment 568.15 kNm

IRC 21-2000 Table 9 &10
σst 240.00 Mpa
σsv 200.00 Mpa
σcbc 13.33 MPa
m 10.00
k 0.28
j 0.91
Q 1.69
Width of the section, b 400.00 mm

Effective depth required 916.23 mm
Clear cover 50.00 mm
Effective depth provided 1380.50 mm
Design of top reinforcement
Ast,reqd 1891.33 mm2

Minimum steel to be provided 1184.00 mm2
Area of steel to be provided 1891.33 mm2
Diameter of the bar provided 25.00 mm
Cross-sectional area of the bar 490.87 mm2
No. of bars required 4
Ast provided 1963.50 mm2
SAFE
19
Design of bottom reinforcement
Ast,reqd 981.03 mm2

Minimum steel to be provided 1184.00 mm2
Area of steel to be provided 1184.00 mm2
Diameter of the bar provided 16.00 mm
No. of bars required 6
Ast provided 1206.37 mm2
SAFE
Design of shear reinforcement for Diaphragm
Maximum shear force at support 910.05 kN

Nominal Shear Stress 1.65 Mpa
As per IRC 21-2000 permissible shear stress from table 12B
Maximum shear stress 2.50 MPa
OK
% of reinforcement 0.36 %
Permissible shear stress 0.28 MPa
Shear to be carried by reinforcement 755.43 kN
Spacing of stirrups 180.00 mm

Shear stirrups required 410.41 mm2
Provide 12 mm, 4 LVS @ 180.00 mm spacing

Area of provided stirrups 452.39 mm2
SAFE
Design of Side reinforcement
Provide side face reinforcement 592.00 mm2

