DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................. i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................... ii

HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN ................................................................................ iv

KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................... v

SURAT PERNYATAAN .......................................................................................... vi

ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................. vii

DAFTAR ISI............................................................................................................. ix

DAFTAR TABEL...................................................................................................... xv

DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................. xvii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN............................................................................................ . xix

BAB I. PENDAHULUAN

1.1. Latar Belakang ....................................................................................... 1

1.2. Tujuan Penelitian ................................................................................... 2

1.3. Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................. 2

1.4. Batasan Masalah .................................................................................... 3

1.5. Tahapan Penelitian ................................................................................. 3

1.6. Sistematika Penulisan ............................................................................ 6

1.7. Peralatan Dalam Penelitian .................................................................... 7

1.8. Diagram Penelitian................................................................................. 8

BAB II. TINJAUAN UMUM

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2.1. Sejarah Perkembangan Perusahaa n........................................................ 9

2.2. Lokasi dan Kesampaian Daerah............................................................. 9

2.3. Keadaan Geologi dan Topografi ............................................................ 13

2.4. Karakteristik Massa Batuan ................................................................... 13

2.5. Iklim dan Curah Hujan........................................................................... 14

2.6. Peralatan Yang Digunakan .................................................................... 15

2.7. Kegiatan Penambangan .......................................................................... 15

2.7.1. Pembersihan Lahan .................................................................... 15

2.7.2. Pemberaian Batugamping .......................................................... 16

2.8. Proses Persiapan dan Penanganan Peledakan ........................................ 21

2.8.1. Pembuatan Primer ...................................................................... 21

2.8.2. Loading Primer .......................................................................... 22

2.8.3. Loading ANFO .......................................................................... 22

2.8.4. Proses Stemming........................................................................ 23

2.8.5. Peledakan ( Firing ) .................................................................... 24

2.8.6. Misfire........................................................................................ 26

2.8.7. Kegiatan Pemuatan dan Pengangkutan ...................................... 28

2.8.8. Kegiatan Peremukan .................................................................. 29

2.9. Produksi Aktual dan Target Produksi ................................................... 30

2.10. Karakteristik Peledakan ......................................................................... 30

2.10.1. Geometri Peledakan Dilapangan ................................................ 30

2.10.2. Pola dan Arah Peledakan ........................................................... 31

2.10.3. Tenaga Kerja .............................................................................. 33

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 2.10.4. Harga Bahan Peledak ................................................................. 34

BAB III. DASAR TEORI

3.1. Mekanisme Pecahnya Batuan ................................................................ 35

3.2. Pemboran Dan Peledakan ...................................................................... 37

3.3. Pola Pemboran Dan Peledakan .............................................................. 38

3.3.1. Pola Pemboran ........................................................................... 38

3.3.2. Pola peledakan ........................................................................... 40

3.3.3. Arah peledakan .......................................................................... 43

3.3.4. Faktor – Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Peledakan ....................... 45

3.4. Karakteristik Bahan Peledak .................................................................. 56

3.5. Geometri Peledakan Menurut Konya (1972) ......................................... 61

3.6. Geometri Peledakan Menurut R. L. Ash (1963 ) .................................... 73

3.7. Pola peledakan ....................................................................................... 77

3.8. Arah peledakan ...................................................................................... 79

3.9. Waktu tunda ........................................................................................... 80

3.10. Sifat bahan peledak ................................................................................ 82

3.10.1. Pengisian bahan peledak ............................................................ 87

3.10.2. Penempatan primer .................................................................... 89

3.10.3. Lemparan Batu (Flyrock) Dalam Operasi Peledakan ................ 91

3.10.4. Jarak Lontaran Maksimum Flyrock pada Peledakan Jenjang

(Bench Blasting)......................................................................... 92

3.10.5. Jarak Lemparan Maksimum Flyrock dalam Peledakan Kawah

(Creater Blasting) ..................................................................... 93

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 3.11. Hasil Peledakan...................................................................................... 94

3.11.1. Tingkat Fragmentasi Batuan ...................................................... 94

3.11.2. Komponen-Komponen Alat Bor ................................................ 97

3.11.3. Biaya Komponen Bor ................................................................ 94

3.11.4. Effisiensi Kerja Alat Bor ........................................................... 94

3.12. Estimasi Biaya ....................................................................................... 99

3.12.1. Biaya Pemilikan (Ownership Cost) ........................................... 100

3.12.2. Biaya Operasi ............................................................................. 101

3.12.3. Biaya Pemboran ......................................................................... 102

3.12.4. Biaya Peledakan ......................................................................... 105

BAB IV. PERHITUNGAN PRODUKTIVITAS

4.1. Kondisi Batuan....................................................................................... 107

4.1.1. Rongga Batugamping................................................................. 107

4.1.2. Air Tanah ................................................................................... 107

4.2. Kegiatan Pemboran Batugamping ......................................................... 108

4.2.1. Pemboran ................................................................................... 108

4.2.2. Arah Pemboran dan Pola Peledakan .......................................... 108

4.3. Arah Peledakan Batugamping ................................................................ 109

4.3.1. Geometri Peledakan ................................................................... 109

4.3.2. Geometri Peledakan Berdasarkan Teori Konya ......................... 110

4.3.3. Perhitungan Geometri Berdasarkan R. L. Ash ........................... 113

4.3.4. Pemakaian Bahan Peledak ......................................................... 114

4.3.5. Powder Factor ........................................................................... 114

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 4.3.6. Pola Peledakan dan Arah Peledakan .......................................... 115

