CH 01

Chapter 1
Science: A Way of Knowing

How do you know what you know?
1. Which of the following is considered a science?
a. astrology
b. astronomy
c. creationism
d. extrasensory perception (ESP)
e. study of crop circles
Ans: b
Link to: Other Ways of Knowing
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. Which of the following can be measured scientifically?

a. the beauty of a painting
b. the age of a rock
c. religious beliefs
d. value of a sale item
e. meaning of a poem
Ans: b
Link to: The Scientific Method, Other Ways of Knowing
3. In science, every theory must be tested by using it to make

a. a hypothesis.
b. laws of nature.
c. experiments.
d. predictions.
e. a mathematical formula.
Ans: d
Link to: The Scientific Method
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4. Which of the following statements would be true of the scientific method?

a. The scientific method is a linear process starting with observation and following several
other rigidly defined steps.
b.The scientific method is a continuous process by which people learn about the physical
universe and share their knowledge with others.
c. Scientists may report findings in such a way that experiments and observations remain
known only to the original experimenters.
d. When the results of an experiment do not fit the hypothesis, a scientist may ethically discard
the results and repeat the experiment.
e. The scientific method has no connection to the way people conduct their lives every day.
Ans: b
5. At the time Dimitri Mendeleev produced the periodic table of

the elements, which of the following was not true?
a. There were more than 60 known chemical elements.
b. Chemists used the concept of atomic mass.
c. Chemists knew that each element had distinct physical properties and chemical behaviors.
d. It was the mid-18th century.
e. all of the above
Ans: d
6. Basic research scientists

a. are interested in finding out how the world works for the sake of acquiring fundamental
knowledge.
b. believe in the healing power of meditation.
c. want their research to have practical application to
industry or technology.
d. are also known as theorists.
e. would be likely to have a patent on a discovery.
Ans: a
Link to: The Organization of Science
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7. What is SETI?
a. a pseudoscience
b. the theory of intelligent life
c. the search for intelligent life
d. the application of science to astrology
e. short-wave interference in radio signals
Ans: c
8. Laws of nature can be characterized by saying that they

a. arise from repeated observation and testing.
b. represent our best understanding of how the universe works in certain circumstances.
c. are subject to change based upon additional observations.
d. are subject to change.
e. all the above
Ans: e
9. The scientific method depends on

a. reproducible results.
b. clearly stated laws of nature.
c. accurate initial predictions.
d. fact-based hypotheses.
e. communication of findings.
Ans: a
10. A theory is
a. an educated guess based on data collected.
b. a statement that describes how a system will behave.
c. a precise mathematical equation.
d. based on many observations and experiments.
e. a proven hypothesis.
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Ans: d
11. Which pair are both examples of pseudoscience?

a. astronomy and cosmology
b. reincarnation and evolution
c. geology and biology
d. astrology and extrasensory perception
e. extrasensory perception and psychology
Ans: d
12. Which could be studied using the scientific method?

a. a poem
b. an ecosystem
c. a painting
d. religion
e. all of the above
Ans: b
Link to: The Scientific Method, Other Ways of Knowing
13. Peer review in science

a.demoralizes most young scientists before they can become established.
b.is accomplished in the editorial offices of major scientific journals.
c. causes delays between the conclusion of an experiment and the communication of the
results.
d. is conducted in confidence by a panel of experts in the field.
e. has become outdated since the advent of computers.
Ans: d
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14. Natural philosophers, in the mid-nineteenth century,

a. advised the government on policy issues.
b. recommended allocation of funds for research.
c. argued for the natural coalition of church and state.
d. were the landed gentry with little interest in science
e. understood the physical and biological worlds.
Ans: e
15. Which of the following could be funded by a federal grant?

a. computer time to run analyses
b. salaries of investigators
c. equipment to conduct the research
d. travel to field sites
e. All of the above could be funded.
Ans: e
16. What percent of research grants submitted are federally funded?

