Unit II – Chemistry of

Life (Chapter 2)

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Table 2.1
Fig. 2.1
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First Second
energy energy
level level

Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N)

6p+, 6e–, 6n0 7p+, 7e–, 7n0
Atomic number = 6 Atomic number = 7
Atomic mass = 12 Atomic mass = 14

Third
energy
level

Key

= Proton (p+)

= Neutron (n0)

= Electron (e–)

Sodium (Na)
11p+, 11e–, 12n0
Atomic number = 11
Atomic mass = 23
Fig. 2.2

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Hydrogen (1H) Deuterium (2H) Tritium (3H)

(1p+, 0n0, 1e–) (1p+, 1n0, 1e–) (1p+, 2n0, 1e–)
Fig. 2.4 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

11 protons 17 protons
Sodium Chlorine
12 neutrons 18 neutrons
atom (Na) atom (Cl)
11 electrons 17 electrons

1 Transfer of an electron from a sodium atom to a chlorine atom

+ –

11 protons 17 protons
12 neutrons Sodium Chloride
18 neutrons
10 electrons ion (Na+) ion (Cl–)
18 electrons

Sodium chloride
2 The charged sodium ion (Na+) and chloride ion (Cl–) that result
Table 2.2
Fig. 2.5

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Condensed
Structural structural Molecular
formulae formulae formulae

H H

Ethanol H C C OH CH3CH2OH C 2H 6O

H H

H H

H C O C H CH3OCH3 C 2H 6O
Ethyl ether

H H
Table 2.3
Fig. 2.6
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Hydrogen atom Hydrogen atom H H

Hydrogen molecule (H2)
(a)

Oxygen atom Carbon atom Oxygen atom

O C O
Carbon dioxide molecule (CO2)
(b)
Fig. 2.7

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Nonpolar covalent
C C bond
(a)

Polar covalent
O H bond

δ– δ+
(b)
Fig. 2.8

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δ–
δ+

δ+
δ+

δ+ δ– δ–
δ+
δ–

δ+

Covalent bond δ+

δ+

Hydrogen bond

δ–

Water molecule
δ+ δ+
Fig. 2.9

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Oxygen
δ–

δ+ δ+

105°
(a)
Hydrogen

(b)
Fig. 2.10 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Solution Colloid Suspension

Top: © Ken Saladin
Table 2.4
Fig. 2.11

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Milk Pure water

Egg white Household
Bread, (6.3–6.6) (7.0) Household
(8.0) bleach
Wine, Bananas, black ammonia
(9.5)
vinegar tomatoes coffee (10.5–11.0)
Gastric juice (2.4–3.5) (5.0)
(0.9–3.0) Lemon (4.7) Oven cleaner, lye
juice (13.4)
1M (2.3) 1 M sodium
hydrochloric hydroxide
acid (0) (14)

5 6 7 8 9
4 10
3 11
2 12
Neutral
1 13

0 14
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CH3CH2OH + O2 CH3COOH + H 2O
Ethanol Oxygen Acetic Acid W ater
Fig. 2.12

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AB + CD

Amino acids
Starch molecule

AC

BD
Glucose molecules Protein molecule
(a) Decomposition reaction (b) Synthesis reaction (c) Exchange reaction
Page 54

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CO2 + H 2O H2CO3 HCO3– + H+

Carbon Water Carbonic Bicarbonate Hydrogen
dioxide acid ion ion
Fig. 2.15 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Glucose
CH2OH
O
H H
H

HO OH H OH

H OH

Galactose CH2OH
O
HO H H

OH H
H OH

H OH

Fructose

O
HOCH2 OH

H HO CH2OH
H

OH H
Fig. 2.16
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Sucrose
CH2OH

O CH2OH O
H H H
H
OH H H HO
O
HO CH2OH

H OH OH H

Lactose
CH2OH H OH
O
HO OH
H O OH H
OH H H
H H H H
O

H OH CH2OH

Maltose
CH2OH CH2OH

O O
H H H OH
H H
OH H OH H
HO O
H

H OH H OH
Fig. 2.17

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CH2OH CH2OH
O O
O

O O
O
O

O O O
O O
O O
O

CH2
O
O
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
O O O O
O

O O O O O
O

(a) (b)
Table 2.6
Table 2.7
Fig. 2.20
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CH3

CH3 N+ CH3
Nitrogen-
CH2 containing
group
CH2 (choline)
O Hydrophilic region (head)
Phosphate
–O
P O
group
O

CH2 Glycerol
CH2 CH
O O

O C C O
(CH2)5 (CH2)12 Fatty acid (c)
tails
CH CH3

CH
(CH2)5 Hydrophobic region (tails)

CH3
(a)

(b)
Table 2.8
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Fig. 2.24
Amino acids

Primary structure

Peptide bonds Sequence of amino acids

joined by peptide bonds

C
C HN
C O
C=O
Alpha Beta HN C
helix sheet C
NH
O=C
O=C
NH C
C HN
C=O Secondary structure
HN C=O
C C Alpha helix or beta sheet
O=C NH formed by hydrogen bonding
NH O=C
C C
C=O HN
HN
C=O
C
C
Chain 1
Chain 2

Tertiary structure

Folding and coiling due to

interactions among R groups
and between R groups and
surrounding water

Beta chain Alpha chain

Quaternary structure

Association of two or
Heme more polypeptide chains
groups
with each other

Alpha Beta chain

chain
Fig. 2.25 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Glu
Gly Arg Gly
Phe
Phe Cys
Tyr Val
Asn Tyr
Thr Glu Leu
Leu Cys
Pro Tyr
Gln Asn
Lys Ile Gly
Leu
Tyr
Thr Val
Ala
Leu
Glu
Ser Glu
Gln
Cys Val
Cys
Phe Ile Leu
Cys
Val Ser His
Thr
Asn Ser
Gln His Gly
Leu Cys
Fig. 2.26

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Activation
energy
Activation
energy
Free energy content

Net Net
Energy level energy energy
of reactants released released
by by
reaction reaction

Energy level
of products

Time Time
(a) Reaction occurring without a catalyst (b) Reaction occuring with a catalyst
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Fig. 2.27
Substrate

Active site

Enzyme
1

Enzyme–Substrate
Complex
2
Products
P1 P2

3
Fig. 2.28

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Glycolysis Aerobic respiration

Glucose Pyruvate

ADP + Pi

e–
NAD+ e–

ATP

Pyruvate CO2 + H2O

Page 68

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Heat
ATPase
ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + Energy
Work
Fig. 2.30
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are converted to
Glucose + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Which releases
energy

Which is used for

ADP + Pi ATP

Which is then available for

Muscle contraction
Ciliary beating
Active transport
Synthesis reactions
etc.
Fig. 2.31 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Glycolysis Glucose
2 ADP + 2 Pi

2 ATP

Pyruvate

Anaerobic
fermentation
Uses no
oxygen

O2

Lactate

Aerobic
respiration
Requires
oxygen

CO2 + H2O
Mitochondrion
36 ADP + 36 Pi

36 ATP