CONTENTS

LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE, DELHI

Senior Editors Nicky Munro, Richard Gilbert 8 Introduction

Senior Art Editors Michael Duffy, Gillian Andrews
Editors Bob Bridle, Chris Hawkes,
Philip Morgan, Gill Pitts, Clare Weber
US Editor Chuck Wills
Designers Sarah-Anne Arnold, Katie Eke,
Brian Flynn, Phil Gamble, Sharon Spencer
BEFORE YOU GO
Lead Illustrator Mike Garland 16 Introduction: Prepare yourself
Assisting Illustrators Darren Awuah, Phil Gamble,
Peter Liddiard, Tim Loughead, Mark Walker 18 Getting into shape
Production Editor Tony Phipps
Production Controller Norma Weir 20 Mental preparation
Managing Editor Stephanie Farrow 22 Planning your journey
Managing Art Editor Lee Griffiths
Art Director Bryn Walls
24 Emergency plan of action
Publisher Jonathan Metcalf 26 Introduction: Know your environment
Second American Edition, 2012
28 Temperate environments
Published in the United States by 30 Tropical environments
DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street
New York, New York 10014 32 Mountain environments
12 13 14 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 34 Desert environments
SD308—Feb. 12 36 Cold environments
Copyright © 2009, 2012 Dorling Kindersley Limited
All rights reserved 38 Marine environments
Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, 40 Introduction: Get the right gear
no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or
introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, 42 Choosing your kit
or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the 44 Choosing a backpack
copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
46 Dressing for the outdoors
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
A catalog record for this book is available 50 Extreme survival—in the wilderness
from the Library of Congress.
52 Sleeping systems
ISBN 978-0–7566-9038-0
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for
56 Eating on the trail
sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, 58 Camping stoves
contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 375 Hudson Street, New York,
New York 10014 or SpecialSales@dk.com. 60 Your survival kit
Printed and bound in Hong Kong by Hung Hing
Discover more at
www.dk.com

IMPORTANT NOTICE
Some of the techniques desribed in this book should be
used only in dire emergencies, when the survival of
individuals depends upon them. The publisher cannot
be held responsible for any injuries, damage, loss or
prosecutions resulting from the use or misuse of the
information in this book. Do not practice these
techniques on private land without the owner’s
permission, and obey all laws relating to the protection
of land, property, plants, and animals.
 FEK?<KI8@C :8DG:I8=K
64 Introduction: Find your way 112 Introduction: Camp essentials
66 Maps and map-reading 114 Organizing your site
68 Get your bearings 116 Staying clean
72 Route finding 118 Making fire
74 Navigating without a compass 120 The elements of fire
76 Natural navigation 122 Char cloth and fire can
78 How weather works 124 Types of fire
80 Weather phenomena 126 Making sparks and flames
82 Understanding local weather 128 Extreme survival—in the desert
84 Introduction: Make a move 130 Fire by friction
86 Traveling on foot 134 Introduction: Manual skills
88 Crossing rivers 136 Man-made cordage
90 Scrambling and climbing 138 Natural cordage
92 Extreme survival—in the mountains 142 Tying knots
94 Moving over snow 146 Using cutting tools
98 Using pack animals
100 Four-wheel driving
104 Kayaking and canoeing
106 Building a raft
108 Swimming
 K8B@E>J?<CK<I N8K<I8E;=FF;
154 Introduction: Taking shelter 184 Introduction: Find and treat water
156 Hollows and caves 186 The importance of water
158 Use-anywhere shelters 188 Finding water: Temperate climates
162 Forest shelters 192 Finding water: Hot climates
166 Tropical shelters 194 Finding water: Cold climates
172 Extreme survival—in the jungle 196 Finding water: At sea
174 Desert shelters 198 Carrying and storing water
176 Shoreline shelters 200 Treating water
178 Snow shelters 202 Introduction: Find and prepare food
204 Wild cooking
206 Edible plants
208 Catching fish
212 Preparing fish
214 Extreme survival—adrift at sea
216 Trapping animals
220 Preparing small mammals
222 Preparing large mammals
224 Preparing other animals
226 Catching birds
228 Preparing birds
 @E8E<D<I><E:P 8GG<E;@O
232 Introduction: In an emergency Wild food
234 Assessing your situation 280 Temperate plants
236 Attracting rescuers 282 Desert plants
242 Wild animals 284 Tropical plants
244 Extreme survival—in cold conditions 286 Plants in cold climates
246 Environmental hazards 288 Coastal plants
250 Surviving at sea 290 Mammals
292 Birds
294 Amphibians and reptiles
296 Fish
=@IJK8@; 298 Invertebrates
Natural Dangers
258 Introduction: First aid
300 Wild animals
260 First aid essentials
302 Insects and arachnids
262 Flesh wounds
304 Poisonous plants
266 Bites and stings
268 Poisonous plants and intestinal parasites
270 Bones, joints, and muscles
272 Treating exposure 306 Resources
274 Treating shock 308 Glossary
275 Breathing difficulties 312 Index
276 Unconsciousness 319 About the author
278 Moving a casualty 319 Acknowledgements
/ INTRODUCTION

@EKIF;L:K@FE

HAVING TAUGHT SURVIVAL SKILLS FOR MANY YEARS,@_Xm\

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for the maximum amount of gain
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 @EKIF;L:K@FE 0

Treat the wilderness with respect: carry

in only what you can carry out; leave only
footprints, take only pictures

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(' INTRODUCTION

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Understanding your environment will

allow you to select the best equipment,
adopt the best techniques, and learn
the correct skills
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The more you understand how

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the more prepared you will be
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() INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION 13

an environment and being at its mercy. The more you understand both
the appeal and dangers of an environment, the better informed you will
be to select the right equipment and understand how best to utilize it
should the need arise.

Remember, no matter how good your survival equipment, or how

extensive your knowledge and skills, never underestimate the power
of nature. If things aren’t going as planned, never hesitate to stop and
re-assess your situation and priorities, and never be afraid to turn back
and try again later—the challenge will always be there tomorrow.
Finally, always remember that the most effective method of dealing
with a survival situation is to avoid getting into it in the first place.

Colin Towell

Twenty years from now you will be more

disappointed by the things you didn't
do than by the ones you did do
MARK TWAIN
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In this sectionPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 how keeping in shape can keep you out of trouble...
 the importance of a positive mental attitude...
 that where there’s a will to survive there’s a way to survive...
 the difference between a coping strategy and an aggravating factor...
 how “show-stoppers” could scupper your trip...
 why an emergency plan of action could save your life...

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(/ BEFORE YOU GOVGI<G8I<PFLIJ<C=

><KK@E>@EKFJ?8G<
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Having an idea of how fit you are and
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jc\\g#]ff[#Xe[nXk\i#pflij`klXk`fen`cc[\k\i`fiXk\lek`c achieving before entering the wilderness
means you can set yourself realistic goals—
pflii\jZl\%9\`e^`e^ff[g_pj`ZXcZfe[`k`fen`cc_\cgpfl which will help to keep you out of danger.
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AGE 20–29 30–39 40–49 50+

RATING BASE RATE Cfn\iYXZb1
jki\e^k_\e`e^
MEN pflicfn\iYXZb
dljZc\j`dgifm\j
Good < 69 < 71 < 73 < 75 Zfi\jki\e^k_#Xe[
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Average 70–85 72–87 74–89 76–91 ZXiip_\XmpcfX[j
Poor > 85 > 87 > 89 > 91 C\^j1`dgifm\[
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WOMEN X_l^\Y\e\Ôk
Good < 77 < 79 < 81 < 83 n_\epflËi\
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Average 78–94 80–96 82–98 84–100 cfn\i$c\^
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Poor > 94 > 96 > 98 > 100 feifZbpk\iiX`e 9XcXeZ\1
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AGE 20–29 30–39 40–49 50+ Xi\lj\]lc
RATING BEATS AFTER EXERCISE hlXc`k`\jfe
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MEN
Good < 85 < 87 < 89 < 91
Average 86–101 88–102 90–105 92–107
Poor > 101 > 102 > 105 > 107
WOMEN
Good < 93 < 95 < 97 < 99
Average 94–110 96–112 98–114 100–116
Poor > 110 > 112 > 114 > 116

=@K=FIK?<:?8CC<E><
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EXERCISING REGULARLY
Any effective training schedule must include
at least three 45-minute sessions per week,
with exercises that raise the heartbeat to
more than 120 beats per minute.
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k_\Y\kk\i\hl`gg\[pflËccY\fek_\kiX`c%
WARMING UP AND COOLING DOWN
Time spent warming up and cooling down
after exercise will help to improve your
endurance levels and will also accelerate
the recovery process. Get into the habit
of starting and ending your session with
a five-minute jog.
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)' BEFORE YOU GOVGI<G8I<PFLIJ<C=
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ZfekX^`flj`]jfd\fe\[f\j%
HUNGER THIRST
Initially, hunger is not a problem, Thirst is a serious problem,
but a long-term lack of food will especially for survivors at sea
cause psychological changes to or in the desert, and its effects
occur. Symptoms include: are more acute than hunger.
Apathy Agitation is commonplace;
Irritability other symptoms include:
Depression Irrational behavior (see
Lack of concentration box, right)
Delusions
Visual hallucinations
TRAINING MOTIVATION
People who are properly Often known as “the will to
prepared, who know their survive,” motivation involves a
environment and how to use refusal to accept death, and to
their equipment, and have an hang on to the belief that you
understanding of what to expect were not meant to die under these
in a survival situation, will be conditions. It involves overcoming
far more effective if they find the emotional and physical
themselves in one. Adequate discomforts of extreme conditions.
training and practice using your Linked to motivation is the ability
equipment will help you to to establish goals, work out the
function effectively at an steps to those goals, and to
automatic level. Prior knowledge follow those steps through.
is key to your survival.

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j_flc[Y\Zcfj\cpdfe`kfi\[%

Pre-impact period Impact Period Recoil period Post-trauma period

The “pre-impact” period is divided
into two stages:
 Threat: danger exists but,
though obvious to those who
recognize it, those who will
not accept it respond with
denial and under-activity.
 Warning: threat of danger is
now apparent to all; response is
now likely to be over-activity.
This is the life-threatening stage.
Statistically, individuals behave
in one of three ways:
 10–20 percent of people are
calm and retain full awareness.
Up to 75 percent of people
are stunned, bewildered, and
unable to react rationally.
10–25 percent exhibit extreme
behavior, such as screaming.
This follows on directly from the
impact period; for example, victims
may have escaped a sinking ship
and are in the liferafts. It can last
for up to three days, but generally
lasts for around three hours. In
most cases, it is characterized
by a gradual return to normal
reasoning abilities, awareness,
and emotional expression.
If the recoil period is not fully
successful, individuals may
develop psychiatric disorders.
The full impact of the incident
becomes apparent and a range
of emotions—guilt, depression,
anxiety, aimlessness, and a feeling
of bereavement—may develop.
These are often referred to as Post-
Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD).

FATIGUE SEASICKNESS HYPOTHERMIA

In many cases, physical exhaustion
is present from the outset. At
other times, it may result from
sleep deprivation and the physical
hardship endured over time.
Most survivors agree that fatigue
overwhelms them, but when they
want to sleep they can’t—they
have an inability to relax. Fatigue
causes a deterioration in mental
and physical performance,
followed by a psychological
and physical debility.
Seasickness often brings about
an overwhelming desire to curl
up and die, which in survival
situations can easily become a
reality. It’s important not to give
in to this urge. Fight seasickness
with the following methods:
Keep a fixed point such as 
the horizon in sight.
Take small sips of water (not
salt water) if you have sufficient
supplies—but ration them if
you’re in a life or death situation.
Hypothermia (see p. 273) produces
both physical and psychological
effects—the psychological
consequences occur early in
the condition, and cause:
Loss of concentration
Loss of memory
Motor impairment
Faulty decision-making
Irrational behavior
IRRATIONAL
BEHAVIOR
Irrational behavior can
take many forms. Examples
include the earthquake
victims who were found
collecting flowers instead
of helping the injured, and
famously, the band of the
Titanic, who played while
the ship sank rather than
trying to save themselves.

ATTACHMENT HOPE ACCEPTANCE HELPING OTHERS

One of the strongest motivating To hope means to entertain ideas
forces for survival is the desire that a distressing situation will
to be reunited with principal improve and get better. In any
figures of attachment in your survival situation it’s important
life. These may include: to cling on to hope, despite
Husbands information or perceptions to the
Wives contrary. Thinking positively will
Partners help to ward off psychological
Children trauma. It’s often easier to be
Grandchildren optimistic in a group situation
Close friends than it is if you’re on your own, as
people can support each other.
An inability to accept one’s
situation or condition leads to
frustration, anger, and irrational
behavior, and it’s important to
avoid these feelings in a survival
situation. The ability to accept the
situation doesn’t equate to giving
in to it—far from it. Those who
have this ability, and know when
to be active and when to be
passive often have a better
chance of long-term survival.
First, monitor your own condition
and check that you’re really up to
the task. Determine who is
genuinely disturbed rather than
showing “normal” reactions.
Psychological first aid is only
required for those who are failing
to recover. Simple words of
comfort and interest will make
the majority who are numbed
more responsive. Those who are
disturbed should be monitored
closely. Avoid giving sedatives.
)) BEFORE YOU GOVGI<G8I<PFLIJ<C=

GC8EE@E>PFLIAFLIE<P
N?<K?<IPFLIKI@G`emfcm\jX[Xpflkn`k_pfliYXZbgXZb#
fiX]lcc\og\[`k`fefm\in\\bj#Zifjj`e^Zfek`e\ekj`e]fli$n_\\c$ WARNING!
The social customs of a country
[i`m\m\_`Zc\j#pfle\\[kfgcXe`km\ipZXi\]lccp%K_\gcXe]fi are not the same all over the world.
pfli[XpflknfeËkY\Xj[\kX`c\[Xj`knflc[Y\]fik_\cfe^\i Many cultural differences stem
from ancient cultural or religious
\og\[`k`fe#Ylk`kËj\hlXccp`dgfikXek%@kËjX^ff[`[\Xkf_Xm\X pasts, and are taken extremely
YXj`ZgcXee`e^flkc`e\]fipflidfjki\^lcXiki`gj#kfn_`Z_pflZXe seriously. While ignoring or breaking
some customs may lead only to
X[[jlggc\d\ekXip`e]fidXk`feXjpfliki`gjY\Zfd\dfi\`emfcm\[% embarrassment, breaking others
can result in a penalty, punishment,
D@E@D@Q@E>K?<È@=FECPÉ or even imprisonment. Cultural
K_\i\ËjefnXpk_XkpflZXegcXe]fi\m\ip\m\eklXc`kpÇk_\i\Xi\aljk differences may require females
kffdXepmXi`XYc\jÇYlkn_XkpflZXe[f`jcffbXkk_\kpg\f]ki`gpfl in your group to dress so that they
don’t show bare arms or legs, or
`ek\e[kfkXb\#Xe[\ejli\k_Xk`]Xj`klXk`feXi`j\jpflËi\efkc\]kn`j_`e^ they may dictate which hand you
pflË[[fe\jfd\k_`e^[`]]\i\ekcp%K_\k`d\kfd`e`d`q\k_\Z_XeZ\jf] use to greet someone politely.
XeÈ`]fecpÉj`klXk`fe`j[li`e^k_\gcXee`e^jkX^\%CffbXkk_\gfk\ek`Xc Always research a country’s customs
gifYc\djXe[i`jbj#gcXekfXmf`[k_\d#Xe[\hl`gpflij\c]n`k_k_\ thoroughly when planning your trip.
befnc\[^\Xe[&fi\hl`gd\ekkf[\Xcn`k_k_\d`]k_\pXi`j\%

K?<J@OGËJ SHOW-STOPPERS
I\d\dY\ik_\j`ogËj1Gi`fiGcXee`e^Xe[
Gi\gXiXk`feGi\m\ekjGffiG\i]fidXeZ\%  You’ll need enough to cover your needs plus extra for emergencies.
MONEY

I\j\XiZ__Xjj_fnek_Xkk_\cfe^\iXe[ 
dfi\Zfdgc`ZXk\[k_\ki`g`j#k_\c\jjc`b\cp 
k_\i\`jkfY\XdXafiÈjlim`mXcÉj`klXk`fe% 
K_`jkpg\f]ki`g`jc`b\cpkfY\n\cc
fi^Xe`q\[#Xe[gfk\ek`XcgifYc\djn`cc
PASSPORT
It must be in the correct currency for the country you are visiting.
Ensure your ATM card is set up for use in that particular country.
Make sure you have a secure way of storing your money.
Your passport must be valid. If you need to renew it, do so well in advance.


