dx1 1 1
=− x1 + x2 (5)
dt C2 R 2 C2 R 3
dx 2 R0 q
=− f (x1 ) + cos(ωt) −
dt C4 R 5 C4 R 5
(6)
R 02
Fig. 1 Τhe electronic circuit obeying Duffing’s equation −
C4 R 5 (R C + 2R 0 )
( f(x1' )-f(x1 ) )
dx1' 1 1
=− x1' + x '2 (7)
dt C2 R 2 C2 R 3
dx '2 R0 q
=− f (x1' ) + cos(ωt) −
dt C4 R 5 C4 R 5
(8)
R 02
−
C4 R 5 (R C + 2 ⋅ R 0 )
( f(x1 )-f(x1' ) )
A. The Case B = 20
In Figs.6 – 14 we can see the experimental results from the
coupled system for various values of the coupling resistor RC.
The system has a variety of dynamical behavior, as we saw at
the bifurcation diagram (Fig. 5).We observe that the system
appears phase – locked states of period – 1, period – 2, e.t.c.
in different ranges of values of the coupling factor ξ (Figs. 6,
8, 9, 12). Also, the system passes from chaotic states (Figs. 7,
10, 11, 13) to a chaotic synchronization (Fig. 16) as we expect
form the bifurcation diagram. The phenomenon of chaotic
synchronization appears for ξ > 0.48 . So, the coupled
circuits confirmed the theoretical results we took from the (b)
simulation of the dynamical system, as we saw in Figs. 6, 11, Fig. 6 (a) Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1
12, 14. (Horiz.VC2: 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄: 1V/div.) and (b) Theoretical
phase portrait x1΄ versus x1, for RC = 182kΩ (ξ = 0.011). The
system is in period – 2
Fig. 7 Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1 for RC = 54kΩ Fig. 10 Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1 for RC = 5kΩ
(ξ = 0.035). (Horiz.VC2: 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄: 1V/div.). The (ξ = 0.23). (Horiz.VC2: 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄: 1V/div.). The
system is in a chaotic state system is in a chaotic state
(b)
Fig. 11 (a) Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1
Fig. 9 Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1 for RC = (Horiz.VC2 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄: 1V/div.) and (b) Theoretical
5.2kΩ (ξ = 0.22). (Horiz.VC2 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄: 1V/div.). phase portrait x1΄ versus x1, for RC = 1.3kΩ (ξ = 0.38). The
The system is in a period – 1 state system is in a chaotic state
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
Fig. 12 (a) Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1 Fig. 14 (a) Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1
(Horiz.VC2: 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄: 1V/div.) and (b) Theoretical (Horiz.VC2: 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄: 1V/div.) and (b) Theoretical
phase portrait x1΄ versus x1, for RC = 1kΩ (ξ = 0.4). The phase portrait x1΄ versus x1, for RC = 170Ω (ξ = 0.48). The
system is in period – 1 state system is in a chaotic synchronization
B. The Case B = 27
In Fig. 15, the bifurcation diagram x1 - x1΄ versus ξ is
shown for B = 27. As we can observe, a phase – locked state
of period – 2 is created in the ranges of values 0.017 < ξ <
0.022 and 0.387 < ξ < 0.392 (Fig. 17). In the range of values
0.212 < ξ < 0.229 we can see a period – 3 state (Fig. 18).
Chaotic synchronization is observed for ξ > 0.444 (Fig. 20).
Also, in Figs. 16 and 19 we can see the chaotic behavior of the
system. Finally we conclude that the system has exactly the
same experimental behavior as we expect from the bifurcation
diagram.
Fig. 16 Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1 for RC = Fig. 19 Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1 for RC =
406kΩ (ξ = 0.005). (Horiz.VC2: 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄: 1V/div.). 2.7kΩ (ξ = 0.3). (Horiz.VC2: 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄: 1V/div.).
The system is in a chaotic state The system is in a chaotic state
Fig. 17 Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1 for RC = Fig. 20 Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1 for
98.5kΩ (ξ = 0.02). Horiz.VC2: 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄: 1V/div.). RC=560Ω (ξ = 0.45). (Horiz.VC2: 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄:
The system is in a period – 2 state 1V/div.). The system is in a chaotic synchronization
C. The Case B = 28.2
In Fig. 21, the bifurcation diagram x1 – x1΄ versus ξ is
shown for B = 28.2. As we can observe, a phase-locked state
of period – 1 is created in various ranges of values: 0.0187 < ξ
< 0.191, 0.286 < ξ < 0.297 and 0.368 < ξ < 0.401 (Figs. 23,
24, 25). In Fig. 22 we can see an example of the chaotic
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIRCUITS, SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING
behavior of the system. Also in Fig. 26 we can observe the
chaotic synchronization of the system when the coupling
coefficient is greater of 0.402. Finally we conclude again that
the system has exactly the same experimental behavior as we
expect from the bifurcation diagram.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper we have studied the dynamics of two
Fig. 23 Experimental phase portrait x1΄ versus x1 for RC = resistively coupled nonlinear Duffing – type electrical
6.75kΩ (ξ = 0.189). (Horiz.VC2: 1V/div., Vert. VC2΄: 1V/div.). oscillators. The two circuits are identical, having chaotic
The system is in a period-1 state dynamical behavior, as we have found out from both
Christos K. Volos received the B.Sc Degree in Physics in 1999 and M.Sc.
degree in electronic & telecommunications in 2002 from the Physics
Department of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Since 2004 he
is Ph.D candidate with subject “Synchronization of nonlinear electrical
oscillators”, in the aforementioned Department.