a. 10% to 40%
b. 20% to 60%
c. 30% to 70%
d. 40% to 80%
e. 50% to 90%
Ans: a
17. The only source of stem cells is human embryos.
Ans: False
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18. In the scientific method, every hypothesis has to be tested.
Ans: True
19. Scientists must ignore their intuition and hunches since they are not a part of the scientific
method.
Ans: False
Link to: The Role of Science
20. Scientific results must be reproducible before being accepted.
Ans: True
21. The periodic table of the elements was a minor achievement in science.
Ans: False
22. When confronted by a new phenomenon, scientists usually test one hypothesis at a time.
Ans: True
23. The scientific method is a cycle that can be initiated at any point.
Ans: False
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24. The periodic table of elements predicted the characteristics of elements that had not yet
been discovered.
Ans: True
25. Laws of nature have been tested extensively and seem to apply everywhere in the universe.
Ans: True
26. Biodiversity insures ecosystem success in natural environments.
Ans: True
27. Mendeleev eventually identified all elements in the periodic table.
Ans: False
28. Hypotheses are sometimes stated as mathematical expressions.
Ans: True
29. Peer review is an important part of the scientific process.
Ans: True
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30. Basic research is conducted with a specific goal in mind.
Ans: False
31. Most research and development is conducted in government laboratories and private
academic institutions.
Ans: False
32. Every scientific theory must be stated in a manner that will allow it to be tested.
Ans: True
33. Observations make the language of science more accurate.
Ans: False
34. What is the main difference between observations and experiments?
Ans: Observations look at nature without manipulating it, while experiments involve
manipulating nature and then observing the result.
35. What were the independent and dependent variables in the Cedar Creek Natural History
Area experiment described in this chapter?
Ans: The amounts of nitrogen and other nutrients are the independent variables and the
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biodiversity of vegetation in each plot is the dependent variable.

36. What are two of the ways that statements describing relationships between measurements
can be stated?
Ans: In words; as a mathematical equation; and in symbolic form

37. Name a major source of funding for American scientific research.
Ans: Any agency or department listed in Table 1-3: Department of Agriculture, Department of
Defense, Department of Energy, Department of the Interior, Department of Transportation,
Environmental Protection Agency, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National
Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, National Oceanographic
and Atmospheric Administration, National Science Foundation.
38. Explain the difference between basic research and applied research.
Ans: Basic research is pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, while applied research is aimed
at specific problems.
39. Name the three essential parts of every experiment. Give an example of a simple
experiment that you might perform and identify these three parts in your experiment.
Ans: Answers will vary but should include the three parts associated with the example
experiment. Experiments should be logical and reasonable.
40. What are some of the ways scientists communicate with each other?
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Ans: Answers could include email, professional papers, conferences, collegial work, and so
forth.
41. How does science differ from pseudoscience?

a. Pseudoscience conclusions have alternate explanations.
b. Science requires a higher standard of proof.
c. Scientific statements can be tested
d. Pseudoscience is based on anecdotes.
e. all of the above
Ans: e
Difficulty Level: Medium
42. When scientists have finished research and wish to communicate the results, they are most
likely to do which of the following?
a. immediately repeat the research
b. call a press conference
c. sell their findings to a research and development company
d. write a concise paper and submit it to a scientific journal
e. submit an abstract to a popular science magazine
Ans: d
43. Which statement is true about the discipline of science?

a. Science is a set of facts about the physical world.
b. Science provides answers to all questions about our environment.
c. Science is a tool for understanding with our physical and biological environment.
d. Science and intuition are mutually exclusive.
e. All the above are true.
Ans: c
44. Which statement does not describe a falling object?
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a. D = a constant X (time)2
b. The distance traveled is proportional to time traveled multiplied by time traveled.
c. Distance equals a constant multiplied by time.
d. time X time X constant = distance
e. If an object falls three times as long as another, it will travel nine times as far as another.
Ans: c
45. How did Mendeleev organize the periodic table of elements?

a. date of first discovery
b. alphabetically
c. atomic weight of the element
d.total number of electrons
e.ionization energy
Ans: c
46. Determine which of these questions could be researchable using the scientific method.
a. Under what conditions could bass live in a lake?
b. Is the Mona Lisa an androgynous person?
c. At what time of day do mosquitoes become active?
d. What is the age of the Mona Lisa painting?
e. All but b
Ans: e
Link to: Scientific Method
47. Which of the following statements is a prediction?

