PLUMBING

CONTENTS

Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. PIPING AND PLUMBING FITTINGS 2

3. DRAIN- WASTE- VENT SYSTEM 7

4. PORTABLE WATER SUPPLY SIZING 12

5. WATER HEATER CAPACITY 19

6. DRAINAGE PIPE DESIGN 24

7. TANK AND PUMP COPACITY 27

LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.

Fig.1 Short radius or regular 45° elbow 2

Fig.2 Long radius or sweep 90° elbow 2

Fig.3 Pipe coupling 3

Fig.4 A combination pipe union and reducer fitting 3

Fig.5 Reducer fittings, bronze threaded (left) and copper sweat (right) 4

Fig.6 Pipe tee (copper sweat) 4

Fig.7 Pipe cap (copper sweat) 6

Fig.8 Closet flange 7

Fig.9 Clean-outs 8

Fig.10 Trap primers 9

Fig.11 Gully trap 9

Fig.12 Combo-tee 10

Fig.13 Sanitary tee 11

Fig.14 Water supply at Bed Room 01 16

Fig.15 Water supply at Bed Room 02 17

Fig.16 Water supply at Bed Room 30 19

LIST OF TABLES
Page no.

Table.1 WSFU values for different fixtures 12

Table.2 Minimum pipe sizes for different fixtures 13

Table.3 Conversion of WSFU to GPM 14

Table.4 list of fixtures in B01&it’s WSFU 15

Table.5 Cold water supply pipe B01 15

Table.6 Hot water supply pipe B01 15

Table.7 list of fixtures in B02&it’s WSFU 16

Table.8 Cold water supply pipe B02 16

Table.9 Hot water supply pipe B02 17

Table.10 List of fixtures in S01, B30&it’s WSFU 18

Table.11 Cold water supply pipe S01, B30 18

Table.12 Hot water supply pipe S01, B30 18

Table.13 Hot water Demand per Fixture 24

Table.14 Drainage fixture unit 1 24

Table.15 Drainage fixture unit 2 25

Table.16 Building drain and sewers 26

1.INTRODUCTION

In modern plumbing, a drain-waste-vent (DWV) is part of a system that removes sewage and
grey water from a building and regulates air pressure in the waste-system pipes, facilitating flow.
Waste is produced at fixtures such as toilets, sinks and showers, and exits the fixtures through a
trap, a dipped section of pipe that always contains water. All fixtures must contain traps to
prevent sewer gases from leaking into the house. Through traps, all fixtures are connected to
waste lines, which in turn take the waste to a soil stack, or soil vent pipe. At the building drain
system's lowest point, the drain-waste vent is attached, and rises (usually inside a wall) to and
out of the roof. Waste is removed from the building through the building drain and taken to a
sewage line, which leads to a septic system or a public sewer. Cesspits are generally prohibited
in developed areas.

The venting system, or plumbing vents, consists of pipes leading from waste pipes to the
outdoors, usually through the roof. Vents provide a means to release sewer gases outside instead
of inside the house. Vents also admit oxygen to the waste system to allow aerobic sewage
digestion. Vents provide a way to equalize the pressure on both sides of a trap, thereby allowing
the trap to hold water, which is needed to maintain effectiveness of the trap. Every fixture is
required to have an internal or external trap; double trapping is prohibited by plumbing
codes due to its susceptibility to clogging. With exceptions, every plumbing fixture must have an
attached vent. The top of stacks must be vented too, via a stack vent, which is sometimes called
a stink pipe

A sewer pipe is normally at neutral air pressure compared to the surrounding atmosphere. When
a column of waste water flows through a pipe, it compresses air in the pipe, creating a positive
pressure that must be released or it will push back on the waste stream and downstream traps'
water seals. As the column of water passes, air must flow in behind the waste stream or negative
pressure results. The extent of these pressure fluctuations is determined by the fluid volume of
the waste discharge.

