Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 1036–1043

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Bioresource Technology
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Acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse for lactic acid production

Pattana Laopaiboon a,b,*, Arthit Thani a, Vichean Leelavatcharamas c, Lakkana Laopaiboon a,b
a
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
b
Fermentation Research Center for Value Added Agricultural Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
c
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In order to use sugarcane bagasse as a substrate for lactic acid production, optimum conditions for acid
Received 15 May 2009 hydrolysis of the bagasse were investigated. After lignin extraction, the conditions were varied in terms of
Received in revised form 21 July 2009 hydrochloric (HCl) or sulfuric (H2SO4) concentration (0.5–5%, v/v), reaction time (1–5 h) and incubation
Accepted 24 August 2009
temperature (90–120 °C). The maximum catalytic efficiency (E) was 10.85 under the conditions of 0.5% of
Available online 18 September 2009
HCl at 100 °C for 5 h, which the main components (in g l1) in the hydrolysate were glucose, 1.50; xylose,
22.59; arabinose, 1.29; acetic acid, 0.15 and furfural, 1.19. To increase yield of lactic acid production from
Keywords:
the hydrolysate by Lactococcus lactis IO-1, the hydrolysate was detoxified through amberlite and supple-
Efficiency of acid hydrolysis
Sugarcane bagasse
mented with 7 g l1 of xylose and 7 g l1 of yeast extract. The main products (in g l1) of the fermentation
Lactic acid were lactic acid, 10.85; acetic acid, 7.87; formic acid, 6.04 and ethanol, 5.24.
Xylose Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction monosaccharides, some soluble materials such as lignin, acetic acid

In 2007, Thailand produced approximately 70 million tons of
sugarcane and became the world third sugar producer following
Brazil and Australia, respectively. Sugarcane bagasse, a byproduct
of the sugar production industry, consists of cellulose 43.6%, hemi-
cellulose 33.8%, lignin 18.1%, ash 2.3% and wax 0.8% on a dry
weight basis (Sun et al., 2004). It is an abundant source of lignocel-
lulose that can be hydrolysed to yield fermentable sugars for the
production of value added bio-products such as lactic acid, thus
increasing the economy of the process. Other applications of sugar-
cane bagasse are as sources of animal feed, energy, pulp, paper and
boards (Banerjee and Pandey, 2002).
Acids can be used as catalysts for sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis
because they can break down heterocyclic ether bonds between
sugar monomers in the polymeric chains, which are formed by
hemicellulose and cellulose (Aguilar et al., 2002). H2SO4 (Nguyen
et al., 1999, 2000; Sun and Cheng, 2002; Kumar et al., 2009) and
HCl (Sun and Cheng, 2002; Herrera et al., 2004; Hernández-Salas
et al., 2009) are potential acids which can be used to hydrolyse
sugarcane bagasse. The hydrolysate of lignocellulosic materials
mainly consists of fermentable sugars such as xylose, glucose and
arabinose (Rodríguez-Chong et al., 2004). Accompanying these
* Corresponding author. Address: Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of
Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. Tel./fax: +66 43
362121.
E-mail address: patlao@kku.ac.th (P. Laopaiboon).
and furfural are also produced, which can inhibit both growth and
sugar utilisation of microorganisms during the fermentation pro-
cess (Aguilar et al., 2002; Lavarack et al., 2002; Rodríguez-Chong
et al., 2004; Cheng et al., 2008).
After pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials,
the hemicellulose fraction is liquefied to make sugars (xylose and
glucose) accessible to fermenting microorganisms (Lynd and
Wyman, 1999; Aristidou and Penttilä, 2000). However, not all
fermenting microorganisms can utilise xylose (5-atom carbon).
Laopaiboon (2001) showed that Lactococcus lactis IO-1, a lactic acid
producer, could utilise both glucose and xylose via Embden–
Meyerhof–Parnas pathway and phosphoketolase pathway,
respectively.
Lactic acid is widely used as acidulant, flavour and preservative
in food, pharmaceutical, leather and textile industries. It is also
used for polymerization to biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA),
which is used for medical applications such as sutures and clips
for wound closure or prosthetic devices. Additionally, it is used
for the production of basic chemicals (Hofvendahl and Hahn-
Hägerdal, 2000).
The aim of this work was to determine the optimum NH4OH
concentration for lignin extraction from sugarcane bagasse, and
to investigate HCl and H2SO4 hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse
to obtain the hydrolysate containing high fermentable sugar
and low inhibitor concentrations for use as a substrate for bio-
conversion. The feasibility of lactic acid production from the
hydrolysate under batch fermentation by L. lactis IO-1 was also
studied.