Diameter of bar to be provided 10.00 mm
No. of bars required in one direction 4.00
Spacing of bars along web 265.34 mm
Provide 4.00 bars of 10.00 mm at 250 mm spacing on each face of diaphragm
20
STAAD input file for Girder Design
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 20-Jun-14
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 0 0 1.5; 3 0 0 4.5; 4 0 0 7.5; 5 0 0 10.5; 6 0 0 12; 7 0.5 0 0;
8 0.5 0 1.5; 9 0.5 0 4.5; 10 0.5 0 7.5; 11 0.5 0 10.5; 12 0.5 0 12; 13 1.5 0 0;
14 1.5 0 1.5; 15 1.5 0 4.5; 16 1.5 0 7.5; 17 1.5 0 10.5; 18 1.5 0 12;
19 2.5 0 0; 20 2.5 0 1.5; 21 2.5 0 4.5; 22 2.5 0 7.5; 23 2.5 0 10.5;
24 2.5 0 12; 25 3.5 0 0; 26 3.5 0 1.5; 27 3.5 0 4.5; 28 3.5 0 7.5;
29 3.5 0 10.5; 30 3.5 0 12; 31 4.5 0 0; 32 4.5 0 1.5; 33 4.5 0 4.5;
34 4.5 0 7.5; 35 4.5 0 10.5; 36 4.5 0 12; 37 5.5 0 0; 38 5.5 0 1.5;
39 5.5 0 4.5; 40 5.5 0 7.5; 41 5.5 0 10.5; 42 5.5 0 12; 43 6.5 0 0;
44 6.5 0 1.5; 45 6.5 0 4.5; 46 6.5 0 7.5; 47 6.5 0 10.5; 48 6.5 0 12;
49 7.5 0 0; 50 7.5 0 1.5; 51 7.5 0 4.5; 52 7.5 0 7.5; 53 7.5 0 10.5;
54 7.5 0 12; 55 8.5 0 0; 56 8.5 0 1.5; 57 8.5 0 4.5; 58 8.5 0 7.5;
59 8.5 0 10.5; 60 8.5 0 12; 61 9.5 0 0; 62 9.5 0 1.5; 63 9.5 0 4.5;
64 9.5 0 7.5; 65 9.5 0 10.5; 66 9.5 0 12; 67 10.5 0 0; 68 10.5 0 1.5;
69 10.5 0 4.5; 70 10.5 0 7.5; 71 10.5 0 10.5; 72 10.5 0 12; 73 11.5 0 0;
74 11.5 0 1.5; 75 11.5 0 4.5; 76 11.5 0 7.5; 77 11.5 0 10.5; 78 11.5 0 12;
79 12.5 0 0; 80 12.5 0 1.5; 81 12.5 0 4.5; 82 12.5 0 7.5; 83 12.5 0 10.5;
84 12.5 0 12; 85 13.5 0 0; 86 13.5 0 1.5; 87 13.5 0 4.5; 88 13.5 0 7.5;
89 13.5 0 10.5; 90 13.5 0 12; 91 14.5 0 0; 92 14.5 0 1.5; 93 14.5 0 4.5;
94 14.5 0 7.5; 95 14.5 0 10.5; 96 14.5 0 12; 97 15.5 0 0; 98 15.5 0 1.5;
21
99 15.5 0 4.5; 100 15.5 0 7.5; 101 15.5 0 10.5; 102 15.5 0 12; 103 16.5 0 0;
104 16.5 0 1.5; 105 16.5 0 4.5; 106 16.5 0 7.5; 107 16.5 0 10.5; 108 16.5 0 12;
109 17.5 0 0; 110 17.5 0 1.5; 111 17.5 0 4.5; 112 17.5 0 7.5; 113 17.5 0 10.5;
114 17.5 0 12; 115 18 0 0; 116 18 0 1.5; 117 18 0 4.5; 118 18 0 7.5;
119 18 0 10.5; 120 18 0 12;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 2; 2 2 3; 3 3 4; 4 4 5; 5 5 6; 6 1 7; 7 2 8; 8 3 9; 9 4 10; 10 5 11;
11 6 12; 12 7 8; 13 8 9; 14 9 10; 15 10 11; 16 11 12; 17 7 13; 18 8 14;
19 9 15; 20 10 16; 21 11 17; 22 12 18; 23 13 14; 24 14 15; 25 15 16; 26 16 17;
27 17 18; 28 13 19; 29 14 20; 30 15 21; 31 16 22; 32 17 23; 33 18 24; 34 19 20;
35 20 21; 36 21 22; 37 22 23; 38 23 24; 39 19 25; 40 20 26; 41 21 27; 42 22 28;
43 23 29; 44 24 30; 45 25 26; 46 26 27; 47 27 28; 48 28 29; 49 29 30; 50 25 31;
51 26 32; 52 27 33; 53 28 34; 54 29 35; 55 30 36; 56 31 32; 57 32 33; 58 33 34;
59 34 35; 60 35 36; 61 31 37; 62 32 38; 63 33 39; 64 34 40; 65 35 41; 66 36 42;
67 37 38; 68 38 39; 69 39 40; 70 40 41; 71 41 42; 72 37 43; 73 38 44; 74 39 45;
75 40 46; 76 41 47; 77 42 48; 78 43 44; 79 44 45; 80 45 46; 81 46 47; 82 47 48;
83 43 49; 84 44 50; 85 45 51; 86 46 52; 87 47 53; 88 48 54; 89 49 50; 90 50 51;
91 51 52; 92 52 53; 93 53 54; 94 49 55; 95 50 56; 96 51 57; 97 52 58; 98 53 59;
99 54 60; 100 55 56; 101 56 57; 102 57 58; 103 58 59; 104 59 60; 105 55 61;
106 56 62; 107 57 63; 108 58 64; 109 59 65; 110 60 66; 111 61 62; 112 62 63;
113 63 64; 114 64 65; 115 65 66; 116 61 67; 117 62 68; 118 63 69; 119 64 70;
120 65 71; 121 66 72; 122 67 68; 123 68 69; 124 69 70; 125 70 71; 126 71 72;
127 67 73; 128 68 74; 129 69 75; 130 70 76; 131 71 77; 132 72 78; 133 73 74;
134 74 75; 135 75 76; 136 76 77; 137 77 78; 138 73 79; 139 74 80; 140 75 81;
141 76 82; 142 77 83; 143 78 84; 144 79 80; 145 80 81; 146 81 82; 147 82 83;
148 83 84; 149 79 85; 150 80 86; 151 81 87; 152 82 88; 153 83 89; 154 84 90;
155 85 86; 156 86 87; 157 87 88; 158 88 89; 159 89 90; 160 85 91; 161 86 92;
162 87 93; 163 88 94; 164 89 95; 165 90 96; 166 91 92; 167 92 93; 168 93 94;
22
169 94 95; 170 95 96; 171 91 97; 172 92 98; 173 93 99; 174 94 100; 175 95 101;