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2. PIPING AND PLUMBING FITTINGS

A fitting is used in pipe plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to
different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow. The
term plumbing is generally used to describe conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in ordinary
domestic or commercial environments, whereas piping is often used to describe high-
performance (e.g. high pressure, high flow, high temperature, hazardous materials) conveyance
of fluids in specialized applications. The term tubing is sometimes used for lighter-weight
piping, especially types that are flexible enough to be supplied in coiled form.

2.1 Elbow

Fig.1 Short radius or regular 45° elbow

Fig.2Long radius or sweep 90° elbow

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An elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of
direction, usually a 90° or 45° angle, though 22.5° elbows are also made. The ends may be
machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ
in size, the fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow.

Elbows are categorized based on various design features as below:

 Long Radius (LR) Elbows – radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter
 Short Radius (SR) Elbows – radius is 1.0 times the pipe diameter
 90 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 90°
 45 Degree Elbow – where change in direction required is 45°

2.2 Coupling

Fig.3Pipe coupling

A coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the size of the pipe is not the same, the fitting
may be called a reducing coupling or reducer, or an adapter. By convention, the term "expander"
is not generally used for a coupler that increases pipe size; instead the term "reducer" is used.

2.3 Union

Fig.4A combination pipe union and reducer fitting

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A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient
disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. While a coupling would require
solvent welding, soldering or being able to rotate with all the pipes adjacent as with a
threaded coupling, a union provides a simple transition, allowing easy connection or
disconnection at any future time. A standard union pipe is made in three parts consisting of a nut,
a female end, and a male end. When the female and male ends are joined, the nuts then provide
the necessary pressure to seal the joint. Since the mating ends of the union are interchangeable,
changing of a valve or other device can be achieved with a minimum loss of time.

2.4 Reducer

Fig.5Reducer fittings, bronze threaded (left) and copper sweat (right)

A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system, or
to adapt to existing piping of a different size. Reducers are usually concentric but eccentric
reducers are used when required to maintain the same top- or bottom-of-pipe level.

2.5 Tee

Fig.6 Pipe tee (copper sweat)

A tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female thread sockets, all solvent
weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads. It is

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used to either combine or split a fluid flow. It is a type of pipe fitting which is T-shaped having
two outlets, at 90° to the connection to the main line. It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral
outlet. A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or for changing the direction of
pipe runs. They are made of various materials and available in various sizes and finishes. They
are extensively used in pipeline networks to transport two-phase fluid mixtures. They are
categorized as:

 Equal
 Unequal

When the size of the branch is same as header pipes, equal tee is used and when the branch size
is less than that of header size, reduced tee will be used. Most common are tees with the same
inlet and outlet sizes. Some of the industrial tees are Straight Tee, Reducing Tee, Double Branch
Tee, Double Branch Reducing Tee, Conical Tee, Double Branch Conical Tee, Bullhead Tee,
Conical Reducing Tee, Double Branch Conical Reducing Tee, Tangential Tee, and Double
Branch Tangential Tee.

2.6 Cross

Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the
fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one inlet and three outlets, or vice versa. They often have
solvent welded socket ends or female threaded ends.

Cross fittings can generate a huge amount of stress on pipe as temperature changes, because they
are at the center of four connection points. A tee is more steady than a cross, as a tee behaves like
a three-legged stool, while a cross behaves like a four-legged stool. (Geometrically, "any 3 non-
collinear points define a plane" thus 3 legs are inherently stable.) Crosses are common in fire
sprinkler systems, but not in plumbing, due to their extra cost as compared to using two tees.

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2.7 Cap

Fig.7 Pipe cap (copper sweat)

A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas tight, which covers the end of a pipe. A cap is used
like plug, except that the pipe caps screws or attaches on the male thread of a pipe. A cap may
have a solvent weld socket end or a female threaded end and the other end closed off. In
plumbing systems that use threads, the cap has female threads. Industrial caps can be round,
square, rectangular, U-shaped, I-shaped and may have a round hand grip or a flat hand grip.