_Xm\Y\\eZfej`[\i\[%K_`jd\Xejk_Xk  Some countries require your passport to be valid for a number of months after your visit.
k_\pZXe\`k_\iY\Xmf`[\[#fik_Xkk_\i\  Keep your passport number in several places, such as inside your survival kit.
n`ccY\d\Z_Xe`jdj`egcXZ\kf[\Xcn`k_  Keep your passport safe, and in a waterproof container, such as a Ziploc bag.
k_\d%@edXepnXpj#j`dgcp_Xm`e^X
^ff[le[\ijkXe[`e^f]_fnkf[\Xcn`k_  Research the regulations regarding visas relevant to the countries you’re traveling to.
Xj`klXk`fe#Xe[Y\`e^XYc\kf`ek\igi\kk_\
VISA


YXj`Zgi`eZ`gc\jf]jlim`mXc#ZXegi\m\ekX
d`efigifYc\d]ifd\jZXcXk`e^`ekfX 
[`jXjk\i%@eXjlim`mXcj`klXk`fe#`kdXpY\
VACCINATION
Find out how to apply, how far in advance you should apply, whether or not you can
apply in the country, and what other documents you need.
As with your passport, always keep your visa safe, dry, and in good condition.

pflibefnc\[^\#ZfdY`e\[n`k_pfliXY`c`kp 
kf`dgifm`j\#k_Xk[\k\id`e\jn_\k_\ipfl 
Y\Zfd\Xjlim`mfifiXjkXk`jk`Z% 
FI>8E@Q8K@FE8CGI@FI@K@<J
N_\egcXee`e^]fiXki`gXcnXpjjkXikn`k_ 
TICKETS
Check the regulations for the country—many have strict vaccination policies.
Ensure you have the vaccinations, and any boosters, within the correct timeframe.
Some inoculations last only for six months, so for extended trips you might have to
have more while away. This can usually be arranged through local hospitals or clinics.
Make sure you have the correct tickets for your journey.

k_\dfjk`dgfikXekk_`e^jÇbefneXjk_\  Read the tickets and make sure they have the correct names, dates, and locations.
Èj_fn$jkfgg\ij%ÉK_\j\Xi\^\e\iXccpk_\
 Should you need to prove your movements, always keep your tickets in a safe place
k_`e^jk_Xknflc[XZklXccpjkfgk_\ki`g]ifd
and never throw them away—often the return journey is included on the same ticket.
_Xgg\e`e^`ek_\ÔijkgcXZ\`]efkfi^Xe`q\[
`eX[mXeZ\%@]pflk_\enfibYXZbnXi[]ifd
INSURANCE

k_\j_fn$jkfgg\ijkf`k\djk_Xknflc[j`dgcp 
dXb\k_\ki`gdfi\Zfd]fikXYc\#dfjkfk_\i 
k_`e^jn`cc]Xcc`ekfgcXZ\%K_\Z_Xikfek_\
i`^_kc`jkjk_\k_`e^jk_Xkpfl[\Ôe`k\cp
ZXeefk[fn`k_flk%
It’s advisable to get insurance against your trip being cancelled.
Ensure that your insurance will cover your medical expenses should the worst happen.
You don't have to be climbing Everest—even a twisted or broken ankle when
hill-walking could prove to be very expensive if you don’t have adequate insurance.

PFLIK<8D
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OPERATING UNDER REALISTIC CONDITIONS
When training with new equipment, always practice using
it under realistic conditions. For example, if you’re going to
be using your GPS in cold conditions, can you operate it using
the gloves you have selected? If you’re pitching a tent, have
you got all the necessary components, and can you put it up
in the dark and rain?
)+ BEFORE YOU GOVGI<G8I<PFLIJ<C=

<D<I><E:PGC8EF=8:K@FE
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Xi\[`]ÔZlckkfgi\[`Zk#YlkZflc[\Xj`cp_Xgg\e%
USING YOUR EPA
An EPA should contain up-to-date information
about you as a person. This may change very
little over the years, so you may only need to
create a standard EPA and just update the
details specific to each trip.

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Full name as appears on passport: Date of birth: Height: ,Ë('É(./Zd

Af_eN`cc`XdJd`k_ (dd/mm/yy) Weight: (-/gfle[j
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Hair color: 9ifne

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((&'*&(* ()&)/&))

Distinguishing marks (scars, tattoos): Languages spoken (fluent/basic):

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Date: Efm\dY\i)*#)''0
)- BEFORE YOU GO VBEFNPFLI<EM@IFED<EK

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In this sectionPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 the difference between tundra and taiga...
 why you should step-up the size of your survival footprint...
 the way to go when it comes to snowy peaks or swampy creeks...
 how to avoid getting lost in the permafrost...
the best way to stay at the top of the food chain...
how to feel at home where the tropical butterflies roam...
 how a high-visibility survival suit could really get you noticed...

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FIND OUT MORE…

P PROTECTION Shelters pp. 156–65, 178–81
Fire pp. 118–33, 204–05 Dangers pp. 242–49, 300–05

L LOCATION Navigation pp. 66–77

Movement pp. 86–89 Signaling pp. 236–41

L J_\ck\i\[Xi\Xj1j`k\pfli W WATER Finding pp. 188–91

P Ilee`e^nXk\i1j`k\pflij_\ck\i j_\ck\ifek_\c\\$j`[\f]_`ccj# Purifying pp. 200–01
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L LOCATION Navigation pp. 66–77

Movement pp. 106–07 Signaling pp. 236–41

W WATER Finding pp. 192–93

Purifying pp. 200–01

F FOOD Plants pp. 206–07, 284–85

Animals pp. 208–13, 224–29, 292–99

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FIND OUT MORE…
P PROTECTION Shelters pp. 156–65, 178–81
Fire pp. 118–33, 204–05 Dangers pp. 242–49, 300–01
L LOCATION Navigation pp. 66–77
Movement pp. 90–91, 94–97 Signaling pp. 236–41
W WATER Finding pp. 188–91, 194–95
Purifying pp. 200–01
F FOOD Plants pp. 206–07, 280–81, 286–87
Animals pp. 208–13, 216–23, 290–97
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FIND OUT MORE…
P PROTECTION Shelters pp. 156–61, 174–75
Fire pp. 118–33, 204–05 Dangers pp. 242–49, 300–05
L LOCATION Navigation pp. 66–77
Movement pp. 100–01 Signaling pp. 236–41
W WATER Finding pp. 192–93
Purifying pp. 200–01
F FOOD Plants pp. 206–07, 282–83
Animals pp. 216–21, 224–29, 292–95
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FIND OUT MORE…
P PROTECTION Shelters pp. 156–65, 178–79
Fire pp. 118–33, 204–05 Dangers pp. 242–49
L LOCATION Navigation pp. 66–67
Movement pp. 94–97 Signaling pp. 236–41

W F Kle[iX1jefnXe[`Z\ZXeY\ W WATER Finding pp. 194–95

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FIND OUT MORE…
P PROTECTION Shelters pp. 156–61, 176–77
Fire pp. 118–33, 204–05 Dangers pp. 250–55, 300–01
L LOCATION Movement pp. 106–07
Signaling pp. 236–41
W WATER Finding pp. 196–97
Treating pp. 200–01
F FOOD Plants pp. 206–07, 288–89
Animals pp. 208–13, 224–29, 292–99
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In this sectionPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 the meaning of the term “bomb-burst gear”...
 that it’s always good to share when you’re in a group...
 which backpacks are the best backpacks to pack...
 why you should hike around the house to break in your boots...
 a good reason to take a three-season tent...
 how to sleep like a mummy...
 what gorp is and when you should eat it...

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when your life depends on it doing what
it was designed to do
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42 BEFORE YOU GO _ GET THE RIGHT GEAR
CHOOSING YOUR GEAR
FORWARD PLANNING IS ESSENTIAL when you’re deciding
on what equipment to take on your trip. You’ll need to assess
your own personal requirements, the likely demands of weather
and terrain, and the amount of gear you’ll actually be able to
transport. With a little forethought, you’ll be as well equipped
as you can be for any situation.
PACKING FOR YOUR TRIP
You will first need to weigh up your particular kit requirements against
the limitations of your chosen mode of transport (see below). It’s then
vital to organize and prioritize your gear (see opposite) to ensure that
any items you may need in a survival scenario are always close at hand,
should the worst happen.
HOW MUCH TO PACK
The environment of the region you’re
traveling to will dictate the type of
equipment you will need to take with
ON FOOT
you, but your proposed mode of transport
is the main constraint on the quantity
of kit you can take (see chart, right). The
more gear you have to carry yourself, the
fewer luxuries you can take: the added
TOURING BIKE
weight will make traveling uncomfortable,
MOUNTAIN/
use up too much valuable energy, slow
your progress, and also limit the distance
you can travel each day. It’s also worth
considering whether you can reduce
the weight and volume of the kit items
MOTORCYCLE
you’re taking (see box, below).
LIGHTENING THE LOAD
When you’re going to be traveling on foot,
it’s important to get rid of all the excess
ANIMAL
PACK
weight and volume you can, even if it’s only
by a small amount. The larger and heavier
your backpack, the harder you will find the
journey. If you have already ruthlessly pared
your gear down to the bare essentials, try to
VEHICLE
reduce the weight or volume of the kit itself.
First concentrate on the big three items: tent,
sleeping bag, and backpack. Consider using a
hooped bivy or tarpaulin rather than a tent;
KAYAK/BOAT
look for a lighter sleeping bag—some can
CANOE/
weigh as little as 2lb (0.9 kg); and consider
buying a backpack with a lighter frame.
KEY PACKING TIPS
 Pack your gear in reverse order:
the things you want to get to first
should be the last things you pack.
 Stash items you may need during
the day in side or lid pockets, for
easy access.
 Coil and tape long straps so that
they aren’t a snagging hazard.
 Use a dry bag inside your backpack.
 Ensure that all pockets are fully
closed and zipped.
 Air out anything packed wet
as soon as you stop for the day.
WEIGHT AND SPACE RESTRICTIONS
Backpacks (see pp. 44–45) are available in a wide range of volumes—from
30 liters (a day pack) to 80 liters (suitable for a trip of a week or more).
Bear in mind that you’ll have to carry whatever gear you take with you, and
that the weight of the pack will determine what you’re realistically able to
achieve each day in terms of distance and activity. Pack only the bare
minimum: there’s no room for luxuries when traveling on foot.
Pannier bags for bicycles are designed to fit on front, rear, or side pannier racks,
and are available in a range of shapes, sizes, and capacities (from 5 to 50 liters).
Larger bags will provide you with enough space to pack essentials, such as tent,
sleeping bag, cooking equipment, and spare clothes, but you’ll be restricted by
the weight, and also by the need to carry cycle-maintenance gear, such as spare
tires, inner tubes, cables, and tools.
Side panniers have a capacity of up to 80 liters and tank bags up to 25 liters,
and weight is not a major issue. However, you’ll need to take extra protective
equipment, maintenance tools (including spare tires), and, in some cases, spare
fuel, all of which will impact on available space.
Ideal for rough terrain, such as mountains or desert, pack animals can carry
serious weight. A horse can transport up to 20 percent of its body weight;
a camel can carry a weight of up to 990 lb (450 kg)—although 330 lb (150 kg)
is more common—but you’ll need to factor in the animal’s food and water.
The size of the vehicle will determine the amount and the weight of gear you can
take with you, but you shouldn’t have to compromise; extra equipment can be
packed in peli boxes—waterproof storage containers with a hard, plastic
exterior—that can be strapped to the outside of the vehicle. The main issue will
be the weight-versus-fuel ratio: the heavier the vehicle, the more fuel it will use.
Some kayaks and canoes are designed to bear loads of up to 660 lb (300 kg),
including the craft’s occupant(s), so you should be able to take all of your
essential gear, plus a few luxuries. Given your proximity to the water, keeping
your gear dry is the main priority. Weight and space restrictions don’t apply
for larger vessels.
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e`^_kËjjc\\gZXef]]j\kdlZ_f]k_\nfiipXe[jki\jjf]X TIPS ON BUYING A SLEEPING BAG
There are many types of bag available. Here
[`]ÔZlckj`klXk`fe%DXb`e^jli\pflij_\ck\i`jjl`kXYc\]fi are a few things you should consider to
k_\\em`ifed\ekpflËi\`e#Xe[Z_ffj`e^k_\i`^_kjc\\g`e^ ensure you buy the right sleeping bag for you.
YX^#ZXeY\m`kXc]XZkfij`ejlim`mXc% Determine the lowest temperature you’re
likely to encounter on your trip and choose a
bag that will perform at this temperature.
JC<<G@E>98>J Synthetic bags are cheaper and easier
8ck_fl^_k_\i\Xi\dXep[`]]\i\ekj_Xg\jXe[jkpc\jf]jc\\g`e^ to clean than down bags, and continue to
YX^#k_\fe\pflZ_ffj\j_flc[_Xm\\efl^_gX[[`e^kfb\\gpfl provide insulation even when wet.
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synthetic bags, but provide a better
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but has less room to move around in.

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Before using your sleeping bag, always check
inside for spiders and other dangers, and
shake it to make sure the filling is distributed
evenly. During use, if the bag is too warm,
simply unzip it to cool down, or use the bag
as a quilt. If it’s too cold, either put on some
clothing, or use a silk liner or waterproof bivi
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In some climactic conditions, such as extreme high winds, severe
storms, or heavy snow cover, stakes and guylines may not be
enough to anchor the tent securely to the ground. This could
result in the tent being blown away—and could have severe
consequences for the tent’s occupants. In such conditions, use
extra means—such as rocks or logs—to anchor your tent securely.

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,- BEFORE YOU GOV><KK?<I@>?K><8I

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Being physically fit and active keeps you
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PfliYf[pi\hl`i\j\e\i^pkf]l\ck_\Z_\d`ZXcXe[Y`fcf^`ZXc would usually expend during an average day.
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TYPES OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES BENEFITS

 Rice, pasta, bread, and cereals  Major source of energy, as it converts most
 Fresh and dried fruit readily to glucose, which is your body’s
CARBOHYDRATE preferred source of fuel.
 Root vegetables
 Chocolate and candy

 Meat and poultry  Essential for growth and repair of muscle tissue.
 Fish, such as tuna and salmon  Increases your stamina and energy levels,
PROTEIN and helps you fight fatigue.
 Eggs and dairy products
 Beans, legumes, and seeds  Makes you feel satisfied after eating.

 Nuts and seeds  Good source of energy.

