Why entropy of reversible adibetic process is zero?

We know that in adiabatic process no heat enter no leaves the system so their no change in the internal
enegy and the only work done b

Enthalpy is a measure of heat content of the system, whereas entropy is the measure of change
in (enthalpy/temperature).

Hess's law states that the change of enthalpy in a chemical reaction (i.e. the heat of reaction at constant
pressure) is independent of the pathway between the initial and final states.

In other words, if a chemical change takes place by several different routes, the overall enthalpy change
is the same, regardless of the route by which the chemical change occurs (provided the initial and final
condition are the same).

Hess's law allows the enthalpy change (ΔH) for a reaction to be calculated even when it cannot be
measured directly. This is accomplished by performing basic algebraic operations based on the chemical
equations of reactions using previously determined values for the enthalpies of formation.

Addition of chemical equations leads to a net or overall equation. If enthalpy change is known for each
equation, the result will be the enthalpy change for the net equation. If the net enthalpy change is
negative (ΔHnet < 0), the reaction is exothermic and is more likely to be spontaneous; positive ΔH values
correspond to endothermic reactions. Entropy also plays an important role in determining spontaneity,
as some reactions with a positive enthalpy change are nevertheless spontaneous.

Hess's law states that enthalpy changes are additive. Thus the ΔH for a single reaction

In which process fluid expands but does no work?

1. in FREE EXPANSION like take closed box and partition it with very thin layer
,and fill one side gas and other side is vaccum , now u put hole or rupture layer
than gas start come in 2nd chamber and also expand but when it expand its
expand freely means its cant push anything when expand so workdone in this
is zero

Whether entropy is intensive property or extensive property?

Entrop is an extensive property because we know that extensive properties are those which are
depend on other subsystems. These are the aditives other examples are mass and volume.

Whether the superheated steam can be treated like ideal gas?

In super-heated vapor the temperature is higher than the boiling point temperature corresponding to
the pressure. The superheated vapor can not exist in contact with the fluid, nor contain fluid particles.
An increase in the pressure or decrease in the temperature will not - within limits - condensate out
liquid particles in the vapor. Highly superheated vapors are gases that approximately follow the general
gas law.

Define the terms free energy and free enthalpy. What is their significance and importance?

Free energy, in thermodynamics, energy-like property or state function of a system in thermodynamic

equilibrium. Free energy has the dimensions of energy, and its value is determined by the state of the
system and not by its history. Free energy is used to determine how systems change and how much
work they can produce. It is expressed in two forms: the Helmholtz free energy F, sometimes called the
work function, and the Gibbs free energy G. If U is the internal energy of a system, PV the pressure-
volume product, and TS the temperature-entropy product (T being the temperature above absolute
zero), then F = U − TS and G = U + PV − TS. The latter equation can also be written in the form G = H – TS,
where H = U + PV is the enthalpy. Free energy is an extensive property, meaning that its magnitude
depends on the amount of a substance in a given thermodynamic state.

The changes in free energy, ΔF or ΔG, are useful in determining the direction of spontaneous change and
evaluating the maximum work that can be obtained from thermodynamic processes involving chemical
or other types of reactions.

Latent heat?

Latent heat, energy absorbed or released by a substance during a change in its physical state (phase)
that occurs without changing its temperature. The latent heat associated with melting a solid or freezing
a liquid is called the heat of fusion; that associated with vaporizing a liquid or a solid or condensing a
vapour is called the heat of vaporization. The latent heat is normally expressed as the amount of heat (in
units of joules or calories) per mole or unit mass of the substance undergoing a change of state.

For example, when a pot of water is kept boiling, the temperature remains at 100 °C (212 °F) until the
last drop evaporates, because all the heat being added to the liquid is absorbed as latent heat of
vaporization and carried away by the escaping vapour molecules. Similarly, while ice melts, it remains at
0 °C (32 °F), and the liquid water that is formed with the latent heat of fusion is also at 0 °C. The heat of
fusion for water at 0 °C is approximately 334 joules (79.7 calories) per gram, and the heat of
vaporization at 100 °C is about 2,230 joules (533 calories) per gram. Because the heat of vaporization is
so large, steam carries a great deal of thermal energy that is released when it condenses, making water
an excellent working fluid for heat engines.

Heat capacity ia heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

Specific heat is heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

Let's assume substance 'A' has specific heat of 1 KJ/kgK. The specific heat remains the same if I take 5kg
of 'A' or 10kg, because it is defined as per Kg of that substance.

