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  • Alan E. Kazdin Cap. 6 - Aula 21.09 Manhã

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    Alan E. Kazdin sujeito único

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    8 tayangan26 halaman

    Alan E. Kazdin Cap. 6 - Aula 21.09 Manhã

    Diunggah oleh

    Lilian Mazza
    Alan E. Kazdin sujeito único

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
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    6 Multiple-Baseline Designs With multiple-baseline designs, intervention effects are evaluated by a method Quite different from that described for ABAB designs. The effects are dem- onstrated by introducing the intervention to different baselines (e.g, behaviors ‘or persons) at different points in time. If each baseline changes when the inter vention is introduced, the effects can be attributed to the intervention rather than to extraneous events. Once the intervention is implemented to alter a par ticular behavior, it need not be withdrawn. Thus, within the design, there i ‘need to return behavior to or near baseline levels of performance. Hence, mule tiple-baseline designs do not share the practical, clinical, or ethical concerns raised in ABAB designs by temporarily withdrawing the intervention, Basic Characteristics of the Designs Description and Underlying Rationale In the multiple-baseline design, inferences are based on examining perfor ‘mance across several different baselines. The manner in which inferences are drawn is illustrated by discussing the maultple-baseline design across behaviors This is a commonly used variation in which the different baselines refer to several different behaviors of a particular person or group of persons Baseline data are gathered on two or more behaviors. Consider a hypothet- ical example in which three separate behaviors are observed, as portrayed in Figure 6-1. The data gathered on each of the behaviors serve the purposes ‘common to each single-casc design. That is, the baseline data for each behavior 126 re evaluated by a method ms. The effects are dem baselines (e.g., behaviors changes when the inter to the intervention rather nplemented to alter @ par= hin the design, there is no performance. Hence, mut mical, or ethical concerns g the intervention. sed on examining perfor ser in which inferences are ine design across behaviors different baselines refer to = group of persons. wiors. Consider a hypothet- © observed, as portrayed in aviors serve the purposes line data for each behavior se TIPLE-BASELINE DESIGNS 407 secre the current evel of performance and predict future perlmniis aa eeformnance is table fr al ofthe behaviors the intervention applied sere pehavior, Data continue to be gathered for each behavio If the Fane ete, one would expect changes inthe Behavior fo which he ave yet (0 eee einin is applied. On the other hand, the behaviors that bs aerate intervention should remain at baseline levels, Aftcr al, no in =" seeAC implemented to alter these behaviors. When the fst behave changes se wa Unis remain a their baseline levels, this suggests thatthe i\erycO"" esabiy was responsible for the change. However, the dats ar fo! entirely pn point. So, afer performance stabilizes across all Vhavions the a aaa applied tothe second behavior. At this point oth the Ast and ae havior ae receiving the intervention, and data continue (0 PS gath- i Me Si 1 1 t 1 \ 1 Eee Dep ta for a multiplebaseline design across behaviors in Figure 6-1. Hypothetical dat Meced to three behaviors at different points in time seni the intervention was introd 128 SINGLE-CASE RESEARCH DESIGNS ered forall behaviors, As evident in Figure 61, the second ‘behavior in this Typothetical example also improved when the interven Woe introduced Porc after continuing observation fal beavions he interven applied to the final behavior, which changed when the intervention introduced “The multipl-baseine design demonstrates the effect of an intervention By showing that behavior changes when and only when the nlenen0" applied ‘The pattern of data in Figure Gt argues strongly thst ihe intervention, rather Tre ome extraneous event, was responsi for change. Pstrihie facto might have influenced performance, For exarnple, iS possible that some event img, echool, or work coineided with he onset of the intervention aa aiered behavior. Yet one wou! not expect tis vo afect only oe of the beh jors and at the exact point that the intervention was applied. A coincidence sf iar gts pnsble, so the intervention is applied at diferent poli Mt time as or more behaviors. The pattern of results illustrates ‘hat whenever the ve ation is applied, behavior changes. The repeated demons ie tha tehavior changes in response to applications ofthe intervention usually makes nplausible the influence of extraneous factor a the ABAB designs, the multiplebeseine designs are ed on testing of predictions. Each time the intervention i intro ed, a teat is made betweat the evel of performance during the intervention and the projected level of ti previous baseline, Essentially, each behavior s & mini” AB experiment thi Feats a prediction of the projected baseline performance and whether pers tests & Patines atthe same level after treatment is applied The predicting wind testing of predictions over time for ¢ single Paseine iS similar for ABA! and multiple-baseline designs ‘A unique feature of multipletbascline designs is the esting of predictions acre different behaviors. Essentially, the different behavior the desigt seas control conditions to evaluate what changes can Ws expected witha ‘he application of treatment, AC any pont in which the inereal ot is applic to one Behavior and not to remaining behaviors, comparseh exists betwee te Stent and no-treatment conditions. The behavior (hat Tees treatment should change, ie, show a clear departure from the level of performance Pe “icted by baselines Vet itis important to examine whetbet other baselines tht fave yet to receive treatment show any changes during the Sine period. The comparison of performance aross the behaviors a is Ste points in timeis corel to the multpk-baseline design. The basenes that do not receive tres rn show the likely uctuaions of performance if 90

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