 Dairy products, such as butter and cheese  Makes you feel satisfied after eating.
FAT  Meats, such as bacon and sausage
 Cooking oil

 Fresh and dried fruit, especially the skins  Provides bulk to help your digestion.
 Vegetables, beans, and seeds  Helps to make you feel full.
FIBER  Whole-grain cereals
 Whole-meal bread, whole-meal pasta, and brown rice

 Fresh and dried fruit  Essential for growth and the repair of your
VITAMINS  Green vegetables body’s tissues.
AND MINERALS  Meat and fish  Help you to maintain healthy teeth and eyes.
 Nuts and seeds  Aids bloodflow and the production of energy.

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 EATING ON THE TRAIL 57
WILDERNESS DINING WARNING!
Even if you’re only going on a short hike, you should take food with In a survival situation, don’t eat for the first
you, such as fruit and chocolate, to replace the energy you’re using. 24 hours unless to replace expended energy.
For longer expeditions, you’ll need to take a number of different Ration your food, as digestion uses up water.
foodstuffs—for energy and for variety.

TYPES OF FOOD EXAMPLES BENEFITS

 Trail mix—also known as “gorp”  Provide a vital source of carbohydrates, vitamins,

BREAKFAST CEREALS  Muesli or granola and minerals to set you up at the start of the day.
AND DRIED FRUIT  Oatmeal  Contain dietary fiber to aid digestion.
 Dried fruit

 Cookies and crackers  High in carbohydrates to help you maintain

 Energy bars and cereal/granola bars energy levels.
TRAIL SNACKS   Help to keep your hunger pangs at bay between
Fruits, such as apples, pears, and oranges
 Nuts and seeds main meals.

 Dehydrated ice cream  Provide a quick boost of energy, when required.

 Chocolate  Offer a comfort factor, although they are of
HIGH-CALORIE SNACKS  Hard candies limited nutritional value.
 Pudding mixes

 Boil-in-the-bag meals—you can buy a wide variety
of fully prepared meals, sealed in a foil bag. Cook
for five to seven minutes.
PRE-PREPARED  Freeze-dried and dehydrated meals—simply add boiling
MAIN MEALS water, stir, and wait about five minutes. Extremely
lightweight and take up little space.
 Canned meals—a great variety of them are available,
but they are bulky and heavy.
 Provide a balanced range of food groups, vitamins,
and minerals to help your body to recover and repair
itself after the day’s exertions.
 Quick and easy to prepare, and require few utensils.
 Many require minimal fuel to cook them, or water
to rehydrate them.
 Can be bulked out with beans, legumes, and grains.
 Smaller cans may have a pull-top to open them.

 Canned fish, such as sardines or tuna  A great source of proteins and fats.
MEAT, FISH, AND CHEESE  Cured meats, such as ham, salami, and beef jerky  Easy to store and long-lasting, although cans
 Hard cheese, such as cheddar and parmesan are heavier than other sources of food.

 Lentils and dried peas  Can be used to bulk up main meals and help
BEANS, LEGUMES,  Dried beans and pearl barley you to feel full.
 An important source of carbohydrates.
AND GRAINS  Rice and pasta
 Couscous  Also provide fiber and protein.

 Flour  Flour and salt can be used to make dough.

 Salt  Sugar and salt help to make wild food palatable.
MIXERS  
Suet Suet is an invaluable source of fat that can be
 Sugar used to supplement meals.

 Powdered soup  Add flavor and variety to your meals.

 Tomato puree  Especially useful if you’re cooking with wild food.
FLAVORINGS  Powdered sauces
 Gravy cubes

 Tea  Provide warmth and comfort, although they

 Coffee are of limited nutritional value.
BEVERAGES  Chocolate powder  Chocolate powder is high in carbohydrates.
 Dried milk  Dried milk is an excellent source of calcium.
,/ BEFORE YOU GO V><KK?<I@>?K><8I

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There are many factors to consider
dX[\ZXdg`e^jkfm\jdXb\k_\dXe\jj\ek`Xcg`\Z\f]Zffb`e^ when transporting fuel to make
\hl`gd\ek#\jg\Z`Xccp`eXi\Xjn_\i\fg\eÔi\jXi\YXee\[% your expedition safer:
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Zfddfe#Ylkc`hl`[$]l\c\[jkfm\jXi\Xcjfnfik_Zfej`[\i`e^%9fk_ it easily when you reach camp.
_Xm\k_\`ifneX[mXekX^\jXe[[`jX[mXekX^\jj\\Y\cfn #Ylkpfli Use similar principles when traveling
by other methods.
Z_f`Z\n`ccY\[`ZkXk\[YpjgXZ\Xe[n\`^_kZfejkiX`ekj#k_\[`jkXeZ\  Ensure that your fuel bottles
pflËi\kiXm\c`e^#Xe[\em`ifed\ekXc]XZkfij%8_\oXd`e\jkfm\`jX look very different from your
^ff[`k\dkf_Xm\`eXjlim`mXcj`klXk`fej\\fggfj`k\ % water bottles to prevent confusion.
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:?FFJ@E>8>8J$FIC@HL@;$=L<C<;JKFM< check the availability of the fuel,
>Xj$]l\c\[jkfm\jXi\jX]\i#Zc\Xe\i#c`^_k\i#Xe[\Xj`\ikflj\k_Xec`hl`[$]l\c\[ and consider how you will dispose
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GAS-FUELED STOVES
TYPE OF STOVE

BUTANE OR ISOBUTENE PROPANE BLENDED FUEL

Both fuels sold in disposable, pressurized Fuel sold in disposable, pressurized Fuel sold in disposable, pressurized
INFORMATION

canisters. canisters. canisters.

Used in most portable stoves and Is a mix of butane, propane, and/or
barbecue grills. isobutene.

Lightweight, sealed fuel container. Lightweight, sealed fuel container. Lightweight, sealed fuel container.
Butane very efficient and burns at Fuel burns at a very hot, steady heat,  Fuel safer than pure propane, and performs
PROS

a high temperature. and produces an almost sootless flame. better than either pure butane or isobutene
Isobutene more efficient than butane,  Performs very well in cold conditions. in cold conditions.
and performs better in cold conditions.  Isobutene blends give a more efficient flame.

 Higher cost and lower heat output than  Higher cost and lower heat output than  Higher cost and lower heat output than
liquid fuels. liquid fuels. liquid fuels.
CONS

Fuel efficiency reduced at higher altitudes. Fuel efficiency reduced at higher altitudes. Fuel efficiency reduced at higher altitudes.
 Butane less efficient than isobutene  Highly combustible, so less safe than
in temperatures below 50°F (10°C). other fuels.
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LIQUID-FUELED STOVES

TYPE OF STOVE
WHITE (COLEMAN) FUEL MULTI-FUEL DENATURED ALCOHOL
Fuel sold in disposable canisters. Stove can use a variety of fuels, from Fuel sold in disposable plastic containers.
INFORMATION

unleaded gas, kerosene (paraffin), Stove basically consists of a vessel

aviation fuel, and white fuel, to diesel— to burn the fuel in, and a windshield
most of which are readily available. that also acts as a cooking platform.

 Fuel can withstand low temperatures,  Stove uses a range of fuels. Fuel is non-pressurized, so can be stowed
high altitudes, and most weather conditions. Fuel is non-pressurized, so can be stowed safely in almost any airtight container.
PROS

 Produces a clean flame. safely in almost any airtight container. Economical and produces a clean flame.
 Stove tends to perform reliably, efficiently,  Stove is lightweight, stable, and safe.
and quickly, producing a hot flame.  Usually supplied with pots and pans.

 Stove must be pumped to generate  Potential for spillage of flammable fuel.  Potential for spillage of flammable fuel.
required pressure for use.  Stove must be pumped to generate Stove slower to heat up than other liquid
CONS

 Fuel needs to be primed. required pressure for use. stoves, because it’s not pumped.
 Fuel needs to be primed.  Flame vulnerable to wind and other
 Some fuels produce soot and noxious fumes. environmental conditions.
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LAYER 1 LAYER 2 LAYER 3

 Blister medical pads and bandages: 
useful for minor cuts and blisters. Include
a range of bandages (both waterproof and
fabric) in a selection of sizes. Waterproof
bandages can also be used to mend holes
in tents and tarpaulins.
Antiseptic wipes: for treating wounds  Water purification tablets: choose from
and cleaning bites. Can also be iginited tablets or iodine (but don’t use iodine if
by a spark and used to get a fire going. you’re allergic to it, or to shellfish). Water
will need to be filtered before being purified.

LAYER 6 LAYER 7 LAYER 8

 Survival saw, or pocket chainsaw: 
can be wrapped around the inside of
the tin or cut in half, if space is limited. 
 Single-edged razor: multi-purpose— 
from skinning an animal to cutting 
cord. Store in its packaging.

 Needle and cotton: use strong,

waxed cotton, pre-threaded through
the needle.

Flashlights: two small Photon (LED) lights— 
one white and one red—taped in “off” position.
Mini multi-tool: see panel, opposite.
Chainsaw handles: use with pocket chainsaw. 
High-viz card, signal mirror: location aids. 
Compass: an emergency back-up.
Flint, fire steel, tampons: for starting fires.
Snare wire: for animal traps and lashing.
Waterproof matches and tinder balls:
for starting fires. Store the matches in
a small, resealable plastic bag.
Pencil: sharpened at both ends.
Potassium permanganate: dissolve in water
to sterilize water at low concentration, and to
clean wounds at a high concentration. Can also
be used with sugar to make fire. Store in a
waterproof container.

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LAYER 4
 Petroleum jelly: apply to chapped lips, 
rashes, and sores. Can also be smeared
onto tampons to make them burn longer. 
Store in a small, resealable plastic bag.


LAYER 9
 Non-lubricated condoms: can be used to 
carry water, or as a waterproof cover for
smaller items, such as your mobile phone.
 Mini fishing kit: if you are near water, 
fish can be easier to catch, prepare, and
cook than mammals. Fishing line can be 
also used for other survival tasks. Should
contain a selection of hooks, flies, swivels,

and split-shots.
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LAYER 5
Waterproof notepaper: for drawing
maps or leaving messages.
Photograph of loved ones: a psychological
incentive in a survival scenario.
Credit card: an effective means of extracting
insect stings (see pp. 266–67).
Money: wrapped in cellophane.
TIN LID SEALED WITH TAPE
Sailmaker’s needles: multi-purpose—can
be used as an arrow point, or for mending
tents and tarpaulins. Wide eyes are best.
Safety pins: for securing clothing,
or mending your sleeping bag or tent.
Mini glowsticks (cyalumes): useful for
emergency lighting, and as a location aid.
Single-edged razor: multi-purpose
(see Layer 6). Store in its packaging.
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In this sectionPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 how to use your map to tell the lie of the land...
 that the path ahead is as long as a piece of string...
 the difference between eastings and northings and an ERV and a GPS...
 how a detour could be the most direct route...
 how to navigate using your hair...
 why an anvil of cumulonimbus is no fair-weather cloud...
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Never underestimate the combined power of a map,

a compass, a GPS unit, and the skills and knowledge
to use them well—your life may depend on it
66 ON THE TRAIL _ FIND YOUR WAY

MAPS AND MAP-READING

A MAP IS A TWO-DIMENSIONAL representation of a three- THE LEGEND
dimensional area—from a map you can determine distance and Topographic maps incorporate a
legend, or key, which deciphers the
height on the ground. If you are able to read a map, and can
information shown on the map. It’s
interpret the information it contains, you can visualize what important to familiarize yourself with
an area looks like and use these features as landmarks to make the symbols used, as this will help you
visualize what’s being represented on
navigation easier. Your map is very important, so keep it safe. the map more effectively. Some
examples are listed below:
UNDERSTANDING MAPS
HEIGHTS AND NATURAL
Although there are many types of map available—with varying levels FEATURES
of detail and scale—topographic maps are best for hiking. They show Water Mud
important features, such as rivers, roads, railroads, paths, buildings,
and forested areas, and also depict the lie of the land through the Sand; sand and shingle
use of contour lines (see opposite) to represent height.
Vertical face/cliff
These symbols represent Contour lines join points
the vegetation type of equal height
Loose Boulders Outcrop Scree
rock

Coniferous trees

Non-coniferous trees

Managed woodland

Orchard

Scrub

Bracken, heath, or rough grassland

Symbols represent Marsh, reeds, or wetlands

features of interest
and are decoded in
the legend TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL
INFORMATION
Fishing area Campsite
Walks/Trails

Different colors THE SCALE

show different
Hiking maps are always drawn to a
types of ground:
mud, sand etc scale provided in the legend. This is
a ratio of how much you would have
to enlarge the map to reach actual size.
1:25,000—whereby 4 cm on the map
Grid numbers
are useful equates to 1 km on the ground (21⁄2 in
for grid references to 1 mile)—is the most useful level of
Hiking paths are detail for hikers. A smaller-scale of
Grid lines clearly marked
divide the
1:50,000, for example, will provide
on the map
map into a more basic overview of the terrain.
1 km squares
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]fikXb`e^m\ipgi\Z`j\
eXm`^Xk`feXcd\Xjli\d\ekj%
TAKING AN ACCURATE READING
Always hold the compass level to allow the
needle to rotate easily. A compass is simply
a magnetized piece of metal and, as such,
is susceptible to interference. To avoid this,
never use your compass near:
Metal or other magnetized objects
Electric currents, such as overhead
high-tension power cables
Buildings and vehicles—these often
contain metal and electricity that might
affect the accuracy of your compass readings
:_\Zbk_\c\^\e[f]pflidXgkf
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kfX^i`[Y\Xi`e^n`k_X()—n\jk
mXi`Xk`fe#kXb\f]]k_\()—%N`k_Xe\Xjk
mXi`Xk`fe#X[[`kfe%
@]Zfem\ik`e^X^i`[Y\Xi`e^kfX
dX^e\k`ZY\Xi`e^n`k_X()—n\jk
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mXi`Xk`fe#kXb\`kf]]%
70 ON THE TRAIL _ FIND YOUR WAY
TAKING BEARINGS
Always give any compass work your full attention.
Rushing it, especially when working out bearings, can
lead to navigational errors that could, at best, involve
more walking and, at worst, get you lost.
USING A MAP
Using your map to work out the direction in which you
need to walk is simple. Use your compass as a protractor
to work out your bearing, and then to keep you on track.
BACK BEARING
A back bearing enables you to find your position by taking a
bearing from a feature back to you. To do this, take a bearing
to a point in the normal way and either add or subtract 180
degrees. You can also read the bearing exactly opposite to the
index line. This is useful when working out the bearing from a
feature back to you and transferring it to your map (see below).
USING FEATURES ON THE GROUND
Sometimes you may need to take a bearing to a specific
point to navigate toward it. The point may be a feature that
you can see at the time but may subsequently lose sight of
during your journey because of the terrain. You can also plot
that bearing and others on a map in order to work out your
own position (see right, and panel, far right).
TAKING A BEARING ON A FEATURE
Pointing your compass at the feature, hold the base plate steady
and rotate the compass housing until the orienting arrow sits
directly under the north needle. Read the bearing—this is the
magnetic bearing you would walk on to
navigate to the feature.
Read the magnetic
bearing from the
index line
Point the
direction of
travel arrow
at the feature
Ensure the map
and compass
are level
TOP OF MAP
Direction of
travel arrow
points toward
your destination
FINISH
Orienting lines
are not aligned
START
Lay your map on a flat surface, ensuring that there’s
nothing nearby to interfere with the compass reading
(see box, p. 69).
 Lay the edge of your compass so that it runs between
the point you want to navigate from and the point you
want to navigate toward.
 Ensure that the direction of travel arrow on the
compass is pointing in the direction you want to travel
on the map.
TRANSFERRING A MAGNETIC
BEARING TO A GRID BEARING
It is important that you know how to transfer a
compass bearing from a feature (a magnetic bearing)
onto a map (a grid bearing). For this example, imagine
that the magnetic variation is 12° west.
 Take a bearing on your chosen feature (see left).
In this example it is 45° magnetic.
 You want to plot this bearing on your map, which has a
grid, so remember the phrase “mag to grid—get rid.” You
would therefore subtract the magnetic variation (12°)
from the magnetic bearing (45°), which equals 33°.
 Dial this revised bearing into your compass.
TRANSFERRING THE BEARING ONTO THE MAP
Place the top left corner of the compass base plate over the
feature on your map. Keeping it there, rotate the entire compass
until the orienting lines are parallel with the vertical grid lines.
Draw a line from the feature down the left side of the base plate
to map your bearing.
 GET YOUR BEARINGS 71
Ensure red Walk in the
orienting arrow direction indicated
points to the top by this arrow
Vertical of the map
grid line

FINISH FINISH
The bearing on Orientate the
the index line compass so the
reads 320° in north magnetic
this example arrow sits
Orienting lines underneath the
are now aligned with orienting arrow
the grid lines
START START

Turn the compass housing around until the orienting
arrow and the orienting lines within the housing line
up with the vertical grid lines on the map. Read the bearing
between the two points from the index line on the compass.
 For this grid bearing to deliver you successfully to your
destination, you’ll need to convert it to a magnetic bearing
by using the magnetic variation information on the map
legend (see p. 69). Add or subtract your figure, and adjust
your compass accordingly.
In order to walk on this bearing you must now
orientate your compass.
 Hold the compass level and at a height that allows
you to comfortably look squarely down on it (close to
your chest is a good position).
 Turn your body until the north end of the compass
needle sits inside the orienting arrow. The direction of
travel arrow is now pointing exactly in the direction
that you need to walk.