0960-8524/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.091
 P. Laopaiboon et al. / Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 1036–1043 1037

2. Methods 2.2.2. Fermentation medium and conditions

The hydrolysate from sugarcane bagasse with and without
2.1. Hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse detoxification through amberlite weak-base anion-exchange resins
(IRA-67, Fluka, France) was supplemented with 7 g l1 of yeast ex-
2.1.1. Raw material and pretreatment tract and used as a fermentation medium for lactic acid production.
Sugarcane bagasse (cv. Supunburi 50, Thailand) was dried at The medium was adjusted to pH 6.0 with 2 M HCl.
90 °C for 18 h or until weight was constant. Then, it was milled Lactic acid fermentation was carried out in a batch system in a
to obtain small particles (less than 5 mm). The particles were kept Biostat B (B. Braun, Germany) 2 l fermenter with a working volume
at 4 °C until use. of 1 l at 37 °C. The culture was agitated at 100 rpm. The pH of the
culture was kept at 6.0 by automatic addition of 2.5 M NaOH.
2.1.2. Lignin extraction
NH4OH (8%, 10% and 12% v/v) was used to extract lignin in the 2.2.3. Determination of cell growth, sugar and product concentrations
sugarcane bagasse particles (Domínquez et al., 1997). The extrac- Bacterial growth was monitored by spectrophotometric mea-
tion was performed at 25 °C for 24 h using a liquor/solid ratio surement at 562 nm (Shimadzu, Japan) and converted to dry cell
(LSR) of 100 ml liquor/g dry weight of sugarcane bagasse (modified weight from a standard calibration curve. Xylose, glucose, arabi-
from Sun et al. (1995)). The lignin content in the soluble fraction nose, lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid and ethanol were deter-
was measured by spectrophotometer at the absorbance of
649 nm. The solid fraction was washed twice with distilled water
and dried at 90 °C for 18 h or until weight was constant.
16 (a) 16
glucose
14 arabinose 14
2.1.3. Acid hydrolysis xylose
12 12
After the lignin extraction, the remaining solid fraction was acetic acid
hydrolysed by 0.5%, 2%, 3% and 5% (v/v) of HCl or H2SO4. The tem- 10 10
furfural
perature of the hydrolysis was controlled at 90, 100, 110 and 8 efficiency 8
120 °C, and the reaction time was varied at 0, 2, 3 and 5 h. All con- 6 6
ditions were carried out using a LSR of 15 ml liquor/g dry weight of 4 4
sugarcane bagasse (modified from Aguilar et al. (2002), Herrera et
2 2
al. (2004) and Rodríguez-Chong et al. (2004)).
Scale up of acid hydrolysis under the conditions giving the high- 0 0
16 16
(b)
Sugar, acetic acid and furfural concentrations (g l )

est acid hydrolysis efficiency (E) was performed in a 50 l reactor at

-1

an agitation rate of 60 rpm to obtain the hydrolysate for lactic acid 14 14

fermentation. 12 12
10 10
2.1.4. Analytical methods and acid hydrolysis efficiency 8 8
After centrifugation of the reaction mixtures under various acid 6 6
hydrolysis conditions, the supernatants were determined for
4 4
sugars (xylose, glucose and arabinose), acetic acid and furfural

Efficiency
2 2
concentrations using HPLC (Shimadzu, Japan) with an Aminex-
HPX 87H column and a refractive index detector (oven tempera- 0 0
ture, 50 °C; isocratic elution, flow rate of 0.57 ml min1; mobile 16 16
(c)
phase, 5 mM H2SO4). 14 14
The catalytic efficiencies of HCl and H2SO4 for the hydrolysis of 12 12
sugarcane bagasse were calculated using the following equation 10 10
(modified from Rodríguez-Chong et al. (2004)):
8 8
P
S 6 6
E¼ P
1þ I 4 4
P 2 2
where S is the sum of sugar concentrations in the hydrolysates
P 0 0
(glucose, xylose and arabinose) and I is the sum of inhibitor con-
16 16
centrations in the hydrolysates (acetic acid and furfural). (d)
14 14
12 12
2.2. Lactic acid fermentation
10 10
2.2.1. Basal medium and inoculum preparation 8 8
The basal medium was composed of (in g l1) yeast extract (Ox- 6 6
oid, England), 5; peptone (Oxoid, England), 5 and NaCl (BDH, UK),
4 4
5. The medium was supplemented with 22 or 30 g l1 of xylose
2 2
(Fluka, Switzerland) and adjusted to pH 6.0 with 2 M HCl.
The stock culture of L. lactis IO-1 (JCM 7638) was rejuvenated by 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5
incubation in 5 ml of thioglycolate medium (Difco, USA) for 16 h at
37 °C in a static incubator. One ml of the culture was transferred Time (h)
into 150 ml of the basal medium and incubated at 37 °C, 150 rpm Fig. 1. The main components of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate and acid hydrolysis
for 3 h. An inoculum (5%, v/v) was used to initiate the batch efficiency (E) under 0.5% of HCl and different temperatures: (a) 90, (b) 100, (c) 110
cultures. and (d) 120 °C.
1038 P. Laopaiboon et al. / Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 1036–1043