176 96 102; 177 97 98; 178 98 99; 179 99 100; 180 100 101; 181 101 102;
182 97 103; 183 98 104; 184 99 105; 185 100 106; 186 101 107; 187 102 108;
188 103 104; 189 104 105; 190 105 106; 191 106 107; 192 107 108; 193 103 109;
194 104 110; 195 105 111; 196 106 112; 197 107 113; 198 108 114; 199 109 110;
200 110 111; 201 111 112; 202 112 113; 203 113 114; 204 109 115; 205 110 116;
206 111 117; 207 112 118; 208 113 119; 209 114 120; 210 115 116; 211 116 117;
212 117 118; 213 118 119; 214 119 120;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
7 TO 10 18 TO 21 29 TO 32 40 TO 43 172 TO 175 183 TO 186 194 TO 197 -
205 TO 208 PRIS AX 1.614 IX 0.01 IY 0.547 IZ 0.466
95 TO 98 106 TO 109 117 TO 120 PRIS AX 1.32 IX 0.01 IY 0.531 IZ 0.41
51 TO 54 62 TO 65 73 TO 76 84 TO 87 128 TO 131 139 TO 142 150 TO 153 -
161 TO 164 PRIS AX 1.467 IX 0.01 IY 0.539 IZ 0.438
1 TO 6 11 17 22 28 33 39 44 50 55 61 66 72 77 83 88 94 99 105 110 116 121 -
127 132 138 143 149 154 160 165 171 176 182 187 193 198 204 209 TO 213 -
214 PRIS YD 0.01 ZD 0.01
12 TO 16 23 TO 27 34 TO 38 45 TO 49 56 TO 60 67 TO 71 78 TO 82 89 TO 93 100 -
101 TO 104 111 TO 115 122 TO 126 133 TO 137 144 TO 148 155 TO 159 166 TO 170 -
177 TO 181 188 TO 192 199 TO 203 PRIS YD 0.23 ZD 1
23
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
SUPPORTS
8 TO 11 110 TO 113 PINNED
DEFINE MOVING LOAD
TYPE 1 LOAD 40 60 60 85 85 85 85
DIST 3.98 1.52 2.13 1.37 3.06 1.37 WID 1.93
TYPE 2 LOAD 13.5 13.5 57 57 34 34 34 34
DIST 1.1 3.2 1.2 4.3 3 3 3 WID 1.8
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Traffic TITLE LIVE LOAD
*CLASS 70R (Ecc)
*0.45+1.2+2.79+0.86/2
LOAD GENERATION 40
TYPE 1 -13.43 0 4.01 XINC 1
*CLASS 70R (Girder 2)
*4.5+1.93/2
LOAD GENERATION 40
TYPE 1 -13.43 0 5.465 XINC 1
*CLASS 70R + 1 CLASS A
LOAD GENERATION 40
TYPE 1 -13.43 0 4.01 XINC 1
*0.45+7.5+2.3-0.5/2=10
TYPE 2 -18.8 0 10 XINC 1
*3 CLASS A
LOAD GENERATION 40
TYPE 2 -18.48 0 2.65 XINC 1
TYPE 2 -18.48 0 6.15 XINC 1
TYPE 2 -18.48 0 9.65 XINC 1
24
LOAD 165 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE GIRDER+DECK SLAB+DIAPHRAGM
MEMBER LOAD
*Support girder - 25*0.92
7 TO 10 18 TO 21 29 TO 32 40 TO 43 172 TO 175 183 TO 186 194 TO 197 -
205 TO 208 UNI GY -23
*Mid-span Girder - 25*0.63
84 TO 87 95 TO 98 106 TO 109 117 TO 120 128 TO 131 UNI GY -15.75
*Intermediate Section Girder - 25*(0.92+0.63)/2
51 TO 54 62 TO 65 73 TO 76 139 TO 142 150 TO 153 161 TO 164 UNI GY -19.375
*Deck Slab - 25*3*0.23
96 TO 98 106 TO 109 117 TO 120 128 TO 131 139 TO 142 150 TO 153 161 TO 164 -
172 TO 175 183 TO 186 194 TO 197 205 TO 208 UNI GY -17.25
*Diaphragm - 25*0.4*(1.48-0.23)
12 TO 16 199 TO 203 UNI GY -12.5
LOAD 166 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE WEARING COAT+CRASH BARRIER
MEMBER LOAD
*Crash Barrier - 25*0.3
6 11 17 22 28 33 39 44 50 55 61 66 72 77 83 88 94 99 105 110 116 121 127 132 -
138 143 149 154 160 165 171 176 182 187 193 198 204 209 UNI GY -7.5
*Wearing Coat of thickness 100mm - 22*0.1*3
96 TO 98 106 TO 109 117 TO 120 128 TO 131 139 TO 142 150 TO 153 161 TO 164 -
172 TO 175 183 TO 186 194 TO 197 205 TO 208 UNI GY -6.6
PERFORM ANALYSIS
FINISH
25
STAAD input file for Diaphragm
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 24-Jun-14
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
2 1.5 0 0; 3 2.5 0 0; 4 4.5 0 0; 5 7.5 0 0; 6 9.5 0 0; 7 10.5 0 0; 8 12 0 0;
9 0 0 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
2 2 3; 3 3 4; 4 4 5; 5 5 6; 6 6 7; 7 9 2; 8 7 8;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
2 TO 8 PRIS YD 1.48 ZD 0.4
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
SUPPORTS
3 6 PINNED
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE DEAD LOAD
26
JOINT LOAD
8 9 FY -67.5
JOINT LOAD
2 4 5 7 FY -333.75
MEMBER LOAD
2 TO 6 UNI GY -12.5
JOINT LOAD
2 4 5 7 FY -59.4
PERFORM ANALYSIS
FINISH
27
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Analysis and Design of RCC Bridges and Box Culvert