On the other hand heat capacity depends on mass of the substance. If I have 5kg of that substance then
heat capacity will be 5KJ/Kg, if I have 10kg then heat capacity becomes 10KJ/kg . Because more the
mass, more it will take to raise the temperature by 1 degree Celsius
the phenomenon by which plastic deformation of a metal increases the yield strength in the direction of
plastic flBauschinger effect represents loss of isotropic behavior in strength-strain behavior produced
due to deformation produced in metallic materials. When steel is loaded in tension, it starts deforming
first elastically but later plastically. Plastic deformation occurs due to dislocation movement. However,
dislocation entangles during movement which requires more stress for the further movement. This is
known as work hardening.

When the direction of stress is reversed, say from tensile to compressive, dislocation movement can
start at lower strength resulting in a decrease of strength in compression. This phenomena is known as
Bauschinger effect. This is pictorial shown in the following diagram.

What are whiskers?

Whiskers are immensely slender fibres with no defects in them i.e an iron whisker
would have a volume of 10^-06 cubic cm .

Lack of defects causes whiskers to have ridiculously high tensile strengths.

e. g iron fibers tend to have a tensile strength of 2GPa while annealed samples have yield
strengths of about 200MPa.

This property of whiskers makes them an ideal fibre for use in high strength composites.

In Isothermal process the temperature is constant.

The internal energy is a state function dependent on temperature. Hence, the internal
energy change is zero.
For the process you are describing the work is done by the system, but had you not supplied
heat, then the temperature would have dropped. That is a adiabtic cooling process. If no
heat is supplied and internal energy is not maintained at the same level, then th
processwont be a isothermal process.

a pyranometer is a type of actinometer used for measuring solar irradiance on a planar surface and
it is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (W/m2) from the hemisphere above within a
wavelength range 0.3 μm to 3 μm

Basic Hole: If the lower limit size or minimum size of hole is equal to the basic size then that
type of hole is known as basic hole for a given assembly of hole and shaft.
For the basic hole the zero line will be lying on minimum size of the hole. For the Basic Hole
the lower deviation is zero because the difference between the Lower Limit Size and Basic Size
is zero.
Basic Shaft: If the upper limit size or maximum size of the shaft is equal to the basic size then
that type of hole is known as Basic Shaft for a given shaft and hole assembly.
For the basic shaft the zero line will be lying on the maximum size of the shaft. For the basic
shaft upper deviation will be zero because the difference between Upper Limit Size and Basic
Size is zero.

Continuous beam :- a beam extending over more than 2 supports

A conjugate beam is an imaginary beam with imaginary support conditions and imaginary
loading meant to find slope and deflection in a real beam.\
What is coaxing?
It is the process in which we increase the fatigue propertie first under stressing then by
incraseing small stress

The critical temperature of a substance is the temperature at and above which vapor
of the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is applied.

Every substance has a critical temperature

But thermal efficiency of gas turbine is lesser than that of I.C engine irrespective of
the size of turbine. In order to get efficiency of IC engine gas turbine should be provided with
additional auxiliaries such as intercooler, regenerator, and reheater which results in complex
system and higher cost . Obviously in small gas turbines it is not feasible to include above
mentioned auxiliaries that is why small sized gas turbines are less efficient than IC engines.
In Intercooling a heat exchanger is used to cool the compressor gases at the time of
compression process. When the compressor involves the high and low pressure unit in it, the
intercooler could be installed between them to cool down the flow. This cooling process will
decrease the work needed for the compression in the high pressure unit. The cooling fluid can be
water , air. In marine gas turbines the sea water is used to cool the fluid. It is observed that a
successful implementation of the intercooler can improve the gas turbine output.

Calorific value

The amount of heat relaesed during the complete combustion of fuel is called calorific value.
Why we cannot use water for refrigerator?

There are two major properties of water that make it undesirable as a refrigerant. The
first is that it has a high boiling point and the second is that it has a high freezing point.
Its freezing temperature and boiling temperature are too high and too distant from each
other.

The main problem with using water as a refrigerant lies in the compression stage of the
refrigeration cycle. One desirable property of a refrigerant is that it should have a low
boiling point. In order to lower the boiling point of water, we need to subject it to
extremely low pressures. These pressures cannot be obtained with a conventional
compressor and also water creates such a volume of vapor that the compressor needed
would be huge. Even if we managed to design such a compressor, it would take a lot of
energy to get it down to such low vacuum pressures that the refrigeration system would
end up being inefficient. Water is as such an inefficient refrigerant because it requires
too much power to make any sort of refrigeration happen.