mined by HPLC with a refractometer detector (Shimadzu, Japan)
using an Aminex-HPX 87H column (300 mm  78 mm, Bio-Rad
Lab, CA, USA) under the following conditions: a temperature of
50 °C, mobile phase 5 mM of H2SO4 and a flow rate of
0.57 ml min1 (Thani et al., 2006).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Effects of ammonium hydroxide on lignin extraction
The NH4OH treatment had a marked effect on lignin removal
from the sugarcane bagasse. The lignin concentration in the solu-
ble fraction after extraction by 0%, 8%, 10% and 12% of NH4OH
were 38.01 ± 1.02, 303.39 ± 4.48, 322.19 ± 0.93 and 277.46 ±
4.26 mg l1, respectively. This indicates that NH4OH could break
the lignin seal in the sugarcane bagasse. The highest lignin con-
centration was achieved when applying 10% of NH4OH. The lignin
concentration was approximately 8.5 times of that under the con-
trol condition (without NH4OH treatment). It was found that the
lignin concentration was decreased at 12% of NH4OH; however,
the reason is unknown. Therefore, 10% of NH4OH was used for lig-
nin extraction from the sugarcane bagasse in all subsequent
experiments.
3.2. Acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse
Main components of the sugarcane bagasse solutions hydro-
lysed by 0.5% of HCl at different temperatures are shown in
Fig. 1. The results showed that xylose was the main product. The
profiles of the main components of the sugarcane bagasse solu-
tions hydrolysed by 2%, 3% and 5% of HCl were similar to those
of 0.5% of HCl (data not shown). At 90–110 °C, it was observed that
the longer the reaction time was, the higher xylose concentration
was obtained (Fig. 1a–c). However, at the highest temperature
(120 °C), the maximum xylose concentration was obtained at the
reaction time of 4 h (Fig. 1d). A slight decrease in xylose concentra-
tion at 5 h might be due to the occurrence of decomposition reac-
tions from xylose to furfural as shown in Fig. 1d and previously
described by Rodríguez-Chong et al. (2004).
Table 1 shows soluble fraction of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysed
at different hydrolysis temperatures and HCl concentrations giving
the maximum xylose concentration. The highest xylose concentra-
tion (15.16 g l1) was obtained under 0.5% of HCl at 120 °C for 4 h.
Under these conditions, glucose, 2.85; arabinose, 1.35; acetic acid,
0.04 and furfural, 0.66 (in g l1) were detected. The amount of
arabinose under various conditions was not different (Table 1).
Aguilar et al. (2002) found that acetic acid in hydrolysates was de-
rived from the hydrolysis of the acetyl groups bound to the hemi-
cellulosic monomers. The acid could be an inhibitor of microbial
growth because it entered the cell membrane and decreased inter-
cellular pH, thus affecting the metabolism of the microorganisms
(Rodríguez-Chong et al., 2004). In this study; however, acetic acid
was not produced in most conditions tested.
The profiles of the main components of the sugarcane bagasse
solutions hydrolysed by 0.5%, 2%, 3% and 5% of H2SO4 at different
temperatures were similar to those of HCl treatment (data not
shown). Table 2 summarises the soluble fraction of sugarcane ba-
gasse hydrolysed at different hydrolysis temperatures and H2SO4
concentrations giving the maximum xylose concentration. The
highest xylose concentration of 12.64 g l1 was obtained when
the bagasse was treated by 0.5% of H2SO4 at 110 °C for 4 h. Under
these conditions, glucose, 2.28; arabinose, 1.33 and acetic acid,
0.06 (in g l1) were detected whereas furfural was not detected.
The highest xylose concentration obtained under H2SO4 hydrolysis
was lower than that under HCl hydrolysis (Table 1), implying that
HCl could break hemicellulose in sugarcane bagasse better than
H2SO4.
Gupta et al. (2009) reported that the release in sugar increased
with increase in acid concentration and it declined thereafter. They
explained that any further increase in acid concentration caused
the increase in release of some toxic compounds or inhibitors,
resulting in a decrease of sugar concentration. Under some acid
hydrolysis conditions in the present study, the increase in acid con-
centration caused a decrease in xylose concentration without any
increase in the inhibitors (furfural and acetic acid). However, the
reason is not clear.
3.3. Catalytic efficiency (E) of acid hydrolysis and scale up acid
hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse
The E values of HCl and H2SO4 hydrolysis at various conditions
were calculated to compare the efficiency of the acids for sugar-
cane bagasse hydrolysis (Table 3 and Fig. 1). The E values of all acid
hydrolysis conditions were higher than 1.0, indicating that these
conditions gave the hydrolysates containing high concentrations
of sugars and low concentrations of growth inhibitors (Rodrí-
guez-Chong et al., 2004). The higher the E value was, the better
acid hydrolysis occurred. The maximum E value of HCl hydrolysis
(16.01) was obtained under the condition of 0.5% of HCl at 100 °C
for 5 h, whereas that of H2SO4 hydrolysis (15.33) was obtained
under the conditions of 0.5% of H2SO4 at 110 °C for 4 h. HCl gave