If a solvent weld cap is used to provide for a future connection point, several inches of pipe must
be left before the cap. This is because when the cap is cut off for the future connection, enough
pipe must remain to allow a new fitting to be glued onto it.

2.8 Valves
Valves are equipment designed to stop or regulate flow of any fluid (liquid, gas, condensate,
stem, slurry, etc.) in its path. Valves are categorized depending on their applications like
isolation, throttling, and non-return. Various types of valves are available depending upon the
type of construction as follows:

 Gate valve - used for isolation only

 Plug valve - used for isolation only
 Globe valve - used for throttling
 Butterfly valve - used for isolation as well as throttling
 Check valve - used for preventing reverse flow (non-return)
 Diaphragm valve - used for isolation as well as throttling
 Ball valve - used for isolation only

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3. DRAIN- WASTE- VENT SYSTEM

Because they operate at low pressure and rely on gravity to move fluids (and often entrained
solids), drain-waste-vent systems use fittings designed to be as smooth as possible on their
interior surfaces. The fittings may be "belled" or expanded slightly in diameter, or otherwise
shaped to accommodate insertion of pipe or tubing, without forming a sharp interior ridge that
might catch debris or accumulate buildup of material and cause clogging. The absence of interior
snags also makes it much easier to "snake out" or "rod out" a clogged pipe using long flexible
tools made for this purpose.

Underground piping systems for landscaping drainage, or disposal of storm

water or groundwater, similarly use gravity flow at low pressure, often with entrained solids.
Piping fittings used for these systems bear a strong resemblance to DWV fittings, though often at
a larger scale. When high peak flow volumes are involved, the design and construction of these
systems are closely inter-related to sewer design.

A fitting for central vacuum systems are very similar to DWV fittings, though usually of thinner
and lighter construction, since the weight of the materials conveyed through the system is much
less. Vacuum system designs share with DWV designs a concern about eliminating internal
ridges, burrs, sharp turns, or other obstructions to smooth flow that might cause build-up of
material into pipe blockages.

3.1 Closet flange

Fig.8Closet flange

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The closet flange is the drain pipe flange to which a water closet (toilet) is attached. It is a
specialized type of flange connection designed to sit flush with the floor, allowing a standard
toilet to be installed above it.

3.2 Clean-outs

Fig.9Clean-outs

Clean-outs are fittings with removable elements that allow access to drains without requiring
removal of plumbing fixtures. They are used for allowing an auger or plumber's snake to clean
out a plugged drain. Clean-outs should be placed in accessible locations at regular intervals
throughout a drainage system, often including outside the building, because clean-out augers
have limited length. The minimum requirement is typically at the end of each branch in piping,
just ahead of each water closet, at the base of each vertical stack, and both inside and outside the
building in the building main drain/sewer. Clean-outs normally have screw-on caps or screw-in
plugs. Clean-outs are also known as rodding eyes from the eye-shaped cover plates often used on
external versions.

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3.3 Trap primers

Fig.10Trap primers

Trap primers regularly inject water into traps so that "water seals" are maintained, as necessary
to keep sewer gases out of buildings. The trap primer must be installed in a readily available
place for easy access for adjustments, replacement, and repair. Strictly speaking, a trap primer is
a specialized valve, and it is usually connected to a clean water supply, in addition to a DWV
system. Because of this dual connection, the design usually must be certified to resist
accidental backflow of contaminated water.

3.4 Gully trap

Fig.11Gully trap

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These traps are constructed outside the building to carry waste water discharge from washbasin,
sinks, bathroom etc. and are connected to the nearest building drain/sewer so that foul gases from
sewer do not come to the house. These are deep seal traps, the depth of water seal should be 50
mm minimum. It also prevents the entry of cockroach and other insects from sewer line to waste
pipes carrying waste water.