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Analysis and Design of RCC Bridges and Box Culvert

Research · April 2015

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Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the degree

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

OF BRIDGE AND CULVERT submitted by PAUL TOM P. (Register Number: 13ST17F) as

Structural Engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering.

Head of Department Faculty Advisor

I am extremely thankful to Dr. Katta Venkataraman, Professor & Head,

My special thanks to Dr. K. Swaminathan, Professor of the Civil Engineering

I would like to express my deepest sense of respect and indebtedness to my

CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SUBSTRUCTURE

CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SUPERSTRUCTURE

3.1 SECTION PROPERTIES………………………………………………………...17

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BOX CULVERT

ANNEXURE 1 : SAMPLE DESIGN OF SUB-STRUCTURE

The types of culverts are:

1.4 VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONS

 CLASS 70R WHEELED

 40 TONNES BOGIE LOAD

2.1 DETAILS OF THE STRUCTURE

1.5 FREE FIXED 1.5

3000 RCC DIAPHRAGM

RCC PIER CAP

Fig 1: Typical section of a pier

 Grade of concrete and steel

Fig 3: Elevation and plan of an Abutment Pier

β = 1.5 – lef /(100 x rmin)

Normal 11.70 MPa

2.2 CALCULATION OF LOADS AND MOMENTS

2.2.1 DEAD LOAD ANALYSIS

2.2.2 LIVE LOAD ANALYSIS

 One Class 70R + One Class A

Longitudinal forces in bridges are generated due to the following factors:

Free-End Pier Fixed-End Pier

Horizontal Reaction Horizontal Reaction

Fixed Pot Bearing

Guided Bearing along

Fh/2 + μ (Rg + Rq)

Rg is the reaction due to dead load

Rq is the reaction due to live load

Fb is the applied horizontal force (due to braking)

2.2.4.2 FREE BEARING

2.2.5 WIND FORCES (Cl 209 IRC 6-2010)

2.2.6 SEISMIC FORCES

The Seismic Coefficient Ah is given by the equation,

Ah= (Z/2) x (I/R) x (Sa/g)

The time period for vibration is given by,

2.2.7 LOAD COMBINATIONS

1. DL + SIDL (without live load)

2.3 PIER DESIGN

Effective depth required, dreq = (M/Qb)1/2

2.3.2 DESIGN OF FOOTING

P/A ± ML/ZL ± MT/ZT

Punching Shear Stress, τcp = Vp / Aps

Fig 5: Dimensional Reinforcement Detail of Sub-structure & Foundation

3.1 SECTION PROPERTIES

Fig 6: Dimensional Section details of a Girder

3.2 LOAD ANALYSIS

3.2.1 LIVE LOAD POSITIONS

 CLASS 70R Eccentric

 CLASS 70R + 1 CLASS A

CLASS 70R CLASS A