4.3.7. Flyrock ....................................................................................... 115

4.4. Hasil Peledakan...................................................................................... 116

4.4.1. Tingkat Fragmentasi Batugamping Hasil Peledakan ................. 116

4.4.2. Produksi Pemboran .................................................................... 119

4.5. Biaya Pemboran & Peledakan ............................................................... 119

4.5.1. Biaya Pemboran ......................................................................... 119

4.5.2. Biaya Peledakan ......................................................................... 120

BAB V. PEMBAHASAN

5.1. Fragmentasi Batuan ............................................................................... 121

5.2. Arah dan Pola Pemboran ....................................................................... 123

5.3. Rancangan Peledakan ............................................................................ 124

5.3.1. Geometri Peledakan ................................................................... 124

5.3.1.1. Burden (B) ................................................................................ 124

5.3.1.2. Spacing (S)................................................................................ 125

5.3.1.3. Stemming (T)............................................................................. 126

5.3.1.4. Subdrilling (J) ........................................................................... 127

5.3.1.5. Kedalaman lubang tembak (L) .................................................. 127

5.3.1.6. Tinggi jenjang (H)..................................................................... 128

5.3.2. Pola Peledakan dan Waktu Tunda ............................................. 129

5.4. Pengisian Bahan Peledak ....................................................................... 130

5.5. Powder Factor atau Specific Charge ................................................... 130

5.6. Penempatan Primer ................................................................................ 132

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 5.7. Fragmen Batugamping Hasil Peledakan ................................................ .. 133

5.8. Flyrock………………………………………………………………. . . 134

5.9. Faktor – Faktor Yang Mempengeruhi Biaya Peledakan ........................ 135

5.9.1. Permintaan Pasar........................................................................ 135

5.9.2. Biaya Pemboran ......................................................................... 135

5.9.3. Biaya Peledakan ......................................................................... 137

5.10. Kapasitas pemboran Dan Investasi Alat Bor ......................................... 138

BAB VI. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN

6.1. Kesimpulan ............................................................................................ 139

6.2. Saran ...................................................................................................... 140

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................................. 141

LAMPIRAN............................................................................................................. 144

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 DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

2.1. Biaya Tenaga Kerja Pemboran ....................................................................... 33

2.2. Harga Bahan Peledak ...................................................................................... 34

3.1. Hubungan Antara Kekerasan Batuan dan Kuat Tekan Uniaksial ................... 48

3.2. Faktor Koreksi Terhadap Jumlah Baris dalam Lubang Ledak ....................... 64

3.3 Faktor Koreksi Terhadap Posisi Lapisan Batuan ............................................ 64

3.4. Faktor Koreksi Terhadap S truktur Geologi .................................................... 65

3.5. Potentsi yang Terjadi Akibat Variasi Stiffness Ratio (L/B) ............................ 72

3.6. Tabel burden standar (Kb std), menurut R.L. Ash ............................................ 73

3.7. Waktu Tunda Antar Baris (Konya, 1972) ....................................................... 82

3.8. Harga Powder Factor untuk Beberapa Jenis Batuan (Jim eno,1995).............. 89

4.1. Data Geometri Peledakan ............................................................................... 109

5.1. Perbandingan Geometri Peledakan Kondisi Saat Ini dan Geometri Peledakan

Usulan ............................................................................................................. 128

5.2. Perbandingan Pemakaian Bahan Peledak dan Powder Factor ....................... 132

5.3. Perbandingan Biaya Pemboran Actual Dan Teo ri .......................................... 137

5.4. Perbandingan Biaya Peledakan Actual Dan Teori .......................................... 138

B.1. Pemakaian Bahan Peledak dan Powder Factor di Lapangan Bulan Juli ........ 161

B.2. Pemakaian Bahan Peledak dan Powder Factor di Lapangan Bulan Agustus 163

B.3. Pemakaian Bahan Peledak dan Powder Factor di Lapangan Bulan September 164

C.1. Data Pengamatan Geometri Peledakan dan Flyrock yang Dihasilkan Bulan

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 Juli................................................................................................................... 167

C.2. Data Pengamatan Geometri Peledakan dan Flyrock yang Dihasilkan Bulan

Agustus ........................................................................................................... 168

C.3. Data Pengamatan Geometri Pel edakan dan Flyrock yang Dihasilkan Bulan

September ....................................................................................................... 170

E.1. Perhitungan Total Volume Boulder Hasil Peledakan Dilapangan Bulan Juli 177

E.2. Perhitungan Total Volume Boulder Hasil Peledakan Dilapangan Bulan

Agustus ........................................................................................................... 178