3.5 Combo-tee

Fig.12Combo-tee

A combination tee (combo tee) is a tee with a gradually curving center connecting joint. It is
used in drain systems to provide a smooth, gradually curving path to reduce the likelihood of
clogs, and to ease pushing a plumber's snake through a drain system. The "combo" is a
combination of a wye and a 1/8 bend or 45° elbow.

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3.6 Sanitary tee

Fig.13Sanitary tee

A sanitary tee is a tee with a curved center section. In drainage systems it is primarily used to
connect horizontal drains (including fixture trap arms) to vertical drains. (It is against all major
codes to use a sanitary tee to connect a vertical drain to a horizontal drain.) The center
connection is generally connected to the pipe which leads to a trap (the trap arm).

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4. PORTABLE WATER SUPPLY SIZING

Portable water supply includes both cold water supply and hot water supply. WSFU [water
supply fixture unit] for the different fixtures are obtained from standard charts and corresponding
flow rates are calculated in order to find the pipe diameter.

Table.1 WSFU values for different fixtures

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 Table.2 Minimum pipe sizes for different fixtures

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 Table.3 Conversion of WSFU to GPM

4.1 Equations

The amount of fluid passing a section of a stream in unit time is called the discharge. If V is the
mean velocity and A is the cross sectional area, the discharge Q is defined by

Q = AV which is known as volume flow rate

Where:
Q = discharge in 𝑚3 /sec or 𝑓𝑡 3 /sec

A = cross-sectional area of flow in 𝑚2 or 𝑓𝑡 2

V = mean velocity of flow in m/sec or ft. /sec

Q =(𝜋𝑑2 /4)×V

𝑄×4 0.5
d = (𝑉×𝜋)

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4.2 Room B01

Fixture WSFU No’s

Perineal 1 1
spray
lavatory 1 1
shower 2 1
WWC 4 1

Table.4 list of fixtures in B01&it’s WSFU

COLD WATER SUPPLY PIPE

NODE WSFU Q VELOCITY DIA NOMINAL DIA (mm)

actual selected GPM CUB. M/S m/s M mm
1 to 2 2 2 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
2to 4 2 2 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
4 to 5 1 1 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
4 to 6 3 3 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
6 to 7 5 5 4.5 0.000283906 1.8 0.0141748 14.174774 20
6 to 8 8 8 7 0.000441631 1.8 0.017679 17.679049 25

Table.5 Cold water supply pipe B01

HOT WATER SUPPLY PIPE

NODE WSFU Q VELOCITY DIA NOMINAL DIA (mm)

actual selected GPM CUB. M/S m/s M mm
1 to 2 2 2 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
2to 5 2 2 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
2 to 3 3 3 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15

Table.6 Hot water supply pipe B01

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Fig.14 Water supply at Bed Room 01

4.3 Bed room B 02

Fixture WSFU No’s

Perineal 1 1
spray
lavatory 1 1
shower 2 1
WWC 4 1
Bath tub 4 1
Table.7 list of fixtures in B02&it’s WSFU

COLD WATER SUPPLY PIPE

NODE WSFU Q VELOCITY DIA NOMINAL DIA (mm)

actual selected GPM CUB. M/S m/s M mm
1 to 2 4 4 4 0.000252361 1.8 0.0133641 13.364105 15
2to 3 2 2 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
2 to 6 6 6 5 0.000315451 1.8 0.0149415 14.941523 15
6 to 7 1 1 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
6 to 8 7 7 6 0.000378541 1.8 0.0163676 16.367619 20
8 to 9 5 5 4.5 0.000283906 1.8 0.0141748 14.174774 25
8 to 10 12 12 9 0.000567812 1.8 0.0200462 20.046157 25

Table.8 Cold water supply pipe B02

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 HOT WATER SUPPLY PIPE

NODE WSFU Q VELOCITY DIA NOMINAL DIA (mm)

actual selected GPM CUB. M/S m/s M mm
4 to 7 1 1 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
4to 1 4 4 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
4 to 5 5 5 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
3 to 5 2 2 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
5 to 9 7 7 6 0.000378541 1.8 0.0163676 16.367619 25