FINDING YOUR POSITION NOT AT A KNOWN FEATURE

If you are unsure of your position but can see
features on the ground that you also recognize
marked on your map, you can take bearings on these
features with your compass and transfer them onto
your map (see far left, and left) to accurately
determine where you are. This process is called
“triangulation” (also known as “resection” in military
terminology). You’ll need to transfer your compass
bearings into grid bearings.
If you are not at a known feature, but can see other
recognizable features on the ground that you can identify
and locate on your map, you can take bearings on these
features and transfer them to your map. In order to do this
you need two features that are at least 1 km (6⁄10 mile) away
and at least 40° apart. After you have transferred both
bearings onto your map, the point at which the two lines
cross will reveal your exact location. For greater accuracy,
plot a third feature onto your map. The lines will cross and
form a triangle—your position will be inside this triangle.

AT A KNOWN FEATURE
If you are at or on a known feature on a map—such Extend Where the
as a river, road, or track—and you can see another bearings back two lines cross
from both indicates
recognizable feature, you can take a bearing on that features your location
feature and mark it on your map. Where that line crosses
your known feature is your position. In the example below,
you know you are somewhere along the banks of a river
and can see a church that you can identify on your map.

Using your compass, Extend these lines

Take a
bearing from take bearings to the further over the map
the church features on the ground. until they cross each other.
You know you
are somewhere  Transfer these bearings  The point at which the lines
along this river to back bearings (see box, cross shows your location.
Where the bearing
above left), and draw them  If you want to be more
crosses the river reveals on the map from your accurate, repeat the process
your exact position chosen features. with a third feature.
72 ON THE TRAIL _ FIND YOUR WAY

ROUTE FINDING
WHETHER YOU ARE PLANNING to walk a specific route, or
are in a survival situation and need to move to a safer area or
to one that offers better chances of rescue, being able to study
your map and calculate what you can achieve in a certain time
can mean the difference between reaching your destination or
spending a night in the wilderness.
CALCULATING DISTANCE
There are several methods of calculating the distance
you are walking, and a seasoned hiker will always
use at least two of them at any one time.
ROUTE PLANNING
Break your route down into small
sections. This will focus your navigation
and make the overall distance seem
less daunting. If you’re in a group,
designate an emergency rendezvous
(ERV) point within each section—if
someone gets separated you should
all head there. If you can, include
water sources and a safety point,
such as a campsite, on your route.

PACE COUNTING
Pace counting involves knowing how many paces
you take to cover a set distance and then counting
them as you travel. It is reasonably accurate.
Distances are usually calculated in meters
When the elastic
and kilometers, and most people take band reaches
approximately 60 paces (120 steps) the bottom
every 100 m. Try any of these methods: notch you have
covered 1 km
 Cut 10 notches in your walking
staff. Move an elastic band down
a notch every 100 m. USING CUT-OFF
 Use pace counting beads FEATURES
(a piece of webbing with two Use your map to choose some
sets of beads divided by a central key features on your route, and
knot). One side contains nine calculate the distance between
beads to count off every 100 m, these. As you pass them, check
and the other has four beads to them off mentally in your head
count off kilometers. or physically mark your progress
 Place 10 small pebbles in your on the map. You’ll then be able
pocket. Every time you cover 100 m, to keep track of the distance
transfer a pebble to the other pocket. you have traveled when you
reach each one.

NAISMITH’S RULE EXPERIENCE

Naismith’s rule takes into account distance and As you gain experience you
topography, and is used for estimating the
will be able to build up an idea
duration of hikes.
of how long it takes you to
 Allow one hour for every 3 miles (5 km)
cover a particular terrain.
you will travel
 Add 30 minutes for every 985 ft (300 m)
Naismith’s Rule (see left)
is an excellent starting point,
you will climb
 Subtract 10 minutes for every 985 ft
but there is no substitute for
picking fixed distances on your
(300 m) you will descend. However, for
very steep slopes you should add 10 minutes map and timing yourself over
for every 985 ft (300 m) you will descend that distance. You will
eventually be able to build
up a frame of reference.
 IFLK<=@E;@E> .*
E8M@>8K@FEK<:?E@HL<J
N_\eeXm`^Xk`e^XZifjjcXe[#pflËi\c\jjc`b\cpkf^\kcfjk`]pflkXb\[`i\Zk
PRINCIPLES OF NAVIGATION
Y\Xi`e^j]ifdfe\]\Xkli\kfXefk_\i%Le]fikleXk\cpk_`jdXpefkXcnXpj
You will never get lost if you know:
Y\gfjj`Yc\2fYjkXZc\jjlZ_XjcXb\jXe[jnXdgjdXpY\[`i\Zkcp`epfli  Where you started from
gXk_Xe[`kdXpY\\Xj`\ikfnXcbXifle[jfd\]\Xkli\jiXk_\ik_XenXcb  What bearing or course you
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.+ ON THE TRAILV=@E;PFLIN8P

E8M@>8K@E>N@K?FLK
8:FDG8JJ TOOLS AND MATERIALS
You will need an improvised needle or
@=PFL;FEËK?8M<8:FDG8JJpflZXelj\X]\nj`dgc\ razor blade, plus one of the following:
`k\dj]ifdpflijlim`mXcb`kkf[\k\id`e\[`i\Zk`feXe[\eXYc\ Knife
Hair
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Battery and wire; paper and tape

@DGIFM@J@E>8:FDG8JJ PflZXelj\k_\YcX[\ Jkifb\k_\

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 E8M@>8K@E>N@K?FLK8:FDG8JJ .,
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PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETIZING K_\dfjk\]]\Zk`m\nXpkfdX^e\k`q\Xe\\[c\`jkfgXjjXjdXcc
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when it is magnetized sufficiently, hold the needle up against
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NUMBER DESCRIPTION MPH (KPH) LAND AND AT SEA
df`jkli\`ek_\X`iXe[Xgfk\ek`Xc
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0 (0) Sea like a mirror.

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1 (1–3) Sea ripples like scales.

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with some spray.
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Nffci\XZkjkfdf`jkli\`ek_\X`iYp
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of more than 18 ft (5 m).
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crests.

Storm 55–63 Trees uprooted or broken off.

CHANGING WEATHER
Watch out for alterations in the
10 (88–101) Very high waves and sea
surface appears white.
wind direction or strength as
Severe storm 64–74 Houses damaged.
this may lead to a change in the
weather. A dry, steady wind that
changes direction or decreases in
11 (102–119) Exceptionally high waves
of more than 38 ft (11 m).

strength often indicates that rain Hurricane More than 75 Buildings destroyed.
is on its way.
12 (More than 120) Huge waves of more than
46 ft (14 m).
/+ ON THE TRAIL VD8B<8DFM<

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In this sectionPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 how to make a paddle (so you’re never up a creek without one)...
 the difference between your finger shelf and your hand jam...
 how to pull your own pulk and scramble over scree...
 when to blaze a trail or ski without skis...
 how to tell your front-wheel skid from your skidoo...
 when to let the camel train take the strain...
 how chewing gum can stop that sinking feeling...

equipment and most appropriate
clothing, and enable you to familiarize
yourself with the survival techniques
relevant to a particular environment.
Whether you’re planning to travel
on foot, by boat, on horseback, in a 4WD
vehicle, or by boat, you must consider
not only your own capabilities and those
of other members of your team, but also
the capabilities of your equipment.
Remember, pushing anything beyond
its limits—whether that be a person,
an animal, or a vehicle—will invariably
lead to it failing.
Your ability to walk may be your primary
means of rescue; reduce your mobility and you
dramatically reduce your chances of survival
MAKE A MOVE 85
A walking staff is one of the
simplest yet most important survival
aids you will ever need. It’s the first
piece of equipment to improvise should
you find yourself in a survival situation.
THE “SURVIVOR’S THIRD LEG”—as
a walking staff is also known—increases your
ability to support yourself by allowing you to have
two points of contact with the ground at any one
time. This will reduce the chance of you slipping—
a crucial factor given that your ability to walk may
be your main means of rescue; reduce your mobility
and you seriously reduce your ability to survive.
A versatile tool, your survivor’s third leg can
be employed in many different survival situations.
Among its many uses, it can be employed to:
 Support you as you walk
 Protect your face when you’re walking through
thickets or gorse
 Check for adequate support when crossing
marshy ground
 Test the ground ahead for obstructions
 Check the depth of water when you’re crossing
streams and rivers
 Protect you against wild animals
 Form a ridgepole for your shelter
 Help you with your pace counting
 Spear fish or catch game
 Dig up roots or plants
/- ON THE TRAILVD8B<8DFM<
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Know the capabilities of your animal,
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ANIMAL REGION AVERAGE LOAD ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Horse Worldwide  175–240 lb  Easy to train, with a good temperament  Require grooming
(80–110 kg)  Strong  Can stray from camp
 20 percent of  Can tolerate heat if not securely tethered
body weight  Can manage steep terrain

Mule Eurasia,  120–180 lb  Will stick by a mare closely—this can be  Young mules can be
Americas (55–80 kg) used to keep them moving and to keep easily startled, so good
 20 percent of them within the camp at night training is essential
body weight  Very hardy and can manage steep terrain  Stubborn

Husky Arctic  85lb (40kg)  Hardy—can cope well with snow and  Need a lot of fresh meat,
 7 dogs can pull cold conditions which must be carried
600lb (270 kg)  Can travel fast  Prone to fight among
themselves

Camel Central Asia,  198–308 lb  Versatile on different terrains  Strong-willed and difficult
North Africa, (90–140 kg)  Can drink up to a quarter of its body to control
Australia  30 percent of weight and then go without water for  Violent—can spit and bite
body weight several days

Llama Andes  77–123 lb (35–55 kg)  Minimal environmental impact  Makes horses and mules
 25–30 percent of  Travels well at high altitudes on nervous
body weight difficult and steep terrain  Can be difficult to control
if poorly trained

Elephant South Asia  1,650–2,750 lb  Can carry very heavy loads  Slow-moving
(Indian) (750–1,250 kg)  Can manage steep terrain  Requires large amounts
 25 percent of of food and water
body weight  Takes time to train

Ox Eurasia,  300–450 lb  Hardworking  Slow-moving

Americas (135–205 kg)  Very strong  Stubborn
 30 percent of  Surefooted and can manage steep terrain
body weight
('' ON THE TRAILVD8B<8DFM<

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(') ON THE TRAILVD8B<8DFM<

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8ck_fl^_lj`e^k_\Zfii\Zkk\Z_e`hl\jn`ccZ\ikX`ecp`dgifm\pfliZ_XeZ\jf] EQUIPMENT LIST
Winching mechanism
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Sleeping bag or blanket
98J@:I<:FM<IPK<:?E@HL<J Branches or stakes
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m\_`Zc\%?fn\m\i#Z_lie`e^lgn_Xkjfc`[^ifle[`jc\]kÇXe[[`^^`e^
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('+ ON THE TRAILVD8B<8DFM<

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WARNING!
Always wear a lifejacket.
Empty water bottles in
your pockets can be used
as makeshift flotation
devices in an emergency.
In a survival situation,
never leave your kayak or
canoe unless it is life-
threatening not to do so.
A kayak is highly visible,
especially from the air,
and is far more likely to be
spotted first by rescuers.

98J@:G8;;C@E> :8K:? 9I8:< JKIFB< KI8EJ@K@FE

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In this sectionPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 how to make a shower before you take a shower...
 why keeping clean is good for both body and soul...
 how to work up a lather with wood ash...
 when a thatched screen could protect your modesty...
 what turns a hard candy into a firestarter...
 the difference between cattails and fire dogs...

8]`i\`jXe`ek\^iXcgXikf]Xep
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The psychological effects of being able to
start a fire should not be underestimated;
neither should the effects of not being able
to start one
:8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ ((*
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WHERE NOT TO CAMP
 Don’t set up your shelter on sloping, poorly drained ground. FE<?FLILEK@C;8IB
 Don’t pitch your camp too close to water because of the risk ;li`e^kn`c`^_k#Ôe`j_fi^Xe`q`e^k_\j`k\Xe[
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of flooding and the presence of insects and animals.
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 Avoid camping near noisy water sources, such as waterfalls,
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because they mask any other sounds that could alert you to the \d\i^\eZp\hl`gd\ek`jXe[n_f_XjY\\e
presence of threats, such as wild animals, or even possible rescue, [\j`^eXk\[\XZ_kXjbc`^_k`e^k_\j`^eXcÔi\#
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((- CAMP CRAFT V:8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ

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CLEAN CLOTHING
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The condition of your clothing and
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((/ CAMP CRAFT V:8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ

D8B@E>=@I<
K?<89@C@KPKFD8B<Xe[dX`ekX`eXÔi\ZXeY\
Xj`^e`ÔZXekgjpZ_fcf^`ZXc]XZkfiY\kn\\e[\k\id`e`e^ FIRE PRECAUTIONS
If you intend to have a fire in front of your
n_\k_\ipfl[fXccpflZXekfjlim`m\fialjk^`m\lg% shelter, bear in mind some basic rules:
=`i\^`m\jpflXj\ej\f]ÈY\`e^#ÉXe[#c`b\Xj_\ck\i#`k  Don’t build the fire too close to the shelter
ZXekiXej]fidXZc\Xi`e^le[\iXki\\`ekfXÈ_fd\%É as it may get out of control or a spark may
blow into the shelter and ignite it.
 Make sure you have fully extinguished your
8GFIK89C<B@K fire before you decamp and leave the site.
@kËj`dgfikXekkf^Xk_\iXccpflidXk\i`XcjY\]fi\pfljkXikÇefk Pour water (if you have enough) onto the fire
and the immediate surrounding area, or use
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Dfi\k_XeXepfk_\ijlim`mXckXjb#jkXik`e^XÔi\e\\[j  Carry some form of firelighter with you at all times.
^ff[gi`figi\gXiXk`fe%@]pfl[feËk_Xm\k_\Zfii\Zk  Practice your skills before you need them—in
dXk\i`XcjXe[`ejl]ÔZ`\ekhlXek`k`\j#pfln`ccgifYXYcp]X`c different conditions and using different materials.
`epfliXkk\dgkjkfjkXikXÔi\%Gi\gXi`e^k_\^ifle[#pfli You’ll soon learn what works and what doesn’t.
dXk\i`Xcj#Xe[pfli\hl`gd\ekn`ccljlXccpdXb\Ôi\c`^_k`e^  Collect tinder as soon as you enter the forest. If it’s
dlZ_\Xj`\iXe[dfi\c`b\cpkfjlZZ\\[% wet, dry it in your pockets against your warm body.
 Collect everything you need to get a fire going, then
:?FFJ@E>PFLI>IFLE; multiply it by ten. If you’re in a dire situation, you may
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c`^_kXÔi\[`i\Zkcpfek_\^ifle[Xe[nXkZ_k_XkpfliÔi\[f\jeËk suffer from exhaustion or hypothermia.
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120 CAMP CRAFT _ CAMP ESSENTIALS

THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE

THE THREE MATERIAL ELEMENTS you need to build a fire
are tinder, kindling, and fuel. They must be dry and collected EMERGENCY TINDER
Carry tinder, such as a tampon or cotton
in sufficient quantities. A well-made feather stick effectively wool balls, in a 35mm film canister or a
provides tinder, kindling, and fuel on one piece of wood—and Ziploc bag in your emergency kit. For
each fire, use some cotton wool or a
it needs only a spark to set it alight. small piece of tampon. Cotton wool
balls smeared with petroleum jelly
make a flame last ten times longer.
MAKING A FEATHER STICK
Between four and six well-made feather
sticks provide enough combustible material
to get a fire going. Keep a few already
made and packed away to use in an
emergency. The best feather sticks are
made from standing dead wood, but just
about any type of dry wood will do. If
you use small, dead branches that have
snapped off a tree, remove the bark first.