a. Mealworms prefer dark environments.
b. High quality balloons filled with atmospheric air will float higher than low quality
balloons filled with atmospheric air.
c. Spearmint candies taste better than peppermint candies.
d. Data show that a decrease in food lowers the rate of mealworm reproduction. Therefore, if I
increase the amount of food available to mealworms, their reproduction rate will increase.
e. All but d.
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Ans: d
48. Describe the SETI project.
Ans: Since the 1960s some astronomers have used radio telescopes to attempt to detect radio
signals from other civilizations in space in a project known as Search for Extraterrestrial
Intelligence (SETI). In their search, the SETI astronomers analyze the broad range of radio
frequencies in each section of the sky. The volume of data collected by this project is now
being analyzed during idle times on the personal computers of more than a million global
participants.
49. Results of scientific experiments must be reproducible. Give an example of how you have
reproduced the results of someone else’s experiment in everyday life.
Ans: Answers will vary greatly. Examples might include that a student followed someone
else's recipe, method for painting a window frame without getting paint on the glass, or
innovative way
to build a sandcastle that can withstand a direct hit by a wave. The student might mention using
the same techniques and materials, making observations, and testing a hypothesis.
50. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
Ans: While a hypothesis is a tentative educated guess, a theory has met many observational
and experimental tests.
51. Describe what is meant by peer review. Do you think this system is a good idea? Explain
your answer.
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Ans: Peer review occurs when a paper of some sort is sent to experts in the particular field for
review. This insures that reviewers are knowledgeable enough to make an accurate assessment
of the work.
52. Why is the scientific process a continuous cycle?
Ans: Answers will contain information shown in Figure 1-2 with examples of each of the
methods for entering the cycle.
53. Describe William Harvey's experiments to establish the circulation of the blood.
Ans: Answers should outline the steps in Harvey’s experiments.

54. What part does creativity play in the scientific method? Give an example.
Ans: Answers should include references to intuition, creative problem solving and so forth.
55. Do you believe that science will evolve to become more or less applied in the twenty-first
century? Defend your answer.
Ans: Answers will vary but should be logical and supported by information from the chapter.
56. What would you say to a local school board about a proposed cut in the funding for the
science department? In your answer, summarize the reasons for studying science.
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Ans: Answers could include references to a scientifically literate and informed society, public
health, fiscal competition with other countries, and so forth.
57. Why do scientists reject astrology?

a. Planets do not exert a gravitational force on a newborn baby.
b. Stars do not exert any force on a newborn baby.
c. The Babylonians developed astrology.
d. The Moon is too far away to influence a person’s life.
e. There is no evidence that stars can predict the future.
Ans: e
Difficulty Level: Hard
58. Why is mathematics the language of science?

a. to ensure international cooperation among scientists
b. to separate the scientists from the nonscientists
c. to be more accurate in describing an observation
d. because scientists are more analytical than creative
e. all of the above
Ans: c
59. How is a hypothesis tested?

a. by using the hypothesis to make predictions about a system
b. by comparing observations in nature with predictions
c. by making a new hypothesis
d. both a and b
e. a, b and c
Ans: d
60. Which of the following scientists would study forces of motion?
a. biologist
b. physicist
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c.chemist
d.geologist
e.all of the above
Ans: b
61. Pat devises an experiment to determine what kind of environment mealworms prefer (refer
to Figure below). Pat’s hypothesis is that mealworms like wet areas. The experimental set-up
that best tests the hypothesis is
a. light areas versus dark areas

b. light areas versus wet areas
c. light and wet areas versus dark and dry areas
d. all of these test the hypothesis
e. none of these tests the hypothesis
Ans: e
62. How would you change the experiment (refer to Figure below) to test Pat’s hypothesis?
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a. use a control set up to compare dry areas to dry areas

b. keep all factors of the experiment the same except for moisture
c. both a and b
d. do not change any of the setups
e. no matter what changes are made, this experiment will fail because mealworms do not
have brains
Ans: c
63. Sydney opens bean pods and counts the number of beans in each pod, then graphs the data
(see below). From analysis of the graph we know that
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P
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7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of pods
a. The number of bean pods opened was 4.

b. The most common number of beans per pod was 6.
c. The greatest number of beans accounted for by this graph is 5.
d. The best representation of the data is a line graph.
e. There is a greater likelihood of finding a bean pod with 7 beans than with 2 beans.
Ans: b
64. Sydney’s graph predicts (see below)

N
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m
b
e
r
o
f
B
e
a
n
s
p
e
r
P
o
d
8
7
6
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5
4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of pods
a. The variety of beans that produce the most seeds.

b. The number of beans contained in 5 bean pods.
c. The number of beans per pod you would most likely find in the next pod opened.
d. The fewest number of beans per pod.
e. This graph has no predictive value.
Ans: c
65. Jan drops a ball from the top of a tall building, records the time and position of the ball as it
falls. These data are then graphed (see below).
a. The line graph shows change over time.