Table.9 Hot water supply pipe B02

Fig.15 Water supply at Bed Room 02

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4.4 Suit Room S01&B 30

Fixture WSFU No’s

Perineal 1 1
spray
lavatory 1 2
shower 2 1
WWC 4 1
Bath tub 4 1

Table.10 List of fixtures in S01, B30&it’s WSFU

COLD WATER SUPPLY PIPE

NODE WSFU Q VELOCITY DIA NOMINAL DIA (mm)

actual selected GPM CUB. M/S m/s M mm
1 to 2 1 1 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
2to 8 4 4 4 0.000252361 1.8 0.0133641 13.364105 20
2 to 3 5 5 4.5 0.000283906 1.8 0.0141748 14.174774 25
3 to 9 2 2 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
3 to 6 7 7 6 0.000378541 1.8 0.0163676 16.367619 25
5 to 6 1 1 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
6 to 7 8 8 7 0.000441631 1.8 0.017679 17.679049 25

Table.11 Cold water supply pipe S01, B30

HOT WATER SUPPLY PIPE

NODE WSFU Q VELOCITY DIA NOMINAL DIA (mm)

actual selected GPM CUB. M/S m/s M mm
1 to 2 1 1 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
2to 8 4 4 4 0.000252361 1.8 0.0133641 13.364105 20
2 to 4 5 5 4.5 0.000283906 1.8 0.0141748 14.174774 20
4 to 5 1 1 3 0.000189271 1.8 0.0115737 11.573654 15
4 to 3 6 6 5 0.000315451 1.8 0.0149415 14.941523 20

Table.12 Hot water supply pipe S01, B30

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Fig.16 Water supply at Bed Room 30

5. WATER HEATER CAPACITY

5.1 Room B01

Fixtures that consume hot water are lavatory, shower, bath tub etc.

Hot water consumption of private lavatory or basin = 7.6 L/hr.

Hot water consumption of shower = 114L/hr.

Hot water consumption of bathtub = 76L/hr.

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Number of lavatory =1

Number of shower =1

Number of bathtubs = nil

Total consumption = 1×7.6 + 1×114

= 121.6 L/hr

Assume 30% usage

Maximum probable demand = 0.3×121.6 =36.48 L/hr

= 36.48 Kg/hr.

Storage Requirement of Water Heater

Assume storage for 2 hours.

Therefore capacity = 2×36.48

=73 L (approximate)

But available = 100 L

Power Requirement

Maximum probable demand = 36.48 kg/hr

We have the equation Q =mCpΔT

M =36.48 kg

Cp =4.18 Kj/kg/K

ΔT = 40˚C or 40˚K

Q = 36.48×4.18×40
= 6099.456 KJ/hr

=6099.456/3600 KW
=1.7 KW

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Thus heater specification is 100L, 1.7 KW

5.2 Room B03

Fixtures that consume hot water are lavatory, shower, bath tub etc.

Hot water consumption of private lavatory or basin = 7.6 L/hr

Hot water consumption of shower = 114L/hr

Hot water consumption of bathtub = 76L/hr

Number of lavatory =1

Number of shower =1

Number of bathtubs =1

Total consumption = 1×7.6 + 1×114 +1×76

= 197.6 L/hr

Assume 30% usage

Maximum probable demand = 0.3×197.6

=59.28 L/hr

= 59.28 Kg/hr

Storage Requirement of Water Heater

Assume storage for 2 hours.

Therefore capacity = 2×59.28

=118.56 L (approximate)

But available = 150 L

Power Requirement

Maximum probable demand = 59.28 kg/hr

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We have the equation Q = mCpΔT

M =59.28 kg

Cp =4.18 Kj/kg/K

ΔT = 40˚C or 40˚K

Q = 59.28×4.18×40
= 9911.616 KJ/hr

=9911.616/3600 KW
= 2.75KW

Thus heater specification is 150L, 2.75 KW

5.3 Room B 30, S 01

Fixtures that consume hot water are lavatory, shower, bath tub etc.