Choose the side of a stick with an even

grain and no knots. Work on a hard, flat
surface to stop the stick slipping.
 Lay the blade flat on the stick and run it all the Use sticks 10 in
way down without cutting into the wood—do this Hold your knife so that you can use (25 cm) long
the part of the blade closest to the and up to 3
ten times. This gives you a feel for the wood and handle—this gives you more control fingers in
how your knife moves over it. and puts less strain on your wrist diameter

TINDER Loosen the

The first element you use to make a fire is dry, combustible fibers so
they catch
material called tinder. You may have tinder in your alight easily
equipment (see pp. 122–23), or you may need to find
natural or other man-made sources. The key to success
is to experiment with what’s around you before you
actually need it. Make sure it’s dry—leave it in the sun
if it’s damp. When you use some tinder, replace it at
the earliest opportunity.

TYPES OF TINDER
Natural sources: Feather sticks (see above), shavings from the
outside of a bamboo stem, bark shavings, fine wood dust, pine
pitch, plant and animal down, powdered dung, and fire dog (a
charred stick). Also, birch bark (silver birch bark can be lit even
when it’s wet), clematis, honeysuckle, cattail, dry grass, dead
and dry moss, and some fungi. The best tinder for friction
methods of firelighting (see pp. 130–33) is tree bark, dry
grass, fungi, lichen, plant roots, fibers, and down.
Man-made sources: Cotton wool balls, tampons, char cloth,
fire tin (see p. 123), lint, tissue paper, camera film, strips of
rubber, and candle wick.
Buffed tinder looks
like a mouse’s nest
TINDER BUNDLE
A good way to prepare your tinder to take a spark or a coal is to
make it into a tinder bundle. Vigorously tease, rub, and pull the
fibers with your fingers until it becomes a ball the size of a
grapefruit. Push the finest, most combustible material into the
interior of the ball. Try mixing up your tinder to make it more
effective—for example, dry grass, birch bark, and cattail.
 THE ELEMENTS OF FIRE 121

STANDING DEADWOOD
A tree that’s died but hasn’t fallen over
has no green foliage and the bark falls
off without being replaced. This is the
ultimate wood for firelighting, as it can
provide kindling and fuel and, when split,
makes excellent feather sticks. The bottom
few inches may be wet where the tree
wicks up moisture from the ground.

Angle the
blade slightly
toward the
wood

The stick
gets thinner
as you make
the shavings
The shaving
Curled should curl
shavings as the blade Collect any
collect at moves down Keep the stick shavings
the bottom firmly on the that fall
of the stick ground to steady from the
your action stick

Now tilt the angle of the blade
slightly toward the wood.
 Keeping a part at the top of the
wood to use as a handle, run the blade
down the wood to cut a shaving.
 Stop just before the bottom so that
the shaving stays attached to the stick.
Turn the stick slightly and run
the knife down the edge created
in step 2 to create a second shaving.
Turn the stick again and repeat,
working around the stick.
 Try to get a rhythm going, and put
your body behind the cutting action.
Once you have mastered
the technique, continue
to feather the rest of the stick.
 When you’ve finished you
will have a thin stick with curled
shavings still attached, and
ready for use as kindling.

KINDLING FUEL
Kindling is the second material element of firelighting and, Initially, your fire needs constant tending, but once it can
when dry, is added to burning tinder. Kindling can be as sustain itself for five minutes it’s established and you can
thin as a match or as thick as a finger. You should be able add increasingly larger fuel to create a good heart—a bed
to snap it with your hands. If it doesn’t break with a crack of hot coals that sustains the fire with minimum effort on
then it’s probably not completely dry. If it’s damp, remove your part. The fuel should be about as thick as your wrist
the outer bark (this retains most of the moisture) and or forearm. At first, use dry fuel split into sticks that catch
break the kindling down into small sticks 6 in (15 cm) long. alight easily. Add green (live) wood and larger logs (whole
or split) once the fire is established. In wet conditions, build
Strip off the bark
TYPES OF KINDLING with your knife your fire under cover to keep off the rain.
 Soft-wood twigs are very
combustible, while wood TYPES OF FUEL
with flammable resin, such  Hard woods from mainly deciduous trees (such as oak, maple,
as pine, burns hot and long. ash, beech, and birch) burn hot and long, produce good coals,
 You can use some types and are more efficient. But they are hard to get going.
of tinder as kindling—for  Soft woods from conifers (such as pine, fir, and spruce) are
example, bark, palm leaves, easier to light as they can contain resin, but burn faster and
pine needles, grass, ground produce less heat than hard woods. They also make more smoke.
lichens, and ferns—but you  Peat is found on well-drained moorland and can be cut with
will need larger quantities a knife. However, it needs a good air supply.
for kindling than you  Charcoal is lightweight, smokeless, and burns hot.
needed for tinder.  Dried animal droppings provide a good smokeless fuel.
()) CAMP CRAFT V:8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ

:?8I:CFK?8E;=@I<:8E
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TOOLS AND MATERIALS
Ôi\ZXekfpfliYXZbgXZb%K_\j\\oZ\cc\ek]fidjf]k`e[\iXi\i\c`XYc\
 A can with a tight-fitting
Xe[gfk\ek`Xccpc`]\$jXm`e^%8ck\ieXk`m\cp#pflZXekXb\jfd\dXpXjk`Zbj% lid, such as a small shoe-
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 Nail
Ôi\b`kfic`e`e^k_\Yfkkfdf]pflijlim`mXcb`kj\\gg%-'Æ-( %  100 percent cotton cloth
 Knife or scissors
D8B@E>:?8I:CFK?  Spark or flame

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 CHAR CLOTH AND FIRE CAN 123
MAKING A FIRE CAN
TOOLS AND MATERIALS
You can use a fire can to start a stubborn fire when conditions are  A can with a tight-fitting lid, such as
less than perfect, or to boil water, do some basic cooking, or warm a small shoe-polish tin
your hands on a cold day. Once lit, a fire can burns for hours with  Cardboard (ribbed or plain)
a concentrated, controllable flame that produces no smoke. When  Candle and a match or lighter
it starts to fail, you can either Angle the candle  Knife or scissors
replenish the existing cardboard so that the flame
melts the wax
with more wax or replace the rather than just
cardboard and start again. burning into air

The can becomes hot

The extra 1⁄6 in (4 mm) of so don’t touch it
cardboard will burn down
slightly and act as a wick

Cut out a long, thin piece of
cardboard that’s 1⁄6 in (4 mm)
wider than the depth of your can.
 If it’s ribbed, cut it across the grain.
 Roll it tightly along its length until
the roll just fits inside the can.
Light your candle and let the
melting wax drop into the can.
 Let the wax soak the cardboard and
fill up the can—it’s a slow process.
 Stop when the wax nears the top.
 Allow the wax to harden.
When the can has cooled down,
hold it at an angle and light the
top of the cardboard with the candle.
 The flame should be concentrated
and spread across the top of the can.

Look at the color and

texture of the char cloth to
see if the process has worked Remove the
char cloth
FIRE WADS AND MAYASTICKS
from the tin Fire wads are rolled strips of newspaper soaked in a fuel.
and separate
the pieces to
Once dry, they make handy waterproof tinder. Mayasticks
let them aerate are pieces of resinous fatwood from the highlands of
Mexico and Guatemala. The pieces are easy to light,
even when wet, and generate a hot flame.

MAKING FIRE WADS AND MAYASTICKS

 To make fire wads, tightly roll strips of newspaper into a tube
4 in (10 cm) long and tie them with cord. Soak them in melted
wax and allow to dry. Light the center with a match.
 To light a mayastick, cut a little sliver of wood with your knife
and lift it from the surface of the stick. When a little resin seeps
out, set it alight with a flint and steel (see p. 127).

Once the tin has cooled down, remove the

lid and examine the charred cloth.
 The cloth should be completely black and have a
semi-rigid, but softish texture. If it’s fawn or brown, Strike the flint
put it back on the fire and leave for longer. A little sliver of wood is with your knife
 Cloth that’s brittle and crumbles is of no use. half-detached from the
surface of the stick Mayastick
 Check the cloth works by striking a spark on to
a piece; the spark should create a small red ember.
()+ CAMP CRAFT V:8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ

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There’s plenty of advice surrounding
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 Never make things any harder
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gi\gXi\[k_\^ifle[jfk_Xk\m\ipk_`e^`jjX]\j\\gg%((/Æ(0 % fire that requires the least effort
for the maximum gain.
:?FFJ@E>8=@I<  It is more efficient to build a small
fire and sit close to it, than to build
@]pfl_Xm\XZ_f`Z\f]]l\c#Xjn\ccXjk`d\kf`em\jk`eYl`c[`e^Xjg\Z`ÔZ a large fire and sit far away from it.
kpg\f]Ôi\#cffbXkk_\Z_f`Z\jY\cfnXe[[\k\id`e\n_`Z_fe\`jc`b\cp  If all your wood appears wet,
kfjl`kpfli`dd\[`Xk\e\\[j% remove the bark and split the
Pfligi`dXipZfej`[\iXk`fej_flc[Y\k_\]leZk`fef]k_\Ôi\1nXidk_ wood—the center will usually be dry.
`jgifYXYcppflidfjkli^\eki\hl`i\d\ek#Ylkfk_\ilj\j`eZcl[\Zffb`e^#  Once the fire is established, place
j`^eXc`e^j\\gg%)*/Æ*0 #[ip`e^n\kZcfk_`e^#Xe[[`jgfj`e^f]nXjk\% damp tinder, kindling, and larger
PfldXpnXekXgXik`ZlcXikpg\f]Ôi\Y\ZXlj\`kcXjkjXcce`^_k% pieces of wood close to the fire
:fej`[\ik_\XmX`cXY`c`kpf]k_\Zfdgfe\ekjpfle\\[kfYl`c[k_\ to dry out. Keep watch on them
so that they don’t dry out to the
Ôi\Ç]fi\oXdgc\#k_\i`^_k]l\cXe[k_\Y\jk^ifle[%8ilc\f]k_ldY point where they catch fire!
`jkf\jk`dXk\_fndlZ_pflk_`ebpflËcce\\[#k_\e[flYc\`k%
TYPE OF FIRE

TEEPEE STONE-LINED AUTOMATIC LONG LOG

 Surround the tinder ball with  Arrange large non-porous  Line a hole 3 ft (1 m) deep with  Put tinder, kindling, and fuel
kindling in the shape of a stones in a circle, place a non-porous stones. Put tinder logs in a depression 6 ft (2 m)
HOW

teepee. Arrange small, medium, tinder ball in the middle, with and kindling inside and rest long. Lay two long fuel logs
and large fuel logs in a square kindling around it. Add fuel large logs against the sides so on top of the burning fire.
at the foot of the teepee. logs when the fire is established. they drop down as they burn.

 Areas with abundant fuel,  Windy locations  Rock-free earth or sand,  Forested areas, because the
WHERE

because the fire requires lots  Popular areas with existing because it’s easy to dig fire requires long logs for fuel
of firewood fire rings and where low-
impact camping is vital

 Quick to light  Stones shelter fire from wind  Self-feeding once lit, which  Long-lasting (the fire can
means you don’t need to keep stay alight all night)
WHY

 Wet wood can be burned  Using an existing fire ring

because it’s dried by the reduces the fire’s impact on adding fuel  Emits a great deal of heat
heat of the inner fire the environment

 Warmth  Warmth  Cooking  Warmth (in cold weather,

Cooking Cooking Signaling (if green vegetation build a fire either side of you).
USES

  
 Signaling (if green vegetation  Signaling (if green vegetation is burned)  Cooking (once embers
is burned) is burned) have formed)

C@>?KPFLI=@I<
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SNAKE HOLE
 Create a hole in the side of
a bank and a chimney up
through the earth. Light a
fire inside using any fuel.
 Windy locations
 Rock-free earth or sand bank
 Chimney creates a draft, giving
a high-temperature fire
 Sheltered from the elements
 Warmth
Cooking
 Waste disposal
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STAR-SHAPED
 Build a fire from tinder, 
kindling, and fuel.
 Arrange four logs so they
meet in the middle.
 Push logs in as they burn.
 Forested areas, because of the 
logs the fire needs
 Long-lasting 
Good embers for cooking

 Cooking—balance a pot on 
the logs 
 Heating water
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TYPE OF FIRE
HUNTER DAKOTA HOLE
Make a fire out of tinder,  Dig a large hole for the fire and
kindling, and any type of fuel. a slightly smaller hole for the
Place two long logs either chimney, with a tunnel linking HOW
side of the fire in a V-shape. the two. Use small logs as fuel
and cook at ground level.
Cold or windy locations  Anywhere you can dig a hole,
WHERE
because the fire requires very
little fuel once established
Hardwood logs shelter the  Concentrated heat
fire from the wind Flames are below ground
WHY
Produces a great deal of heat so fire is hidden
Warmth  Cooking
Cooking Keeping warm
USES
 Drying wet clothing
()- CAMP CRAFT V:8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ

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TYPE OF DEVICE

MATCHES/LIGHTERS MAGNIFYING GLASS BEVERAGE CAN BATTERY

 Waterproof box of matches.  Magnifying glass  Empty beverage can  Flashlight and its battery
GEAR

 Cigarette lighter taped to a  Dry tinder  Dry tinder  Wire or wire wool
piece of cord around your neck.  Dry tinder
 Dry tinder

 To light a match “commando  With the magnifying glass,  Polish the bottom of the can  Lay the wire across the
style,” strike it away from you focus bright sunlight onto (see Signal mirror, p. 245). battery terminals to create
WHAT TO DO

on the box and then cup it in
your hands (see above).
some dry tinder and create a 
hot spot. Hold the magnifying
glass steady until the tinder
catches alight.
Catch bright sunlight on the
shiny surface and reflect it 
onto tinder to create a hot
spot. Hold the can steady
until the tinder catches alight.
some sparks.
Remove the bulb from the
flashlight and place wire wool
over the terminal. Switch on
the flashlight to create sparks.