Table 1
Soluble fraction of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysed at different temperatures and HCl concentrations giving the maximum xylose concentration.

Temperature (°C) HCl (%, v/v) Reaction time (h) Xylose (g l1) Glucose (g l1) Arabinose (g l1) Acetic acid (g l1) Furfural (g l1)
90 0.5 5 7.55 ± 0.38 0.21 ± 0.01 0.93 ± 0.05 0 0
2 5 7.33 ± 0.37 1.21 ± 0.06 1.04 ± 0.05 0 0
3 5 9.46 ± 0.47 1.64 ± 0.08 1.16 ± 0.06 0 0
5 3 8.56 ± 0.43 1.18 ± 0.06 1.13 ± 0.06 0 0
100 0.5 5 13.09 ± 0.65 2.66 ± 0.13 1.22 ± 0.06 0.06 ± 0.00 0
2 4 7.56 ± 0.38 1.67 ± 0.08 1.23 ± 0.06 0 0
3 4 8.97 ± 0.45 2.23 ± 0.11 1.43 ± 0.07 0 0.20 ± 0.01
5 2 8.94 ± 0.45 2.00 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.06 0 0
110 0.5 4 13.33 ± 0.67 3.28 ± 0.16 1.12 ± 0.06 0 0.28 ± 0.01
2 3 9.40 ± 0.47 1.87 ± 0.09 1.24 ± 0.06 0 0
3 2 8.93 ± 0.45 1.79 ± 0.09 1.31 ± 0.07 0 0
5 1 11.18 ± 0.56 1.20 ± 0.06 1.30 ± 0.07 0 0
120 0.5 4 15.16 ± 0.76 2.85 ± 0.14 1.35 ± 0.07 0.04 ± 0.00 0.66 ± 0.03
2 2 7.69 ± 0.38 1.41 ± 0.07 1.22 ± 0.06 0 0
3 1 10.50 ± 0.53 1.69 ± 0.08 1.22 ± 0.06 0 0
5 2 11.89 ± 0.59 5.47 ± 0.27 1.11 ± 0.06 0 0.75 ± 0.04

The experiments were performed in duplicate.

 P. Laopaiboon et al. / Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 1036–1043 1039

Table 2
Soluble fraction of sugarcane bagasse hydrolysed at different temperatures and H2SO4 concentrations giving the maximum xylose concentration.

Temperature (°C) H2SO4 (%, v/v) Reaction time (h) Xylose (g l1) Glucose (g l1) Arabinose (g l1) Acetic acid (g l1) Furfural (g l1)
90 0.5 4 7.62 ± 0.38 0.17 ± 0.00 1.03 ± 0.05 0 0
2 5 6.02 ± 0.30 0.66 ± 0.03 0.70 ± 0.04 0 0
3 5 5.84 ± 0.29 0.71 ± 0.04 0.65 ± 0.03 0.04 ± 0.00 0
5 5 11.63 ± 0.58 1.43 ± 0.07 1.34 ± 0.07 0 0
100 0.5 5 10.96 ± 0.55 2.01 ± 0.10 1.18 ± 0.06 0 0
2 5 6.25 ± 0.31 1.08 ± 0.05 1.06 ± 0.05 0 0
3 4 6.12 ± 0.31 0.71 ± 0.04 1.20 ± 0.06 0 0
5 3 7.59 ± 0.38 0.86 ± 0.04 0.51 ± 0.03 0 0.18 ± 0.00
110 0.5 4 12.64 ± 0.63 2.28 ± 0.11 1.33 ± 0.07 0.06 ± 0.00 0
2 2 6.86 ± 0.34 1.54 ± 0.08 0.98 ± 0.05 0 0
3 3 7.91 ± 0.40 1.59 ± 0.08 1.13 ± 0.06 0 0
5 2 11.48 ± 0.57 1.34 ± 0.07 1.17 ± 0.06 0 0
120 0.5 4 10.12 ± 0.51 1.76 ± 0.09 0.86 ± 0.04 0 0
2 2 6.48 ± 0.32 0.88 ± 0.04 1.06 ± 0.05 0 0
3 2 8.87 ± 0.44 1.22 ± 0.06 0.93 ± 0.05 0 0
5 1 8.44 ± 0.42 1.23 ± 0.06 1.08 ± 0.05 0 0

The experiments were performed in duplicate.