Hot water consumption of private lavatory or basin = 7.6 L/hr

Hot water consumption of shower = 114L/hr

Hot water consumption of bathtub = 76L/hr

Number of lavatory =2

Number of shower =1

Number of bathtubs =1

Total consumption = 2×7.6 + 1×114 +1×76

= 205.2 L/hr

Assume 30% usage

Maximum probable demand = 0.3×205.2

=61.56 L/hr

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 = 61.56 Kg/hr

Storage Requirement of Water Heater

Assume storage for 2 hours.

Therefore capacity = 2×61.56

=123.12 L (approximate)

But available = 150 L

Power Requirement

Maximum probable demand = 61.56 kg/hr

We have the equation Q = mCpΔT

M =61.56 kg

Cp =4.18 Kj/kg/K

ΔT = 40˚C or 40˚K

Q = 61.56×4.18×40
= 10292.832 KJ/hr

=10292.832 /3600 KW
= 2.856 KW

Thus heater specification is 200L, 2.856 KW

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Table.13 Hot water Demand per Fixture for Various Types of Building

6. DRAINAGE PIPE DESIGN

Table.14 drainage fixture unit 1

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 Table.15 drainage fixture unit 2

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 Table.16 Building drain and sewers

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7. TANK AND PUMP COPACITY

Under Ground Tank

Number of floors =5[4typical +ground floor]

Number of appliances in typical floors
Total number of rooms = 35 bedrooms + 2 suite rooms
Lavatory = 37/floor
Wwc = 35/floor
Shower = 35/floor
Bath tub = 21/floor
P.spray = 35/floor
Number of appliances in ground floor
Lavatory = 27
Wwc = 19
Shower =4
P.spray = 19
Urinal =2
Total appliances
Lavatory = 37 × 4 floor + 27 =175
Wwc = 35 × 4 floor + 19 =159
p.spray = 35 × 4 floor + 19 =159
Bath tub =21 × 4 floor = 84
Shower = 35 × 4 floor + 4 =144
Urinal =2

WSFU
Lavatory - WSFU 1, Total =175×1 =175
Wwc - WSFU 3.5, Total = 159×3.5 = 556.5
p.spray - WSFU 1, Total =159×1 =159
Bath tub - WSFU 4, Total = 84× 4 = 336
Shower - WSFU 5, Total = 144×5 =720
Urinal - WSFU 4, Total = 2×4 =8

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Total WSFU = 175+556.5+159+336+720+8
=1954.5
GPM = 325 [for WSFU 2000, Flush tanks]
= 1771573 L/day
Assume 30% usage = 0.3×1771573
= 531471.9 L/day
Assume 3 days storage capacity
Thus capacity of UGT = 531471.9 ×3
=1594415.7 Liters
= 1594.41𝑚3
Let depth of tank be 5 m,
Area = 319𝑚2
L×B = 17m×18.7 m
Over Head Tank
Capacity of UGT =1594415.7 Liters
= 1594.41𝑚3
For one hour operation = 1594.41 /24
= 66.4𝑚3 /hr or 292.35gpm
Let depth of tank be 2 m
Area = 33.2𝑚2
L×B = 5m×6.6 m

Transfer Pump
Consumption for 1 hour = 66.4𝑚3 /hr
= 292.35 gpm
Height of building =3.5m × 5
= 17.5m
Depth of UGT = 5m
Height of OHT = 2m
Thus static head = 17.5+5+2

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 = 24.5m
Friction factor = 20%
Safety factor = 20%
Thus head of transfer pump = 24.5×1.2×1.2
= 35.28m of WC
= 3.5 Bar
Capacity of pump is 3.5 bar at 292.35gpm.

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