 Waterproof matches are  When you choose a compass,  You’ll need to practice this  The thinner the wire the better
usually just standard matches make sure it has a magnifying technique so that you can this will work, especially with
COMMENTS

that have been coated with glass incorporated into it (for rely on it in a survival situation. lower voltage batteries (1.5v).
wax and varnish. reading the details on maps).  Use this method for a short
 Always have a lighter around  You can also use the lens in period only, otherwise you
your neck on a piece of cord. reading spectacles. will drain the battery.
 D8B@E>JG8IBJ8E;=C8D<J ().
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WARNING!
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Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizer
pflijlim`mXcb`k#Y\ZXlj\pflZXelj\k_\Z_\d`ZXcefkfecpkf that can, when mixed with certain chemicals,
jk\i`c`q\nXk\iXe[nfle[j#YlkXcjfkfZi\Xk\XjgXibkfc`^_k create an explosive mixture. It can also stain
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]ifdpflijlim`mXciXk`fejfiZilj_X_Xi[ZXe[p%

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Xe\hlXcXdflekf]jl^Xii\X[p% _Xi[jli]XZ\kfZi\Xk\]i`Zk`fe% pflik`e[\iXkk_\i\X[p%

TYPE OF DEVICE
FIRESTEEL FLINT AND STEEL ONE-HANDED STRIKER POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
 Ferrocerium firesteel  Magnesium-alloy rod  A magnesium-alloy rod and  Potassium permanganate
 Metal striker  Steel striker (usually a short steel device that can be  Sugar GEAR
 Dry tinder piece of hacksaw blade) operated using only one hand  Knife
 Dry tinder  Dry tinder
 Dry tinder

 Hold striker next to the tinder.  Follow instructions for the  Place the flint rod in the tinder.  Mix potassium permanganate
 Place the firesteel under the firesteel (left).  Press the thumb button onto and sugar in equal amounts on
WHAT TO DO

striker, directly on to the tinder. the rod and push the handle a hard surface.
 Draw the firesteel back across down the length of the rod.  Press down on the mixture
the striker to direct the sparks  Pushing harder creates with your knife and drag the
onto the tinder. The firesteel greater friction, which leads to blade along to create a spark
moves, not the striker. a more intense spark. (see above).

 Lasts for about 12,000 strikes.  There are many variations and  Works in all weathers.  You can also mix a small amount
kits; one has a magnesium of potassium permanganate
COMMENTS

 Temperature reaches 3,000°C.  Has a safety feature that

 Works in all weathers and at block for the holder and the
any altitude. striker shaves slivers of 
magnesium into the tinder
to help with ignition.
prevents accidental use.
Designed for fighter pilots,
who may injure an arm or
hand after ejecting.
with glycol or antifreeze.
Quickly wrap in paper and put
on the ground. Warning: stand
well clear as the combustion
can be sudden and dangerous.
()/ CAMP CRAFT _ :8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ

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(*' CAMP CRAFT V:8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ

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TOOLS AND MATERIALS
[i`cc#Xe[i\hl`i\jbefnc\[^\#jb`cc#giXZk`Z\#k_\Zfii\Zknff[#k`d\# Cordage such as para cord, fishing
Xe[\]]fik%?fn\m\i#feZ\c\Xie\[`kËjgfjj`Ycpk_\dfjki\nXi[`e^ line, shoelaces, or bailing twine
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Knife
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D8B@E>89FN;I@CC
THE FOUR SKILLS
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There are many ways to make fire by
friction, including a hand drill, bamboo Ôi\Yp]i`Zk`fe%KipkfÔe[k_\i`^_kkpg\f]nff[]fi\XZ_gXik#
fire saw (see p. 133), and bow drill. Each \jg\Z`Xccpk_\[i`ccXe[_\Xik_YfXi[j\\K\jk`e^Nff[#fggfj`k\ %
has its own advantages, depending on the
materials available and your practical skills. KfdXb\k_\Yfn#ZlkXjk`Zb K_\efkZ_`jXk`\$f]]
Regardless of the method, however, there gf`ek]fik_\Zfi[
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are four main elements to producing fire [`jkXeZ\Y\kn\\epfliXidg`k
by friction—each a skill on its own: Xe[pfliÔe^\ik`g%
 Identifying and procuring the correct
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types of wood. n`k_XYiX[Xnc e\Xi\XZ_\e[%
 Manufacturing the individual pieces
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that make the fireset.
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 Using the fireset to produce a coal.
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 Nurturing the coal into a flame.
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(*) CAMP CRAFT V:8DG<JJ<EK@8CJ

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Y\j`[\pfl%Lek`cpflY\Zfd\gifÔZ`\ekXklj`e^X[i`cc#pfln`cclj\cfkjf] TOOLS AND MATERIALS
\e\i^p#jfY\nXi\f]fm\i_\Xk`e^Xe[[\_p[iXk`fe%Klie`e^XZfXc`ekfX  Bow drill set (see pp. 130–31)
Ôi\`jXjb`cc`e`kj\c]#jflj\\m\ipfggfikle`kpkfgiXZk`Z\dXb`e^k`e[\i  Thin, dry piece of bark to use as
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 Buffed tinder, kindling, and fuel
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GETTING INTO POSITION XYfm\k_\Yfn
Place the ember pan on a flat, dry surface and
align it with the V on the hearth board. Rest
one foot on the board. Loop the bow cord 9\Xi[fnefe
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once around the drill, starting on the inside. k_\n\`^_kf]
Insert the drill into the hole on the hearth pfliYf[p
board, slot the block on top (with a green leaf
in the notch for lubrication), and lock your
wrist into your shin as support. Kneel on the
other leg and bear down on the block.

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(*+ CAMP CRAFT VD8EL8CJB@CCJ

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Learning skills that you can use
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In this sectionPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 the merits of a hank in your pocket...
how to strip a nettle stem and not get stung...
 when to twist and when to roll...
 how to tell a working end from a standing end...
 the uses of a sheet bend or a Siberian hitch...
 the difference between a parang and a kukri...
 how to fell a tree with a thumping stick...

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when you don’t have it can mean the
difference between continued survival
and despair
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(*- CAMP CRAFT VD8EL8CJB@CCJ

D8E$D8;<:FI;8><
8M@K8CG@<:<F=JLIM@M8C<HL@GD<EK#dXe$dX[\
USING CORDAGE
Zfi[X^\`jfe\f]k_fj\jdXcc`k\djk_Xk_XjdXeplj\j1
It is vital that you use your limited supply
Yl`c[`e^Xj_\ck\i#i\gX`i`e^\hl`gd\ekXe[Zcfk_`e^# of cordage as efficiently as possible.
dXb`e^kiXgjXe[e\kj#Xe[gif[lZ`e^Ôi\Yp]i`Zk`fe  Use only the minimum cordage that is
absolutely necessary to accomplish each task.
lj`e^XYfn[i`cc%8cnXpjgXZbgc\ekp%  Use simple, strong knots that, if possible,
can be released without cutting. This leaves
the cordage intact for the next task.
G8:B@E>:FI;8><
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SEALING PARACORD
Paracord can be awkward to use because its ends, if left
unprotected, eventually unravel. Try to seal the ends after you
have cut them by holding a flame next to them until they melt.
Be careful, as the melted nylon can drip and burn.
(*/ CAMP CRAFT VD8EL8CJB@CCJ

E8KLI8C:FI;8><
@=PFL;FEËK?8M<XepdXe$dX[\Zfi[X^\#pfldXp
Y\XYc\kfdXb\XeXkliXcjlYjk`klk\%Lj\k_\iffkjXe[ WARNING!
Take extreme care when you collect and
jk\djf]gcXekjkfgif[lZ\`dgifm`j\[ifg\]fi\i\Zk`e^ work with plant fibers, especially removing
j_\ck\ij#Xe[lj\j`e\n]ifdk_\k\e[fejf]cXi^\iXe`dXcj plants such as green ferns from the ground.
Bending a stem at its base and pulling it up
]fijkife^n_`gg`e^Xe[j\n`e^% can expose fibers that are razor-sharp. Cut
the plant with a knife or wear gloves. The
juice of some plants can irritate the skin,
GI<G8I@E>E<KKC<=@9<IJ so wash your hands when you’ve finished.
Fc[jk`e^`e^e\kkc\jfinff[e\kkc\jn`k_cfe^jk\dj_Xm\k_\dfjk
ÔY\ij%N\Xi`e^^cfm\jfin`k_pfli_Xe[jZfm\i\[ #jki`gk_\
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j\\n_XkZXeY\lj\[ÇpfldXpefk_Xm\kfcffbkff]Xi%

BARK ROOTS

 Tree trunks have layers between the bark and heartwood called  Many tree roots make good cordage and lashings, but
the “cambium” layers, which are best for cordage. evergreen trees, such as pine, fir, spruce, and cedar, work best.
FACTS

 The bark of trees such as willow and linden make good cordage.  Look for new roots near the surface of the soil; these are
FINDING

 Use other types of bark, such as clematis or honeysuckle, as they flexible. Cut slightly thicker roots than you need, as you have to
break from the tree or vine. remove the bark. Remove only a few roots from each tree and
repair any damage you do to the topsoil.
PREPARING

 Strip the bark from a dead tree, then beat it to loosen the inner  Cut a slit along the root. Peel the bark and let the bare root dry
cambium fibers. and shrink before splitting in half or into quarters.
 Pull off the cambium fibers in long strips. Use them as they are  Keep the bark for tinder or kindling. You could also put it on a
(clematis and honeysuckle), or braid them into stronger lengths. fire to produce smoke that keeps away flies.

9\e[k_\jk\d`ek_\d`[[c\f]`kjc\e^k_%N_\epflY\e[
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WITHIES
 The strong, flexible stems of willow, birch, 
ash, and hazel are called “withies” and are
used for thatching and in gardening.
FACTS
 Withies make useful and robust lashing
and are best used in spring or summer.
 Choose a young sapling or branch that’s 
long and flexible. The fewer the stems
FINDING
or branches the better, as they will need
to be removed.
 Remove stems or branches. Grasp the wand 
PREPARING
at the base and twist until the fibers break,
working your way to the tip. Bend the
wand into an S-shape and crank the middle 
of the wand to loosen the fibers. Then cut
the wand from the tree and use the withies.
E8KLI8C:FI;8>< (*0
MAKING CORDAGE FROM PLANTS
To begin with, you must have access to enough
quantities of the plant. Don’t start making cordage
K\Xj\k_\ÔYiflj
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with the only plant in the area. There should also be
pflik_ldY some basic characteristics present in order for plant
material to work well as cordage.
 The fibers need to be long enough. If you have to
J\Zk`fef]
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splice them together to make workable lengths, you
will weaken the line.
 If you’re braiding pieces together to make a stronger
line, use rougher fibers, as they will bite together
better. Shiny or smooth fibers tend to unravel easily.
The fibers need to be strong. Pull on them to see
how much strain they take before breaking. They also
need to be pliable enough so they don’t break when
you bend and tie them.
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LEAVES SINEW
The leaves of many plants, such as the  Animal sinew makes strong and versatile
lily family, agave, and sisal hemp, contain cordage—some sinews can support the
useful fibers. weight of a man.
 Sinew has been used to bind arrow heads
to shafts and to sew together everyday
clothing, such as leather and mukluks.
To find out if the leaves of a plant contain  Sinews are the tendons connecting bone
useful fibers, simply tear a leaf apart to to muscle. The largest are on both sides
see if it breaks into stringy layers. of the spinal column, running parallel to it.
 Shorter lengths can be taken from the
calves of the hind legs.
Soak the leaves in water to make the inner  Take a tendon from an animal’s body, remove
layers swell and burst. Bacteria work on its outer sheath, then clean it and let it dry.
the cell tissue, separating it from the fibers. Separate the dried fibers and use them as
Rinse the fibers in fresh water to stop individual threads, or splice or braid them
further bacterial decay and then dry them. together to form stronger cords. You can
soften dried sinew with water or saliva.
(+' CAMP CRAFT VD8EL8CJB@CCJ

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c\kk_\d[ipY\]fi\lj`e^k_\dÇ_Xe^k_\dlg`ek_\jlefie\Xi TOOLS AND MATERIALS
XÔi\%@eXjlim`mXcj`klXk`fe#pflZXelj\k_\dY\]fi\[ip`e^%Kn`jk`e^ Enough prepared natural fibers (see
fiifcc`e^k_\ÔY\ijXi\k_\knfdX`ed\k_f[jf]dXb`e^eXkliXc pp. 138–39) to give you the length of
Zfi[X^\%8jn`k_dfjkjlim`mXckXjbj#giXZk`Z\dXb\jg\i]\Zk% cordage that you require

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 E8KLI8C:FI;8>< (+(
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SIMPLE ALTERNATIVE TWIST K_`jd\k_f[f]ifcc`e^Zfi[X^\#n_`Z_`jXcjfbefneXj
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Start by tying one end of one fiber with one end of the other. e\\[kfjkXikn`k_knfÔY\ijf][`]]\i\ekc\e^k_jXe[
 Clamp tied ends in your left thumb and forefinger and the two k`\fe\\e[f]fe\ÔY\ikffe\\e[f]k_\fk_\i%
tails in your right thumb and forefinger about 2 in (5 cm) down.
 Roll both fibers between your fingers away from you for one
complete roll. Repeat this until you have about 3 in (7.5 cm) of
rolled fibers, then clamp them in your right thumb and forefinger.
 Release your left thumb and forefinger and the rolled fibers
will naturally twist together to form a strand of cordage.
 Repeat the process until you have enough for your needs.

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THE ENDS OF A LINE
The end of a rope or line that takes the most
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The other end is called the standing end—it’s
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(++ CAMP CRAFT VD8EL8CJB@CCJ

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WARNING!
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If you drop a bushcraft
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KNIFE KNOW-HOW
 A bushcraft knife is used primarily for carving, cutting, and
splitting small logs. If you need to chop large logs, use either
a machete or a saw.
 A knife doesn’t need to be longer than 8–9 in (20–22.5 cm).
 Don’t use a knife with a serrated edge when working with
wood, as the serrations make it hard to use the part of the blade
closest to the handle (essential for making feather sticks, etc).
 Keep your knife safe when not in use. Clean and dry the
blade and return it to its sheath.
 Wear your sheath on your belt or around your neck on a
lanyard. Belt sheaths may be high (the handle is above the
belt) or low (the handle is below the belt, which allows you
to sit down without the handle poking you in the side).

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STRONG BLADES
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In this sectionPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 when to lie low in a hollow or camp in a cave...
 how to modify your poncho to put up a shelter...
 the difference between a bothy and a bivy...
 how to bed down with duck down or wake up in a wickiup...
 the importance of using your noggins to secure your shelter...
 how to configure your fig leaves to keep out the rain...