Table 3
Catalytic efficiencies of acid hydrolysis (E) under various conditions.

Temperature (°C) Acid (%, v/v) HCl hydrolysis H2SO4 hydrolysis

Reaction time (h) E Reaction time (h) E
90 0.5 5 8.69 ± 0.43 4 8.82 ± 0.44
2 5 9.58 ± 0.48 5 7.38 ± 0.37
3 5 12.26 ± 0.61 5 6.92 ± 0.35
5 3 10.87 ± 0.54 5 14.40 ± 0.72
100 0.5 5 16.01 ± 0.40 5 14.15 ± 0.71
2 4 10.46 ± 0.52 5 8.39 ± 0.42
3 4 10.53 ± 0.53 4 8.03 ± 0.40
5 2 12.05 ± 0.60 3 7.59 ± 0.38
110 0.5 4 13.85 ± 0.69 4 15.33 ± 0.20
2 3 12.51 ± 0.63 2 9.38 ± 0.47
3 2 12.03 ± 0.60 3 10.63 ± 0.53
5 1 13.68 ± 0.68 2 13.99 ± 0.70
120 0.5 4 11.39 ± 0.57 4 12.74 ± 0.64
2 2 10.32 ± 0.52 2 8.42 ± 0.42
3 1 13.41 ± 0.67 2 11.02 ± 0.55
5 2 10.55 ± 0.53 1 10.75 ± 0.54

higher hydrolysis efficiency and the hydrolysis temperature of HCl
for sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis was lower than that of H2SO4.
Moreover, HCl could generate more sugars than H2SO4 (Tables 1
and 2). Therefore, sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis using 0.5% of HCl
at 100 °C for 5 h was the optimum conditions performed in all sub-
sequent experiments.
When the acid hydrolysis under the optimum conditions was
carried out in the 50 l reactor at agitation rate of 60 rpm, a marked
increase in xylose concentration (approximately 73%) was detected
compared to that in the 30 ml test tube (Table 4). This might be
due to the effects of agitation during the reaction. However, glu-
cose and arabinose concentrations were similar in both reactors.
In addition, agitation also promoted the production of the inhibi-
tors, acetic acid and furfural, resulting in lower E value (10.85) in
Table 4
Comparison of the main components of the hydrolysates of sugarcane bagasse using
0.5% of HCl at 100 °C for 5 h in a 30 ml test tube and a 50 l reactor.
Components (g l1) 30 ml Test tube
Xylose 13.09 ± 0.65
Glucose 2.66 ± 0.13
Arabinose 1.22 ± 0.06
Acetic acid 0.06 ± 0.00
Furfural 0 1.19 ± 0.02
E 16.01 ± 0.40
the 50 l reactor. Under the optimum conditions, yields of xylose,
glucose and arabinose were 254.91, 16.93 and 14.56 mg g1 dry
biomass. The yield of xylose in this study was approximately 92%
of the theoretical xylose available from the sugarcane bagasse
(Lavarack et al., 2002).
According to the lignin content in sugarcane bagasse (18.1% on
a dry weight basis) (Sun et al., 2004), the highest percentage of lig-
nin removal in this work was approximately 21% (by weight). Han
et al. cited in Ko et al. (2009) reported that removal of 20–65% of
lignin in a sample was sufficient to increase in accessibility of cel-
lulose for hydrolysis by enzymes. In this study, the delignified ba-
gasse was further hydrolysed by HCl not enzymes. To our
knowledge, there has been no report regarding the amount of lig-
nin that should be removed before the acid hydrolysis. However,
92% of the theoretical xylose available from the sugarcane bagasse
was occurred in the present study. This finding implied that 21% of
lignin removal would be sufficient for accessibility of cellulose to
the acid.
The main components of the acid-treated hydrolysates of sugar-
50 l Reactor cane bagasse and the E values from the literature were compared
22.59 ± 1.13
in Table 5. Xylose concentration obtained from this work was the
1.50 ± 0.08 highest compared to those from the other works, whereas total su-
1.29 ± 0.06 gar concentration was approximately 1–5 g l1 lower than those
0.15 ± 0.06 reported by Chandel et al. (2007) and Cheng et al. (2008). This
was mainly due to lower glucose concentration in our work. Table
10.85 ± 0.50
5 also suggests that the decomposition of xylan in sugarcane
1040 P. Laopaiboon et al. / Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 1036–1043