E.3. Perhitungan Total Volume Boulder Hasil Peledakan Dilapangan Bulan

September ....................................................................................................... 179

E.4. Perhitungan Tingkat Fragmentasi Batuan Hasil Peledakan ............................ 180

F.1. Target Produksi Peledakan Batugamping di Lapangan Bulan Juli................. 184

F.2. Target Produksi Peledakan Batugamping di Lapangan Bulan Agustus ......... 185

F.3. Target Produksi Peledakan Batugamping di Lapangan Bulan September ..... 186

F.4 Produksi Peledakan Bulan Juli ........................................................................ 187

F.5. Produksi Peledakan Bulan Agustus ................................................................ 189

F.6. Produksi Peledakan Bulan September ............................................................ 190

H.2. Harga Bahan Peledak ...................................................................................... 207

O.1. Data Geometri Peledakan Di Lapangan Bulan Juli ........................................ 227

O.2. Data Geometri Peledakan Di Lapangan Bulan Agustus ................................. 228

O.3. Data Geometri Peledakan Di Lapangan Bulan September ............................. 229

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 DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

2.1. Peta Lokasi Daerah Penelitian ........................................................................ 12

2.2. Kondisi Fisik batuan di Lokasi Pengamatan ................................................... 14

2.3. Buldozer Type D8N ........................................................................................ 16

2.4. Rock Drills Tipe RH – 571 - 5L ..................................................................... 17

2.4. Blasting Machine ............................................................................................ 18

2.5. Ohmmeter ....................................................................................................... 19

2.6 Leadingwire Merk Million .............................................................................. 19

2.7 Anfo PT. Dahana Persero ............................................................................... 20

2.8. Powergel PT. Dahana Persero......................................................................... 20

2.9. Proses Pembuatan Primer ............................................................................... 21

2.10. Loading Powergel ........................................................................................... 22

2.11. Loading ANFO ............................................................................................... 23

2.12. Pekerjaan Steamming...................................................................................... 23

2.13. Kegiatan Pemuatan Dan Pengangkutan .......................................................... 28

2.14. Jaw Crusher PT. Pertama Mina Sutera Perkasa ............................................. 29

2.15. Pola Peledakan Row by Row .......................................................................... 32

3.8. Gambar Proses pecahnya batuan akibat peledakan ........................................ 36

3.1. Square Drill Pattern......................................................................................... 39

3.2. Pola Pemboran Selang - Seling (Staggered Pattern)...................................... 39

3.3. Pola Pemboran Zig - Zag (Staggered Pattern) ............................................... 40

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3.4. Pola Peledakan Berdasarkan Arah Runtuhan Batuan ..................................... 42

3.5. Arah Peledakan Menuju Sudut Tumpul Perpotongan Kekar (Konya, 1972) . 44

3.6. Arah Pemboran pada Bidang Perlapisan ......................................................... 51

3.7. Perbandingan Antara Lubang Bor Tegak Dan Lubang Ledak Miring ........... 55

3.9. Geometri Peledakan Menurut Konya (1972) .................................................. 62

3.10. Pengaruh Burden Terhadap Hasil Peledakan .................................................. 66

3.11. Proses Peledakan Pada Satu Lubang Ledak .................................................... 70

3.9. Pola Peledakan Berdasarkan Arah Runtuhan Batuan ..................................... 78

3.10. Arah Peledakan Menuju Sudut Tumpul Perpotongan Kekar (Konya, 1972) . 80

3.11. Mekanisme Pelemparan Batuan pa da Collar Priming.................................... 90

3.12. Mekanisme Pelemparan Batuan pada Bottom Priming .................................. 91

3.13. Hubungan Lemparan Maksimum Flyrock dengan Specific Charge ............... 93

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 DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman

A. Perhitungan Jumlah Lubang Ledak Dan Penggunaan Handak....................... 144

B. Pemakaian Bahan Peledak Dan Powder Factor Dilapangan.......................... 161

C. Perhitungan Jarak Lontaran Maksimum Flyrock ............................................ 165

D. Perhitungan Fragmen Batuan Secara Teoritis Pada Geometri Usulan ........... 172

E. Perhitungan Tingkat Fragmentasi Batuan ....................................................... 177

F. Perhitungan Produksi Batugamping ............................................................... 184

G. Biaya Usulan Peledakan Dan Pemboran Berdasarkan Teori Konya & R.L Ash

......................................................................................................................... 192

H. Biaya Pemboran Dan Peledakan Aktual ......................................................... 205

I. Produksi Lubang Bor ...................................................................................... 211

J. Kapasitas Alat Bor Dan Investasi Alat Bor .................................................... 217

K. Biaya Service Dan Spare Part ......................................................................... 219

L. Kapasitas Pemboran........................................................................................ 221

M. Perhitungan Pemakaian Waktu Tunda ............................................................ 222

N. Biaya Tenaga Kerja Pemboran ....................................................................... 223

O. Geometri Peledakan Di Lapangan .................................................................. 227

P. Perhitungan Jumlah Lubang Ledak Dilapangan ............................................. 231

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