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j`e^c\$g\ijfeglgk\ek%K_\X[mXekX^\f]dXb`e^X  Button ties
k\ek]ifdk_\Y`mpjXZb`jk_Xk#`en\k  Wooden pegs
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(-) TAKING SHELTER

=FI<JKJ?<CK<IJ
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TOOLS AND MATERIALS
]fi\jkn`k_flkXgfeZ_f#Y`mpjXZb#fikXig#pflZXedXb\X
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j_\ck\i]ifdeXkliXcdXk\i`Xcj%=fi\oXdgc\#pflZXeZfejkilZk  Saw and knife
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c\Xe$kf`j\Xj`\i]fiX^iflgkfYl`c[Y\ZXlj\pflZXej_Xi\k_\  Saplings
 Foliage for the roof covering
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 FOREST SHELTERS 163
TREE SHELTERS
The branches, roots, or trunk
of a fallen tree can make a
basic shelter. Make sure the
tree is safe before you use it,
as a further fall could injure
BROKEN BRANCHES UPTURNED ROOTS FALLEN TRUNK
you. Dead trees are probably A branch that has snapped from The base of an uprooted tree Lay sticks or branches against a
dry, so don’t light a fire under a tree trunk but hasn’t yet fallen can give good protection from fallen trunk to form a pitched
them. Check the base of the makes a good ridgepole. Prop the elements. Make sure it’s roof. Weave saplings across
tree for snakes, spiders, and smaller branches and roofing safe and won’t flood if it rains, them and cover with bark, turf,
nests of insects. material up against it. then add boughs and foliage. moss, leaves, and mulch.

Roof poles should be

at least as long as the
shelter needs to be

Lay the saplings

horizontally, then
criss-cross with
diagonal saplings

Side stakes along

either side of the
shelter form walls

Place five roof poles evenly along the ridgepole so Weave saplings in and out through the roof poles,
that they slope back to the foot of the lean-to. working across and down from the ridgepole.
 Keep the outside poles between the trees to stop them  Alternate the weave of each row of saplings, first
moving outward. horizontally and then diagonally.
 Lash each roof pole to the ridgepole.  Weave smaller saplings through side stakes to form walls.
 Hammer in side stakes alongside the outside poles.
Erect a sturdy fire
Bank the final reflector (see p. 164)
covering against around the front of
the walls to help the shelter
the insulation

With everyone in the

same lean-to shelter
you need to light and tend
only one fire.
 Layer the inside floor
with dry material to
form bedding.
 Establish a watch system
during the night to ensure
that the fire is maintained Place a pole
between the
and controlled. trees to keep the
bedding in place
(-+ TAKING SHELTER

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NEED TO KNOW gifk\Zk`fe]ifdk_\n`e[
Build your shelter so that the wind blows across the front of it at Xe[k_\iX`e
a slight angle, rather than into it. This maintains its effectiveness
and prevents smoke entering from the fire. If the shelter backs
on to the wind, there’s a risk the wind will blow
around it and curl into the entrance.

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(-- TAKING SHELTER

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In this sectionPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 that birds can show you the way to water...
 when to suck on a small pebble...
 how to make a gypsy well and a solar still...
 why a Finnish marshmallow could save your life...
 how to absorb water without drinking it...
 how to improvise a basic bladder...
 the importance of surgical tubing...

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@kËjm`kXckfi\Zf^e`q\k_\jpdgkfdj\Xicp%=XZkfijk_XkZXec\X[kf n_\e\oZ\jjnXk\iXZZldlcXk\j`e
[\_p[iXk`fe`eZcl[\_`^_Xe[cfnk\dg\iXkli\j#_ld`[`kp#nfib$iXk\# k_\Yf[pXkX_`^_\iiXk\k_Xe`kZXe
Zcfk_`e^#Yf[pj`q\#Ôke\jjc\m\cj#Xe[`ealip% Y\\oZi\k\[%@ki\jlckj`eX[`d`e`j_\[
jf[`ldZfeZ\ekiXk`fe`ek_\Yf[pËj
THE EFFECTS OF WATER LOSS gcXjdXXe[k_\jn\cc`e^f]k_\
Yf[pËjZ\ccj%@kZXec\X[kfXjnfcc\e
1–5% LOST 6–10% LOST 11–12% LOST YiX`eXe[fk_\ie\lifcf^`ZXc
gifYc\djXe[#`e\oki\d\ZXj\j#
 Thirst  Dizziness  Stiffness of joints ZfdXXe[[\Xk_%K_\nXpkfgi\m\ek
 Discomfort  Dry mouth  Deafness _pgfeXkiX\d`X`jkfZfekifck_\
 Urine becomes darker  Blueness of extremities  Defective vision Xdflekf]nXk\ik_Xkpfl[i`eb#Xe[
 Loss of appetite  Slurred speech  Shriveled skin
kfi\^lcXk\pfliYf[pËjjXck`ekXb\%
 Impatience  Swollen tongue  Lack of feeling in skin
@]pfl[feËk_Xm\jXckfijf[`ld
 Drowsiness  Blurred vision  Inability to swallow
kXYc\kj`epflijlim`mXck`e#pflZXe
 Lethargy  Tingling in limbs  Delirium
Ôck\ijXcknXk\ik_ifl^_]XYi`Zkf
 Nausea  Inability to walk  Unconsciousness
 Difficulty in breathing  Death j`]kflkk_\jXckZfek\ek%
 Headache

I8K@FE@E>PFLIN8K<I
N8K<I$9FIE<;@J<8J<J @]pflinXk\ijlggc`\jXi\c`d`k\[#
NXk\i$Yfie\[`j\Xj\jXi\ZXlj\[Yp`e^\jk`e^nXk\iZfekXd`eXk\[Yp pflËcc_Xm\kflj\n_XkiXk`fejpfl
k_\]X\Z\jfili`e\f]_ldXejfiXe`dXcjk_XkZfekX`ejgifkfqfX#m`ilj\j# _Xm\\]ÔZ`\ekcplek`cpflËi\i\jZl\[%
YXZk\i`X#fi`ek\jk`eXcgXiXj`k\j%>cfYXccp#k_\pZXlj\('d`cc`fe[\Xk_jXp\Xi% @]pflinXk\iiXk`fejn`ccefkcXjk
k_Xkcfe^#pflËcc_Xm\kfgifZli\nXk\i
DISEASE SYMPTOMS pflij\c]%K_\i\`jdlZ_[\YXk\XYflk
k_\X[mXekX^\jXe[[`jX[mXekX^\jf]
Cryptosporidium Loss of appetite, nausea, and abdominal pain, usually followed
PROTOZOA

by profuse, foul-smelling, watery diarrhea, and vomiting. [i`eb`e^efnXk\i]fik_\Ôijk)+_flij

f]Xjlim`mXcj`klXk`fe#YlkXkk_`j\Xicp
Giardiasis Loss of appetite, lethargy, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, blood in the urine, jkX^\`kËjY\jkkfdXb\jli\pflËi\
and abdominal cramps. X[\hlXk\cp_p[iXk\[%PfligXik`ZlcXi
Z`iZldjkXeZ\jn`cc[`ZkXk\n_XkËjY\jk
VIRUS

Infectious hepatitis Nausea, loss of appetite, mild fever, aching muscles, dark-colored kf[f#YlkXcnXpjZfej`[\ik_\]fccfn`e^1
(Hepatitis A) urine, jaundice, and abdominal pain.
K_\`eZ`[\ekk_Xkglkpfl`ek_\
Amoebic dysentery Feeling of fatigue and listlessness. Feces may be solid, but will jlim`mXcj`klXk`fedXp_Xm\Y\\e
smell foul and contain blood and mucus. Yfk_[iXdXk`ZXe[jki\jj]lc2k_`j
n`ccdXb\pflk_`ijkp%
Bacillary dysentery Fever, abdominal pain, muscle cramps, high temperature, and blood, @ek_\Ôijk)+_flijf]Xjlim`mXc
(Shigellosis) pus, and mucus in stools.
j`klXk`fe#pflËccY\X[[i\jj`e^k_\
Cholera Vomiting, poor circulation, cold and clammy skin, muscle cramps, gi`eZ`gc\jf]jlim`mXc1gifk\Zk`fe
BACTERIUM

rapid dehydration, and increased heart-rate. j_\ck\i Xe[cfZXk`fej\\g%). %K_`j

`j_Xi[#k_`ijkpnfib%
E. coliform Diarrhea and vomiting. Can cause death in vulnerable groups such G_pj`ZXc]XZkfijÇjlZ_Xj
as the very young or the elderly.
j\Xj`Zbe\jj#`ealip#fik_\\em`ifed\ek
Jaundiced appearance, lethargy, high temperature, aching muscles,
pflËi\`e#jlZ_XjX[\j\ikÇdXp
Leptospirosis
and vomiting. Can be fatal if not diagnosed early. [`ZkXk\k_XknXk\i$iXk`fe`e^`jefkX
m`XYc\fgk`fe%
Salmonella Nausea, diarrhea, headaches, stomach cramps, fever, possible @]pflfecp_Xm\Xc`d`k\[nXk\i
blood in the feces, and vomiting. jlggcp#Ylk[i`ebefk_`e^]fik_\
Ôijk)+_flij#pfldXp\e[lg
Bilharzia Irritation to the urinary tract and blood in urine, rash or itchy skin,
PARASITES

abdominal pain, cough, diarrhea, fever, and fatigue. Y\`e^jf[\_p[iXk\[k_Xkn_Xk

c`kkc\nXk\ipfl_Xm\`epfli
Hookworms Anaemia and lethargy. Larvae travel to lungs and are coughed up gfjj\jj`fen`cc_Xm\efgfj`k`m\
and swallowed into the stomach, where they grow into worms. \]]\Zkfepfli[\_p[iXk\[jkXk\%
(// WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8K<I

=@E;@E>N8K<I1
K<DG<I8K<:C@D8K<J
K?<89@C@KPKFCF:8K<[i`eb`e^nXk\iZXeZ_Xcc\e^\
\m\ek_\dfjk\og\i`\eZ\[jlim`mfiXe[k_\Z_Xcc\e^\jZXe WARNING!
mXip[iXdXk`ZXccpXZZfi[`e^kfk_\\em`ifed\ekXe[k_\cfZXc In a survival situation, even if
you think your chances of rescue are
Zfe[`k`fej%@k`j#k_\i\]fi\#\oki\d\cp`dgfikXekk_XkpflËi\XnXi\ high and that help is imminent, you
f]Xcck_\gfk\ek`XcjfliZ\jf]nXk\i]fik_\\em`ifed\ekpflËi\`e% should start to look for water sources
as soon as you have addressed the
immediate problems of protection
:FCC<:K@E>N8K<I and shelter (see pp. 154–81).
PflZXeÔe[nXk\i`eXiXe^\f]jfliZ\j#n_`Z_mXip`ek\idj Remember that you can survive
f]hlXc`kpXe[XZZ\jj`Y`c`kp%Pfligi`fi`kp`jkfcfZXk\k_\Y\jkXe[ for up to three weeks without food;
dfjkXZZ\jj`Yc\jfliZ\f]nXk\i`epfli`dd\[`Xk\\em`ifed\ek% without water, you won’t be able
to survive for more than a few days.

:8K:?@E>I8@EN8K<I
:fcc\Zk`e^iX`eXj`k]Xccj`jk_\jX]\jk MATERIALS AND TOOLS
nXpkfgifZli\[i`eb`e^nXk\i%@kn`cc Tarpaulin
e\\[efki\Xkd\ekgi`fikf[i`eb`e^#Xj Four sticks
cfe^Xjk_\ZXkZ_d\ek[\m`Z\`kj\c]_Xj String
efkY\\eZfekXd`eXk\[%8epeldY\i Heavy stone
f]efe$gfifljdXk\i`XcjÇjlZ_Xj Container
kXigXlc`ej#gfeZ_fj#Õpj_\\kj#jlim`mXc
YcXeb\kj#fi\m\ecXi^\c\Xm\jÇZXeY\
lj\[XjXiX`e$ZXkZ_d\ek[\m`Z\%9\Xi
`ed`e[k_Xkk_\cXi^\ik_\jli]XZ\Xi\X Lj\jk`ZbjXj :fcc\ZkiX`enXk\i
`dgifm`j\[jkXb\j `eXkXigXlc`e
f]k_\dXk\i`Xc#k_\dfi\iX`enXk\i Xj`k]Xccj
pflËccY\XYc\kfZXkZ_%

J\c\ZkXgcXZ\XjZcfj\kfpfli
ZXdgXjgfjj`Yc\n_\i\pfli
ZXkZ_d\ek[\m`Z\n`ccY\\ogfj\[
kfk_\dfjkgfjj`Yc\iX`e%

=`idcpj\Zli\k_\kXigXlc`e
kf]flijkXb\jjk`Zbjf]\hlXc
c\e^k_Zflc[Y\lj\[ lj`e^jki`e^%
DXb\jli\k_Xkfe\\e[`j_`^_\i
k_Xek_\fk_\ikfgifm`[\XeXkliXc
ile$f]]]fik_\nXk\i%