bagasse to xylose by our conditions occurred better than that of the
other works as reported by Lavarack et al. (2002), while the condi-
tions of Chandel et al. (2007) and Cheng et al. (2008) enhanced the
formation of glucose. In addition, the inhibitors (acetic acid and
furfural) detected in this work were significantly lower than those
in the others, resulting in higher E value. The lower inhibitors
might be due to lower acid concentration and temperature used
in this study. Based on the obtained E value, the acid treatment
conditions in our study gave the maximum efficiency of acid
hydrolysis.
Although the reaction time of acid hydrolysis in this work was
longer than those in the other works (Table 5), the incubation tem-
perature was lower. Moreover, acetic acid was rarely occurred
compared to that of the others. Therefore, acetic acid removal from
the hydrolysate was not required. In some studies, high concentra-
tion of acetic acid in hydrolysate was removed by electrodialysis
(Cheng et al., 2008) or ion exchange treatment (Chandel et al.,
2007) before it could be used as a substrate for a bio-conversion.
This causes an increase in the total cost of acid hydrolysis of ligno-
cellulosic materials.

Table 5
Comparison of the main components of the acid-treated hydrolysates of sugarcane bagasse and the E values under various conditions from several studies.

Acid hydrolysis conditions (references) Xylose Glucose Arabinose Total sugar Acetic acid Furfural E
(g l1) (g l1) (g l1) (g l1) (g l1) (g l1)
0.5% of HCl, 100 °C, 5 h (this work) 22.59 1.50 1.29 25.38 0.15 1.19 10.85
2% of H2SO4, 122 °C, 24.1 min (Aguilar et al. (2002)) 21.6 3.00 ND* 24.60 3.65 0.52 4.76
6% of HNO3, 122 °C, 9.3 min (Rodríguez-Chong et al. 18.60 2.87 2.04 23.51 0.90 1.32 7.30
(2004))
4% of H3PO4, 122 °C, 5 h (Gámez et al. (2006)) 17.60 3.00 2.60 23.20 4.00 1.20 3.74
2.5% of HCl, 140 °C, 30 min (Chandel et al. (2007)) 21.50 5.84 2.95 30.29 5.45 ND 4.70
1.25% of H2SO4, 121 °C, 2 min (Cheng et al. (2008)) 17.10 7.20 2.00 26.30 4.00 1.40 4.11
*
Not determined.

2.0 8 25

1.8
7
1.6 (a) 20
6
1.4
5
1.2 15

1.0 4

.8 10
3
.6
Product concentrations (g l )
-1

2
)
-1

.4 5
)
-1

Sugar concentrations (g l

1
.2
Dry cell weight (g l

0.0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2.0 8 25

1.8
7
1.6
(b) 20
6
1.4
5
1.2 15

1.0 4

.8 10
3
.6
2
.4 5
1
.2

0.0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Time (h)
Fig. 2. Batch culture profiles of L. lactis IO-1 grown on the non-detoxified hydrolysate (a) and the detoxified hydrolysate (b) of sugarcane bagasse supplemented with 7 g l1 of
yeast extract: lactic acid (d), formic acid (s), acetic acid (.), ethanol (4), dry cell weight (j), glucose (h), xylose (}), arabinose (q).
 P. Laopaiboon et al. / Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 1036–1043 1041

