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Manual for K-Notes
Why K-Notes?
Towards the end of preparation, a student has lost the time to revise all the chapters from his /
her class notes / standard text books. This is the reason why K-Notes is specifically intended for
Quick Revision and should not be considered as comprehensive study material.
A 40 page or less notebook for each subject which contains all concepts covered in GATE
Curriculum in a concise manner to aid a student in final stages of his/her preparation. It is highly
useful for both the students as well as working professionals who are preparing for GATE as it
comes handy while traveling long distances.
It is highly recommended to use K-Notes in the last 2 months before GATE Exam
(November end onwards).
Once you finish the entire K-Notes for a particular subject, you should practice the respective
Subject Test / Mixed Question Bag containing questions from all the Chapters to make best use
of it.
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Transmission Lines
Skin Effect
Single Conductor
0 r
Internal inductance
8
External inductance from distance ‘ d1 ’ to ‘ d2 ’
0r d2
Lex ln
2 d1
0 r 0 r d2
Total inductance ln
8 2 r
d d
0 r ln 1 0 r ln
2 re 4 2 r
r 0.7788r = Geometric mean radius (GMR)
0 d
Lsys ln
r r
a b
ra 0.7788ra & rb 0.7788rb
If instead of a single conductor per phase we use multiple conductor, then GMR is
replaced by self GND (Geometric Mean Distance) and ‘d’ by mutual GMD.
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Self GMD
1
self GMDfwd D11 D12 ........D1n D21 D22 .........D2n ....... Dn1 Dn2 ........Dnn n2
Mutual GMD
1
Mutual GMD D11' D12' ...........D1m' ................. Dn1' Dn2' .................Dnm'
mn
0 mutual GMD
1 , 2 wire: ln
2 Self GMD
Symmetrical configuration
0r D
Lph ln
2 r
r 0.7788r
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Asymmetrical configurations
0r Deq
Lph ln
2 r
Dca Dcaeq
1
3 12 12 3 4
6m
1
Dbc eq 3 6 6 3 4 4.24m
1
Dca eq 6 9 9 6 4 7.348m
= 5.71m
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1
Self GMD r D
a a1a2
Da2a1 r 4
= 0.341m
1
Self GMD r D
b b1b2
Db2b1 r 4
= 0.2467m
1
Self GMD r D
c c1c2
Dc2c1 r 4
= 0.1528m
1
Self GMD Self GMD a Self GMD b Self GMD c 3
= 0.2398m
0 GMD
L ln
2 GMD Self
5.71
2 10 7 ln 0.634mH / km
0.2398
Remember, Inductance calculated using these formulas is per unit length.
The position of different lines are changed after regular intervals to reduce radio interference in
neighboring communication lines.
Capacitance
Single Phase 2 – Wire System
0 r
Cab
D
ln
rr
12
Line to neutral capacitance
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20 r 20 r
Can , Cbn
D D
ln ln
r1 r2
Three phase single conductor system
20 r
Cph
GMD
ln
r
For bundled conductors
20 0
Cph
GMD
ln
Self GMD
In capacitance calculations, it must always be remembered that there is no concept of r, we
simply use radius in calculating self GMD.
Performance of Transmission line
Classification of lines based on length
1) Short Line
l < 80 km or l*f < 4000 , Where f = frequency
2) Medium Line
80 km < l < 200 km
4000 < l*f < 10000
3) Long Line
l > 200 km
l*f > 10000
Under no load
Vs
IR 0 , Vs AVR , VR
A
7
Vs
No Load Voltage and IR 0 , Is CVR
A
Vs
VR
A
Voltage Regulation 100%
VR
This current is called as line charging current and is responsible for as effect is called as “Ferranti
Effect”.
Ferranti Effect
Under no-load or light load conditions receiving end voltage becomes more than sending end
voltage due to presence of line charging current.
Vs VR IR R jwL
VR IR Z
Vs 1 z VR
I 0 1 I
s R
A = D (symmetrical)
AD – BC = 1 (reciprocal)
load pf=cosR
For leading pf
IR
VR R cos R X sin R
VR