b. It took approximately 4 seconds for the ball to fall just over 80 feet.
c. If it fell for 6 seconds, the ball could travel over 150 meters.
d. The ball is at rest at 0 seconds.
e. All of the above.
Ans: e
66. Why do scientists use mathematics?
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Ans: Mathematics is a concise language that allows scientists to communicate results and make
precise predictions.
67. How did the biodiversity in the Cedar Creek Natural History Area protect the system from
weather-related stress?
Ans: Biodiversity carried the system through periods of high stress because some species were
more tolerant of drought than others. In the Cedar Creek example, the presence of drought-
resistant organisms was more important than nutrients to the success of the system.
68. Explain this statement: "Every theory and law of nature is subject to change, based on new
observations.
Ans: Answers should include the idea that science is dynamic and changes with increased
accuracy of equipment/materials used in collecting data.
69. Explain how you might use the scientific method to find out what kind of food to feed your
dog.
Ans: Answers will vary but should include all of the steps of the scientific method.
70. In what ways did the creation of the periodic table of elements follow the scientific
method?
Ans: Answers will vary but should illustrate the creation of the table within each step of the
scientific method.
71. With the limited amount of money available to fund scientific research, some projects must
be given priorities over others. If you were reviewing applications for grant funding, what
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criteria might you use to decide which projects were funded first?
Ans: Answers will vary but could include priorities based on social needs, efficient use of
funds, exploration, and so forth.
72. Discuss the reasons some famous scientists give as a rationale for their career choice.
Ans: Answers will include curiosity, quest for knowledge, and so forth.
73. Design an experiment to test the importance of temperature in the maturation of grasses.
Ans: Answers will follow the pattern demonstrated in the example given in the section on
biodiversity.
74. Discuss the issues surrounding the controversy of the use of stem cells in medical research.
Ans: Issues include ethics, production of cell, and actual usefulness of the research.
75. Explain the difference between basic science and integrated science.
Ans: Basic science explores questions of energy, forces, and other natural phenomena.
Integrated science combines methods from many different areas to study natural systems.
Link to: Role of Science
76. Describe the interactions between science and society.
Ans: Answers will vary greatly depending on the experiences of the student. However
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examples could include advances in medicines, ‘advances’ in warfare, space travel and so
forth.
Link to: Role of Science
77. Devise an experiment to test a product seen on television and include all steps in the
scientific method.
examples must include all steps in the scientific method.
78. Your roommate brings in a newspaper with a headline that reads ‘Invisible Aliens Walk
Among Us’. Could you test the validity of this headline? Explain how you could or why you
could not.
examples could include steps in the scientific method, the difference between scientific tests
and beliefs, and so forth.
79. The people in charge of University housing have decided to assign roommates based on
astrological signs anticipating greater compatibility. Defend or attack this system.
examples could include steps in the scientific method, the difference between scientific tests
and beliefs, and so forth.
80. Within SETI, how is science applied and how is technology applied?
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examples could include advances space travel, study of astronomy and so forth.
Link to: Organization of Science
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Chapter 1

Science: A Way of Knowing

2. Which of the following can be measured scientifically?

3. In science, every theory must be tested by using it to make

4. Which of the following statements would be true of the scientific method?

5. At the time Dimitri Mendeleev produced the periodic table of

6. Basic research scientists

8. Laws of nature can be characterized by saying that they

9. The scientific method depends on

11. Which pair are both examples of pseudoscience?

12. Which could be studied using the scientific method?

13. Peer review in science

14. Natural philosophers, in the mid-nineteenth century,

15. Which of the following could be funded by a federal grant?

16. What percent of research grants submitted are federally funded?

17. The only source of stem cells is human embryos.

18. In the scientific method, every hypothesis has to be tested.

20. Scientific results must be reproducible before being accepted.

26. Biodiversity insures ecosystem success in natural environments.

27. Mendeleev eventually identified all elements in the periodic table.

28. Hypotheses are sometimes stated as mathematical expressions.

29. Peer review is an important part of the scientific process.

30. Basic research is conducted with a specific goal in mind.

33. Observations make the language of science more accurate.

34. What is the main difference between observations and experiments?

biodiversity of vegetation in each plot is the dependent variable.

Ans: In words; as a mathematical equation; and in symbolic form

37. Name a major source of funding for American scientific research.

41. How does science differ from pseudoscience?

43. Which statement is true about the discipline of science?

45. How did Mendeleev organize the periodic table of elements?

47. Which of the following statements is a prediction?

48. Describe the SETI project.

50. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

52. Why is the scientific process a continuous cycle?

Ans: Answers should outline the steps in Harvey’s experiments.

57. Why do scientists reject astrology?

58. Why is mathematics the language of science?

59. How is a hypothesis tested?

a. light areas versus dark areas

a. use a control set up to compare dry areas to dry areas

a. The number of bean pods opened was 4.

64. Sydney’s graph predicts (see below)

a. The variety of beans that produce the most seeds.

a. The line graph shows change over time.

66. Why do scientists use mathematics?

76. Describe the interactions between science and society.

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