3.4. Lactic acid fermentation from acid hydrolysate
Our preliminary study revealed that L. lactis IO-1 could not grow
and produce in the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate without nutri-
ent supplementation (data not shown). Similar results were
observed by Nancib et al. (2001) who found that nitrogen supple-
mentation in dates hydrolysate had a significant effect on growth
and lactic acid production of L. casei subsp. rhamnosus. Olsson
and Hahn-Hägerdal (1996), Garde et al. (2002) and Martin et al.
(2002) also found that lignocellulosic hydrolysates contained some
inhibitors of bacterial growth e.g. furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfu-
ral (HMF), levulunic acid and phenol compounds. In addition, Mus-
satto and Roberto (2004) reported that anion-exchange resins
removed high percentages of the toxic compounds (96% of acetic
acid, 91% of phenolic compounds, 73% of furfural and 70% of
HMF) from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Therefore, in this study
the sugarcane bagasse hydrolysate was detoxified by passing the
broth through the amberlite (modified from Domínquez et al.
(1997)) before use. It was found that the concentrations of xylose
glucose, arabinose and acetic acid before and after detoxification
were equal, whereas that of furfural was decreased from 1.19 to
0.09 g l1.
The effects of nitrogen supplementation were investigated by
the addition of 0, 3, 5 and 7 g l1 of yeast extract, peptone or
ammonium sulphate or both 5 g l1 of yeast extract and 5 g l1 of
peptone (as used in the basal medium) into the detoxified hydro-
lysate. The results showed that 7 g l1 of yeast extract gave the
highest yield of lactic acid (0.26 g lactic per g sugar utilised), while
microbial growth and lactic acid production were not detected in
the broth containing ammonium sulphate at all concentrations
(data not shown). The absence of ammonium assimilation by L. lac-
tis IO-1 suggests that small peptides may be required by this
microorganism.
Fig. 2 shows the batch culture profiles of L. lactis IO-1 grown on
the non-detoxified and the detoxified hydrolysate containing
7 g l1 of yeast extract. The results clearly showed that L. lactis
initial xylose concentrations of 5 and 10 g l1, the molar product
yield of acetic acid was highest with the values of 1.21 and
0.95 mol product mol1 xylose utilised, respectively. To increase
molar product yield of lactic acid in this study, xylose concentra-
tion in the hydrolysate at 22 g l1 was increased by the addition
of xylose to 30 g l1.
Fig. 3a shows sugar consumption and product formation in the
detoxified hydrolysate containing 30 g l1 of xylose. The pattern of
sugar consumption was similar to that of the detoxified hydroly-
sate without xylose addition (Fig 2b). The rates of xylose uptake
in both media (Figs. 2b and 3a) were similar with approximately
0.51–0.52 g l1 h1 in the first 30 h. The xylose uptake in the detox-
ified hydrolysate with xylose addition continued at the same rate
until the end of the fermentation (64 h) with complete sugar con-
sumption. The lactic acid production in the detoxified hydrolysate
with and without xylose addition were markedly observed in 64
and 40 h, respectively. The longer fermentation time giving the
highest product concentration in the detoxified hydrolysate with
xylose addition was due to higher initial sugar concentration. The
rate of lactic acid production in the medium with xylose addition
(0.14 g l1 h1) was slightly higher than that in the medium with-
out xylose addition (0.11 g l1 h1). In the medium with xylose
addition (Fig. 3a), lactic acid was produced at the highest concen-
tration (10.85 g l1) compared to other organic acids (Table 6). This
observation suggested that xylose concentration might have a con-
trolling effect on pyruvate metabolism in L. lactis IO-1 (Cocaign-
Bousquet et al., 1996). Arabinose was not utilised at all conditions
14 30
(a)
12 25
10
20
Dry cell weight and product concentrations (g l )

8
-1

could slightly grow in the non-detoxified broth but lactic acid 15

was not produced (Fig. 2a). This might be due to the effects of some 6
inhibitors in the medium as previously described. When the hydro- 10

Sugar concentrations (g l )
lysate was detoxified, the results clearly showed that the detoxifi- 4

