2/3/2018

Homogeneous First-Order

x3  y 3
 f  x, y  
dy
dx xy 2
is called a homogeneous first-order DE
because the total degree for each of the
terms involved is the same
(in this case, of degree 3)
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Homogeneous First-Order (Cont’d)

If the equation is of the form

Form Method 3

 f  x, y 
dy Substitution
dx y  vx
and each term has the
SAME DEGREE

2 where v is a function of x

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Homogeneous First-Order (Cont’d)

Example 3:
Solve
dy x  3 y

dx 2x

Homogeneous First-Order (Cont’d)

Solution:
 vx and find dy
i. Make substitution y

y  vx dx
dy dv
vx using
dx dx product rule

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Homogeneous First-Order (Cont’d)

ii. Substitute for both y and dy

dx
dy x  3 y dv x  3vx
 vx 
dx 2x dx 2x
1  3v

2
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Homogeneous First-Order (Cont’d)

iii. Separate the variables and integrate

dv 1  3v
vx 
dx 2
dv 1  3v
x  v
dx 2
dv 1  v
x 
6 dx 2

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Homogeneous First-Order (Cont’d)

dv 1  v
x 
dx 2
2 1
 1 v dv   x dx
2 ln 1  v   ln x  C
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Homogeneous First-Order (Cont’d)

2 ln 1  v   ln x  C
2 ln 1 v  ln x  C
e e
ln 1 v 
2

e  eC
ln x
e
1  v 2  Ax, A  eC
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Homogeneous First-Order (Cont’d)

1  v 2  Ax
2
y  y
But v   1    Ax General
x  x solution

Homogeneous First-Order (Cont’d)

Exercises:
Solve
dy x 2  y 2
i.

dx xy
dy 2 xy  3 y 2
ii.
 2
dx x  2 xy
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Homogeneous First-Order (Cont’d)

iii.
x 2
 xy  dy
dx
 xy  y 2

iv. x  y  dy  x  y
dx

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Linear First-Order

If the equation is of the form

Form Method 4
dy Integrating Factor
 Py  Q
IF  e 
dx P dx
is linear

where P, Q are functions of x or constants

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Linear First-Order (Cont’d)

Example 4:
Solve
dy
yx
dx
Here,
P  1, Q  x
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Linear First-Order (Cont’d)

Solution:
i. Determine the integrating factor IF

IF  e  P dx

 e
1dx

 ex
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Linear First-Order (Cont’d)

ii. Substitute Q and IF into

y.IF   Q.IF dx

ye  x   xe  x dx
ye  x   xe  x  e  x  C Integ by parts
y  Ce x  x  1 General solution
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Linear First-Order (Cont’d)

Exercises:
Solve
dy
i.  3 y  e4 x
dx

dy
ii. x  y  x3
dx
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Linear First-Order (Cont’d)

iii. x  2 dy  y  x  23
dx

dy 1
iv.  y  xy 2
dx x

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Bernoulli’s Equation

If the equation is of the form

Form Method 5
dy Substitution
 Py  Qy n
dx z  y1n
is called Bernoulli’s Equation

where P, Q are functions of x or constants

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Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont’d)

Example 5:
Solve
dy 1
 y  xy 2
dx x

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Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont’d)

Solution:
i. Divide both sides by yn  y2

 y  xy 2 1
dy 1
dx x

 y  x 2
dy 1 1
y 2
dx x
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Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont’d)

ii. Make substitution z  y1n  y 1

and find
dz
dx dz
z  y 1 
  y 2
dy
dz dz dy dy
    y 2
dx dy dx dx
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Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont’d)

dz
iii. Substitute z and into (2)
dx

 y  x 2
dy 1 1
y 2
dx x
dz 1 dz 1
  zx   z  x
dx x dx x
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Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont’d)

Now,
dz 1
 z  x
dx x
is in the linear form
dz
 Pz  Q
dx
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Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont’d)

iv. Determine the integrating factor IF

IF  e  P dx

1
  x dx
e
 ln x
e
1

e  x 1
ln x
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Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont’d)

v. Substitute Q and IF into

z.IF   Q.IF dx
and put back in y

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Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont’d)

v. 1 1
z.    x. dx
x x
z
   dx
x
z
  x  C  z   x 2  Cx
x
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Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont’d)

v. z   x 2  Cx

z  y 1  y 1   x 2  Cx

y   x 2  Cx 
1

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Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont’d)

Exercises:
Solve
dy
i.
 y  xy 3
dx
dy
ii. 3  2 y  e3 x y 4
dx
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Bernoulli’s Equation (Cont’d)

dy
iii. x 2 y  x3  y 4 cos x
dx

 y  xx  1 y 3
dy
iv.  2x
dx

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