BIO 138 Chapter I.

Introduction Page |1
June 14, 2012

DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR GENETICS

1. Localization of Genes on the Chromosomes
a. Darwin
b. Mendel
c. Flemming-1st mitosis (salamander embryo)
d. De Vries, Correns, Tschermak-rediscoverers of Mendel
e. Sutton*-1st meiosis (grasshopper)
f. Boveri*-1st sperm egg haploidy
g. Johannsen-gene, genotype, phenotype
h. Bateson-genetics
i. Morgan-linkage (Drosophila)
j. McClintock-jumping genes (dynamic nature of genome)
*Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
2. Identification of the Local Nature of the Gene
a. Meischer-1st DNA isolation
b. Beadle and Tatum-one gene, one enzyme
c. Avery, MacLeod, McCarty-transforming principle
d. Hershey and Chase-blender experiment
3. Discovery of the DNA Structure
a. Linus Pauling-triple helix
b. Watson and Crick-DNA structure
c. Franklin and Wilkins
d. Chargaff-A=T, G=C
e. Levene-nucleotide
4. Development of the CDMBss
a. Kornberg-DNA pol
b. Meselson and Stahl-semiconservative mode of replication
c. Brenner, Jacob and Meselson-role of mRNA in translation
d. Nirenberg, Khorana and Ochoa-genetic code crack
e. Roberts and Sharp-intons
f. Ochoa
g. Linus Pauling-
h. Baltimore-reverse transcriptase
5. Development of New Techniques
a. NA hybridization
b. RE digestion
c. DNA ligation
d. Transformation
e. Verctors
f. Selection Techniques
g. Sequencing (Sanger, Maxam, Gilbert)
h. PCR (Mullis)
i. Cloning
6. Some Important First
a. 1st animal gene cloned-Xenopus
b. 1st human protein cloned-insulin
c. 1st genetic engineering company-GENENTECH
d. 1st transgenic mice and fruit flies (1981-82)
e. 1st disease gene mapped- Huntington’s disease
f. Molecular biology of the AIDS virus
g. HUGO (Human Genome Organization)
h. 1st prokaryotic genomes sequenced- Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma genitalium
(Craig and Smith)
EPBQuebral 2009-39772 Cell and Molecular Biology
 BIO 138 Chapter I. Introduction Page |2
i. 1st eukaryotic genomes sequenced- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
j. 1st animal genomes sequenced-Caenorhabditis elegans
k. 1st plant genomes sequenced-Arabidopsis thaliana
l. 1st GMF-FLAVR SAVR tomato
7. Evolution of Gene Concept
a. One gene  one character
b. One gene  many character (pleitropism)
c. 2++ genes  many character (epistasis)
d. One gene  one enzyme
e. One gene  one polypeptide
f. One gene  one functional product (polypeptide, rRNA, tRNA)

Sanger, Maxam and Gilbert sequencing

Mullis PCR
Venter and Collins human genome
Antinori 1st cloned
Boisselier 5 cloned baby
Cohen and Boyer 1st DNA recombinant
Venter and Smith 1st prokaryotic genome sequenced
Guthrie 1st metabolic defect - PKU
Hin human chromosome = 46
Astbery xray diffraction of DNA

EPBQuebral 2009-39772 Cell and Molecular Biology