-1
cation improved the fermentability of the hydrolysate by L. lactis
5
IO-1 compared to the non-detoxified hydrolysate, since without 2
detoxification there was no lactic acid production (Fig. 2a). Xylose
utilisation was started after glucose was completely consumed 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
(Fig. 2b). Xylose was almost completely utilised, while L. lactis
14 30
was not able to utilise arabinose. Products from the fermentation
were increased against time and relatively constant at 40 h. The (b)
12 25
highest main product concentrations detected were acetic acid,
formic acid, lactic acid and ethanol, respectively.
10
In Fig. 2a, a weak growth is observed, however without any sub- 20
strate consumption. This phenomena was explained by Benthin and
8
Villadsen (1996), Loubière et al. (1997), Novák and Loubière (2000), 15
who reported that for lactic acid bacteria, sugar is only a catabolic 6
substrate leading to catabolic end-products whereas the biomass
10
is built from anabolic precursors, e.g., amino acids, nucleotides, 4
etc., present in yeast extract and peptone in the medium. Similar re-
sults were observed by Plihon et al. (1995) who performed batch 2 5
experiments with Leuconostoc mesenteroids in de Man, Rogosa, and
Sharpe (MRS) medium and concluded that from the carbon balance, 0 0
biomass was not created from sugar metabolism. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Thani et al. (2006) revealed that in xylose batch cultures, the Time (h)
molar product (lactic acid, acetic acid, formic acid and ethanol)
yields were dependent on the initial xylose concentration. At high Fig. 3. Batch culture profiles of L. lactis IO-1 grown on the detoxified hydrolysate of
sugarcane bagasse containing 30 g l1 of xylose and 7 g l1 of yeast extract (a) and
initial xylose concentrations of 30 and 50 g l1, the molar product the basal medium containing 30 g l1 of xylose (b): lactic acid (d), formic acid (s),
yield of lactic acid was the highest with the values of 0.71 and acetic acid (.), ethanol (4), dry cell weight (j), glucose (h), xylose (}), arabinose
0.87 mol product mol1 xylose utilised, respectively while at low (q).
1042 P. Laopaiboon et al. / Bioresource Technology 101 (2010) 1036–1043
Table 6
Main products in batch culture of L. lactis IO-1 grown on fermentation media.
Fermentation medium Production concentration (g l1)
Dry cell weight
Detoxified hydrolysate containing 30 g l1 of xylose 1.34 ± 0.20
Basal medium containing 30 g l1 of xylose 0.74 ± 0.13
The experiments were performed in duplicate.
tested (Figs. 2b and 3a). This might be due to the deficiency of
nitrogen source for the sugar consumption of this bacterium. The
reason was supported by Garde et al. (2002) who found that apart
from glucose and xylose, arabinose (1.1 g l1) in wheat straw hemi-
cellulose hydrolysate supplemented with components of MRS
medium were depleted within 12–24 h by Lactobacillus pentosus
and Lactobacillus brevis. This might be due to the enrichment of
the MRS medium which contained (in g l1) casein peptone, 10;
meat extract, 10; yeast extract, 5; tween 80, 1; K2HPO4, 2; sodium
acetate, 5; diammonium citrate, 2; MgSO47H2O, 0.2 and
MnSO4H2O, 0.05.
In this study, not only lactic acid but also acetic acid, formic acid
and ethanol were the main products in the fermentation broth.
These results indicated that xylose, the main sugar in the hydroly-
sate, was metabolised to lactic acid via heterolactic fermentation
pathway or mixed acid fermentation (Cocaign-Bousquet et al.,
1996; Liu, 2003).
Batch culture profiles of L. lactis IO-1 grown on the lactic acid
production medium (basal medium) containing 30 g l1 of xylose
are shown in Fig. 3b. Comparison between both media (Fig. 3a
and b) revealed that the xylose uptake rate of the detoxified hydro-
lysate (0.51 g l1 h1) was 45% lower than that of the basal med-
ium (0.92 g l1 h1), indicating that the inhibitors might not be
completely removed by detoxification and/or some essential nutri-
ent might be deficient. HPLC analysis showed that the amount of
furfural significantly decreased from 1.19 to 0.09 g l1 after detox-
ification. Acetic acid, an inhibitor from the acid hydrolysis, was not
removed in this study because its concentration was very low
(0.15 g l1). Table 6 compares the product formation of L. lactis
IO-1 on the detoxified hydrolysate and the basal medium contain-
ing 30 g l1 of xylose. Growth of L. lactis IO-1 and formic acid and
ethanol production in the detoxified broth was higher than those
in the basal medium. On the other hand, lactic acid production
was 14% lower than that in basal medium and the fermentation
time was 27 h longer. Therefore, the rate of lactic acid production
in the hydrolysate (0.14 g l1 h1) was 61% lower than that in the
basal medium (0.36 g l1 h1).
The yield of lactic acid was dependent on initial xylose concen-
tration and the molar product yield of lactic acid was highest when
the initial xylose concentration was at least 30 g l1 as described
previously (Thani et al., 2006). However, in this study the initial xy-
lose concentration in the acid hydrolysate was only 22 g l1. To
raise xylose content in the hydrolysate to the desired level, concen-
trating the hydrolysate by evaporation prior to use it for lactic acid
production is recommended.
4. Conclusions
Sugarcane bagasse could be hydrolysed by dilute acid (0.5% of
HCl) and xylose was obtained as the main fermentable sugar
(89%). Lignin extraction by NH4OH was an essential pretreatment
process prior to the acid hydrolysis, and the detoxification was re-
quired for removing the inhibitory compounds found in the hydro-
lysate. The detoxified hydrolysate of sugarcane bagasse
supplemented with yeast extract was found to be a potential sub-
strate for lactic acid production by L. lactis IO-1. As yeast extract
Fermentation time (h)
Lactic acid Formic acid Acetic acid Ethanol
10.85 ± 0.51 6.04 ± 0.30 7.87 ± 0.44 5.24 ± 0.61 64
12.67 ± 0.62 4.72 ± 0.23 7.66 ± 0.38 3.36 ± 0.33 37
promotes lactic acid production, other yeast products such as dried
spent yeast may replace yeast extract because they are far less
expensive. The effects of dried spent yeast on lactic acid production
from the acid-treated hydrolysate will further be investigated.
Acknowledgements
This research was financially supported by the Thailand Re-
search Fund (TRF) and Commission on Higher Education, Thailand.
We would like to thank our students, Mr. Noppon Chutivitoonchai
and Mr. Wanchana Suerbwai, for their technical assistance and
Associate Prof. Dr. Aroonwadee Chanawong, Faculty of Associated
Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University for her internal review of
this paper and helpful suggestions.
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