Abstract—Knowledge Representation and Processing (KRP) the non-membership degree as 1−fA (x), for every x ∈ X (see
plays an important role in the development of expert systems also [27]). When changing the membership degree function, a
as engines for accelerating the processes of economic and social new fuzzy set is obtained.
life development. This paper considers neutrosophic models
in order to support soft computing modelling and processing If, for every x ∈ X, a non-membership degree function gA
of data collected under imprecision hypothesis. Two algebraic is defined (gA : X → [0, 1]), with fA (x) + gA (x) being less
computational models are described related to basic operations or equal 1), then the Atanassov intuitionistic fuzzy sets theory
and ranking. Graph based representations are considered and is applied. Other characteristics are possibly to be introduced
the basic ideas on obtaind KRP architectures are detailed. [3]–[5], [13]:
Index Terms—imprecision modelling, fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy,
neutrosophy, abI - format, TIF - format, KRP systems • the degree of indeterminacy hA (x) = 1 − fA (x) − gA (x),
• the degree of favor of x like mA (x) = fA (x)(1+hA (x)),
I. I NTRODUCTION and the
• degree of against of x like nA (x) = gA (x)(1 + hA (x)).
Dealing with imprecision during knowledge acquisition,
representation and processing is one of the most challenging For fuzzy sets, there is no indeterminacy.
tasks when designing Knowledge Representation and Process- Two intuitionistic fuzzy sets of X, denoted by A, and B,
ing (KRP) systems [19]. From numerical point of view the are similarly if there is x ∈ X such that fA (x) = fB (x), and
following approaches were proposed by researchers starting gA (x) = gB (x). If these properties apply for all x ∈ X, then
from 1950: interval mathematics based methods [20], fuzzy A and B are equal, or comparable. Also, two intuitionistic
numbers and their arithmetics [26], intuitionistic fuzzy num- fuzzy sets A and B are equivalent if and only if a bijection h
bers and the associated algorithms [3], [13] and neutrosophic is identified in order to have:
numbers [23]. fB (x) = h(fA (x)),
According to Moore (1966) [20], in order to work with an
uncertain number x, is better to work with an interval [a, b] and
containing x. Also, given a function f , the value f (x) will gB (x) = h(gA (x)),
belong to an interval [u, v] being also imprecise.
for every x ∈ X. Hence, fA (x) = h−1 (fB (x)) and gA (x) =
Following [20], if is one generic operator representing ad- h−1 (gB (x)).
dition, subtraction, multiplication or division of real numbers, The concepts of ”subset”, respectively ”proper subset” is
that corresponds to the operator in interval arithmetic, denoted defined by the direct order relation between membership de-
by <>, then the following definition can be used: [a, b] <> grees and the inverse order relation between non-membership
[c, d] = [min(ac, ad, bc, bd), max(ac, ad, bc, bd)], degrees, namely:
if and only if x y is defined for x ∈ [a, b], and y ∈ [c, d].
1) A ⊆ B if and only if fA (x) ≤ fB (x), and gA (x) ≥
In the case of division, a rule taking into account the number
gB (x), and
zero is necessary:
2) A ⊂ B if and only if fA (x) < fB (x), and gA (x) >
1/[c, 0] = [−∞, 1/c], and gB (x), respectively.
1/[0, d] = [1/d, ∞].
A new extension to a three-valued representation was con-
Combining numbers with intervals is easy because any sidered by Smarandache [23]. If TA (x) is the degree of
number µ is the same as interval [µ, µ]. membership, FA (x) is the degree of non-membership, and
Let X be a nonempty set representing the universe of IA (x) is the degree of indeterminacy, the neutrosophic repre-
discourse. A fuzzy set A of X is defined by all elements sentation of a set A consists of three functions (TA , IA , FA ),
belonging to X according to a membership degree fA defined such as ∀x ∈ X, 0 ≤ TA (x), FA (x), IA (x) ≤ 1, with
−
for every element of X taking values in [0, 1]. In this case, 0 ≤ TA (x) + FA (x) + IA (x) ≤ 3+ , where for any real
let us denote by A the following set: A = (x, fA (x)), x ∈ X. number − a, and a+ are a sets of hyper-real numbers in non-
This kind of set was introduced by Zadeh [26], who defined standard analysis [22]:
978-1-5386-1934-6/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
−
√ √ √
• a = inf{a − , ∈ R∗ , infinitesimal}, and • s1 = (√a, −√a + √a + b),
+ ∗
• a = sup{a + , ∈ R , infinitesimal}. • s2 = ( a, − a −
√ √ √a + b),
• s3 = (− a, a +
Due to the dificulty of the non-standard interval interpre- √ √ √a + b),
tation ]− 0, 1+ [ for real engineering and scientific problems, • s4 = (− a, a − a + b).
the standard unit interval [0, 1] is used. An element x of the The TIF – format is used for single value neutrosophic
universe of discourse is called significant with respect to neu- numbers. If x is a TIF – neutrosophic number [25], then
trosophic set A of X if the following degrees are significant: x = (t, i, f ), where t, i, f are real numbers belonging to
the degree of truth-membership or falsity - membership or [0, 1]. According to [25], the ”TIF – Neutrosophic Structures”
indeterminacy - membership value, i.e., TA (x) or IA (x) or (based on the components T = truth, I = indeterminacy, F
FA (x) is greater than 0.5. = falsehood) are different from the ”Neutrosophic Algebraic
An intuitionistic neutrosophic set is defined by Structures” (based on neutrosophic numbers of the form a+bI,
as given by Definition 2.1 and Definition 2.2).
à =< x, TA (x), IA (x), FA (x) >,
Definition 2.3 (Basic arithmetic operations with TIF – neu-
where, ∀x ∈ X, trosophic numbers) Let A = (t1 , i1 , f1 ) and B = (t2 , i2 , f2 )
be two single-valued neutrosophic numbers, where t1 , i1 ,
min{TA (x), FA (x)} ≤ 0.5,
f1 , t2 , i2 , f2 ∈ [0, 1], with 0 ≤ t1 + i1 + f1 ≤ 3 and
min{TA (x), IA (x)} ≤ 0.5, 0 ≤ t2 + i2 + f2 ≤ 3. Using 00 ∨00 as the ”union/or” fuzzy
operator, and 00 ∧00 as the ”intersection/and” fuzzy operator
and
[27], the basic arithmetic operations can be defined by:
min{FA (x), IA (x)} ≤ 0.5,
1) Neutrosophic addition:
when
0 ≤ TA (x) + IA (x) + FA (x) ≤ 2. A ⊕1 B = (t1 ∨ t2 , i1 ∧ i2 , f1 ∧ f2 ),