GcXZ\X_\Xmpjkfe\`e
k_\d`[[c\f]k_\kXigXlc`e#
ifl^_cpknf$k_`i[jf]k_\nXp
kfnXi[k_\cfn\i\e[#kfZi\Xk\
GcXZ\Xjkfe\`ek_\d`[[c\f]
XZ_Xee\c`ekfn_`Z_k_\iX`en`cc k_\kXigXlc`eknf$k_`i[jf]
ile[fne]ifdk_\kXigXlc`eËjj`[\j% k_\nXpkfnXi[k_\cfn\i\e[
kfZi\Xk\XeXkliXcile$f]]
GcXZ\XZfekX`e\i#jlZ_XjX gf`ek]fik_\nXk\i
gXefiZXe#Y\e\Xk_k_\\e[
:XkZ_k_\iX`enXk\i`eX
f]k_\Z_Xee\ckfZfcc\Zkk_\nXk\i ZfekX`e\iXj`kÕfnj
Xj`kjkXikjkfÕfnf]]k_\kXigXlc`e% ]ifdk_\kXigXlc`e
 =@E;@E>N8K<I1K<DG<I8K<:C@D8K<J (/0
CF:8K@E>FK?<IE8KLI8CN8K<IJFLI:<J
@]iX`enXk\i`jefkXmX`cXYc\#k_\i\dXpY\fk_\ieXkliXcjfliZ\jf]nXk\i#
]ifd\Xj`cpm`j`Yc\jki\XdjXe[i`m\ij#kfYfi\jXe[_fc\j#n_`Z_ZXeY\_`[[\e% CF:8K@E>?@;;<E
N_Xk\m\ipflijfliZ\#pflj_flc[XcnXpjki\Xkk_\nXk\iY\]fi\[i`eb`e^% N8K<IJFLI:<J
K_\gi\j\eZ\f]nXk\i`jljlXccp
SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS `e[`ZXk\[Ypj`^ejf]c`]\#jlZ_Xj
^i\\em\^\kXk`fe#Xe`dXckiXZbj#
These occur when the water is forced to the surface as a result of subterranean
fi_ldXe_XY`kXk`fe%<m\e`]k_\
pressures or from gravitational flow from higher sources. Found in low-lying
SPRINGS areas, springs normally provide a permanent water source. Contrasting green k\iiX`epflËi\`eXgg\Xijc`]\c\jj#
vegetation is an indicator of their presence. k_\i\dXpY\gc\ekpf]`e[`ZXkfij
f]Xgfjj`Yc\nXk\ijfliZ\%
Rivers and streams are an invaluable source of water, but there are still a few LJ<K?<K<II8@E
things you need to bear in mind when collecting water from them. The closer
FYj\im\k_\cXe[jZXg\]figXkZ_\j
to the mountaintop the river or stream is, the clearer the fast-running water
will be. The further downstream the water travels, the more likely it is to pick f]^i\\e%9\XnXi\k_Xkm\^\kXk`fe
STREAMS dXpefke\\[fYm`fljjli]XZ\nXk\i
up minerals, debris, and pollutants that might be harmful to you. If possible,
AND either check upstream for dead animals that may have contaminated the water, ]fijlim`mXcXe[dXp^\k`kjnXk\i
RIVERS or follow the water downstream. Always try to collect the fast-flowing water ]ifd[\\giffkjk_XkkXg`ekf
near to the surface. In arid areas, rivers and streams tend only to flow during df`jkli\Y\cfnk_\jli]XZ\%
floods and will contain more pollutants and debris. NXk\i`jjlYa\Zkkf^iXm`kpXe[`j
dfi\c`b\cpkfY\]fle[[fne_`ccfi`e
cfn$cp`e^Xi\Xj#jlZ_XjmXcc\pj#[ip
Usually found in high ground, rock holes are natural collectors of rainwater. If
ROCK HOLES the water appears to be trapped deep down, you can use your surgical tubing i`m\iY\[j#eXiifnZXepfej#^lcc`\j#Xe[
to retrieve it. Make sure you filter and purify the water before you drink it. Xkk_\YXj\f]Zc`]]jfiifZb]fidXk`fej%
>i\\em\^\kXk`fe]fidje\okkfXi`m\i
Xe[[\Zi\Xj\jXjk_\^ifle[i`j\j
WELLS In some areas, you may find wells or old bore holes. Wells, which may be XnXp]ifdk_\nXk\ijfliZ\%
featured on local maps, can be deep and covered, making water procurement NXk\in`ccf]k\ej\\g`ecXe[fe
AND more difficult. In remote areas, wells are covered and marked in certain ways
BORES ZfXjkc`e\j#c\Xm`e^Y\_`e[n\kcXe[j
by the locals—find out what the markers are for your area.
k_XkZfekX`enXk\in`k_kfc\iXYc\
c\m\cjf]jXckfik_XkZXeY\[`jk`cc\[
Rivers, streams, and water run-offs all flow into lakes or ponds. If you’re `eXjfcXijk`ccj\\g%(/0 kfgifZli\
LAKES collecting water from these sources, always try to collect it as it runs into the ]i\j_nXk\i%
AND body of water, as lakes and ponds are more static than flowing water and can,
PONDS therefore, become increasingly stagnant. Try to find the cleanest-looking area N8K:?K?<8E@D8CJ
and avoid areas where debris has collected or where algae has formed. Note K_\9\[fl`ec`jk\ekfk_\kn`kk\i`e^
that the presence of fish indicates that the water is still oxygenated.
f]Y`i[jXk[XneXe[[ljbXe[]fccfn
k_\`iÕ`^_kgXk_kf[`jZfm\in_\i\
Usually located at the base of cliffs, high ground, or rocky outcrops, seepage k_\p[i`eb%
SEEPAGE
is caused by slow-running channels that drain off these features. =cfZbjf]Y`i[jZ`iZc`e^fm\ife\jgfk
Xi\ljlXccpÕp`e^fm\iXnXk\ijfliZ\%
Soaks are found close to rivers and creeks in low-lying areas, and are normally K_`j[f\jefkXggcpkfd\Xk$\Xk`e^
lower than the existing water table. The presence of soaks is often indicated Y`i[j#jlZ_Xjmlckli\j#\X^c\j#fi
SOAKS
by vegetation and they may be subject to pollution as a result of their use by _Xnbj#n_f^\kk_\`iÕl`[i\hl`i\d\ekj
animals. Make sure you filter and purify the water before you drink it. ]ifdk_\d\Xkk_\p\Xk%
8ccÔeZ_\jXe[^iX`e$\Xk\ije\\[X
i\^lcXijlggcpf]nXk\i%FYj\im\k_\`i
8MF@;@E>GFK<EK@8C;8E><IJ
Õ`^_kgXkk\iejkfcfZXk\XnXk\ijfliZ\%
DfjknXk\ijfliZ\jXi\c`b\cpkfY\lj\[YpXe`dXcj]fi[i`eb`e^#YXk_`e^# 9\\je\\[nXk\i#jfY\\_`m\jXi\
li`eXk`e^#Xe[[\]\ZXk`e^#jfXcnXpjÔck\iXe[gli`]pXepnXk\iZfcc\Zk\[Y\]fi\ e\m\i]Xi]ifdXnXk\ijfliZ\%
lj\j\\gg%)''Æ'( 2k_\fecp\oZ\gk`fekfk_`jilc\`j`]pfl_Xm\Zfcc\Zk\[ 8e`dXckiXZbj#\jg\Z`Xccpk_fj\
iX`enXk\i%N_\eZfcc\Zk`e^nXk\i#pflj_flc[XcjfY\XnXi\f]k_\]fccfn`e^[Xe^\ij% f]_\i[Xe`dXcj#n`ccf]k\ec\X[kf
@k`jgfjj`Yc\k_XkpflËcc\eZflek\i[Xe^\ifljXe`dXcj\`k_\ilj`e^k_\nXk\i XnXk\ijfliZ\%Cffb]fiZfem\i^`e^
jfliZ\#fifek_\nXpkffi]ifdk_\nXk\ijfliZ\% j\kjf]kiXZbj%
8cdfjkXccdXafinXk\ijfliZ\jn`cc_Xm\XiXeb`e^jpjk\dkf[\k\id`e\n_`Z_ =c`\jjkXpZcfj\kfnXk\iXe[k_\
Xe`dXcjZXelj\`k%@]Xccf]k_\jdXcc^Xq\cc\jjl[[\ecp[`jXgg\Xi#Xjbpflij\c]n_p% gi\j\eZ\f]dfjhl`kf\jXcdfjk
@]pflËi\Zfcc\Zk`e^nXk\i]ifdi`m\ij#Y\XnXi\f]k_\gfk\ek`Xc[Xe^\ijf] Z\ikX`ecpd\Xejk_XknXk\i`je\XiYp%
i`m\in`c[c`]\#jlZ_XjZifZf[`c\jXe[jeXb\j% Cffbflk]fi_\i[Xe`dXcj#jlZ_Xj
@]lj`e^[ipi`m\iY\[j[li`e^k_\iX`epj\Xjfe#Y\XnXi\k_XkÕXj_Õff[jZXe Yl]]Xcf#_`ggfj#\c\g_Xekj#`dgXcX#Xe[
dfm\hl`Zb\ik_XepflZXeile% n`c[\Y\\jk#Xjk_\p[\g\e[fenXk\i%
(0' WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8K<I

GIF:LI@E>N8K<I
<m\e`]pflÔe[pflij\c]`eXe\em`ifed\ekn`k_flkXepfYm`flj
DELAYING DEHYDRATION
nXk\ijfliZ\j#`k[f\jeËke\Z\jjXi`cpd\Xek_XknXk\in`ccefk
When water is scarce, the following points
Y\XmX`cXYc\kfpfl%K_\i\Xi\XeldY\if]nXk\i$gifZli\d\ek will help you delay the onset of dehydration:
k\Z_e`hl\jk_XkdXpd\Xek_\[`]]\i\eZ\Y\kn\\epfldXb`e^ Conserve what water you have and use
`kk_ifl^_Xjlim`mXcj`klXk`fefiefk% it as efficiently as possible.
Work only in the coolest part
JFLI:@E>N8K<I=IFD;<N of the day and avoid sweating.
;\n`jnXk\i`ek_\]fidf][ifgc\kjk_Xk]fidfe\ogfj\[jli]XZ\j`ek_\ If the sun is shining, seek shade and
\Xicpdfie`e^ficXk\\m\e`e^Xe[ZXegifm`[\Xe`emXclXYc\jlggcpf]]i\j_ keep covered.
nXk\i%@kfZZlijn_\ek_\k\dg\iXkli\f]Xjli]XZ\`jcfn\efl^_kfXccfn Suck a small, smooth button
k_\df`jkli\`ek_\nXid\iX`iXYfm\`kkfZfe[\ej\%;\nZXe\Xj`cpY\ or pebble to help stimulate saliva and
Zfcc\Zk\[]ifdXepefe$gfifljjli]XZ\ÇjlZ_XjXZXiiff]fiXkXigXlc`e remove the sensation of thirst.
Çn`k_Xg`\Z\f]Zcfk_k_XkZXek_\eY\nile^flk`ekfXZfekX`e\i%Pfl Avoid eating protein-rich food
ZXeXcjf_Xim\jkfikiXg[\n% as it requires more water to digest
?8IM<JK@E>;<N than those in other food groups.
PflZXe_Xim\jk[\nYpnXcb`e^k_ifl^_XÔ\c[f]cfe^^iXjjY\]fi\jlei`j\
ficXk\`ek_\\m\e`e^n`k_Xg`\Z\f]XYjfiY\ekdXk\i`XcÇjlZ_XjiX^jfiX
K$j_`ikÇk`\[Xifle[pfliXebc\j% D8B@E>8;<NKI8G
;`^X_fc\XYflk(/`e+,Zd [\\g#c`e\n`k_X
gcXjk`Zj_\\k#Xe[Ôccn`k_jdffk_#Zc\Xejkfe\j%
NXk\in`ccZfe[\ej\fek_\jkfe\jfm\ie`^_k%
?Xim\jkXj\XicpXjgfjj`Yc\k_\e\okdfie`e^
kf\ejli\`k[f\jefk\mXgfiXk\%
N\`^_[fne GcXZ\jkfe\j
c`e`e^n`k_jkfe\ `ek_\_fc\

K`\k_\dXk\i`Xck`^_kcp Ni`e^k_\iX^jkf\okiXZkk_\
Xifle[\XZ_Xebc\Xe[nXcb nXk\i%I\g\Xkk_\gifZ\jj C`e\_fc\n`k_ :fe[\ejXk`fe
Zfcc\Zkj`e
k_ifl^_k_\[\n$Zfm\i\[^iXjj%@k lek`cpfl_Xm\XeXdgc\jlggcpf] efe$gfiflj
Yfkkfdf]_fc\
dXk\i`Xc
n`ccXYjfiYk_\[\nXjpfldfm\% nXk\ifik_\[\n_Xj\mXgfiXk\[%

JFLI:@E>N8K<I=IFDGC8EKJ D8B@E>8M<><K8K@FE98>
:lk^i\\em\^\kXk`feXe[gcXZ\`k`eXgcXjk`ZYX^%GcXZ\
KiXejg`iXk`fe`jk_\\mXgfiXk`fef]nXk\i]ifdXgcXek#
Xjdffk_ifZb`ek_\cfn\iZfie\if]k_\YX^Xe[k`\f]]k_\
gi`dXi`cp]ifd`kjc\Xm\j%PflZXeZfcc\Zkk_`jmXgfikfYffjk
fg\e\e[%J\Zli\k_\YX^`e[`i\Zkjlec`^_k%K_\jleZXlj\j
pfli]i\j_nXk\ijlggcp%8ccpfle\\[`jXZc\XigcXjk`ZYX^% nXk\i`ek_\c\Xm\jkf\mXgfiXk\#Zfe[\ejXk`fe]fidjfe
k_\gcXjk`ZYX^Xe[[i`gjkfk_\cfn\iZfie\if]k_\YX^%
D8B@E>8KI8EJG@I8K@FE98>
=`cck_\YX^n`k_k_\dfjk
GcXZ\Xjdffk_ifZb`ek_\cfn\iZfie\if]k_\gcXjk`ZYX^# jlZZlc\ek$cffb`e^c\Xm\j
Xe[gcXZ\k_\YX^fm\ik_\c\Xm\jf]Xki\\YiXeZ_#kp`e^k_\ pflZXeÔe[
\e[%8jnXk\i\mXgfiXk\j]ifdk_\c\Xm\j#`kn`ccZfe[\ej\ NXk\iZXeY\
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8jfcXijk`ccnfibjlj`e^k_\jXd\gi`eZ`gc\XjXm\^\kXk`feYX^ TOOLS AND MATERIALS
j\\fggfj`k\ %@kZfcc\ZkjgfkXYc\nXk\i]ifdk_\mXgfik_Xk`jgif[lZ\[ Spade or shovel
Ypm\^\kXk`fe#nXk\ik_Xk`jleÔkkf[i`eb#fidf`jkli\]ifdk_\^ifle[% Two containers
Vegetation and/or undrinkable water
@[\XccpÔe[#fi[`^#X_fc\`ek_\^ifle[Xkc\Xjk)]k'%-d n`[\
Piece of fabric or clothing
Xe[)]k'%-d [\\g%GcXZ\Xe\dgkpZfekX`e\i`ek_\Z\ek\if]
Plastic sheet, tarpaulin, or space blanket
k_\_fc\%=`cck_\_fc\n`k_m\^\kXk`fe#Xi\Z\gkXZc\ZfekX`e`e^le[i`ebXYc\
Stones
nXk\i#jlZ_XjjXcknXk\ifili`e\#fi]XYi`ZjfXb\[`ele[i`ebXYc\nXk\i%
Surgical tubing
:fm\ik_\_fc\n`k_XgcXjk`Zj_\\k#Xe[j\Zli\ Jli^`ZXc
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8^ff[d\k_f[f]lj`e^k_\^ifle[kfZi\Xk\Zc\Xe\inXk\i]ifd SURGICAL TUBING
jkX^eXeknXk\ijfliZ\j#X^pgjpn\ccZXeXcjfY\lj\[kfZfcc\ZknXk\i Always pack a length of
]ifdjXkliXk\[^ifle[%K_\nXk\iZfcc\Zk\[k_ifl^_k_`jd\k_f[n`cc surgical tubing in your survival
jk`cce\\[kfY\ki\Xk\[Y\]fi\`k`jjX]\kf[i`ebj\\g%)'( % ;ipjf`c JXkliXk\[ kit. It doesn’t take up much
jf`c
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space and is an extremely
nXk\ijfliZ\ versatile piece of equipment:
It can be used as an
improvised straw to reach
water trapped in rocks,
NXk\iY\Zfd\j
Zc\Xi\i`e hollows, and trees.
j\Zfe[Ôcc`e^ It allows you to access water
procured from a solar still
without taking the still apart.
;`^X_fc\X]\n]\\kXnXp]ifdX 9X`cflkk_\dl[[pnXk\iXe[Xccfn It can be built into
jkX^eXeknXk\ijfliZ\%@kj_flc[ k_\_fc\kfi\ÔccÇpfldXp_Xm\kf transpiration and vegetation
Y\n`[\\efl^_]fipflkfY\XYc\kf[`g i\g\Xkk_`jgifZ\jjj\m\iXck`d\j%FeZ\k_\ bags so that you can remove
`ekf`kn`k_XZfekX`e\iXe[Xkc\Xjk()`e nXk\i`jZc\Xi#`kZXeY\Zfcc\Zk\[#ki\Xk\[# water without having to open
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(0) WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8K<I

=@E;@E>N8K<I1
?FK:C@D8K<J WARNING!
Water sources are plentiful in jungle
and rain forest environments and, under
PFLIE<<;=FIN8K<I`eZi\Xj\j`e_fkZc`dXk\jXjpfli normal circumstances, you should have
no problem getting hold of enough
Yf[pjkXikjkflj\dfi\f]`kjnXk\ijlggcpkfi\^lcXk\`kj water to satisfy your needs. However,
k\dg\iXkli\k_ifl^_g\ijg`iXk`fe%@]pfl]X`ckf[i`ebdfi\ rivers and streams may not be available
k_Xepflg\ijg`i\#pfln`ccjkXikkf[\_p[iXk\Xe[\m\e during certain seasons, or if you have
climbed too high, so knowledge of other
XggifXZ_`e^k_\ÔijkjkX^\jf][\_p[iXk`feZXeX]]\Zkpfli water procurement methods could be
Z_XeZ\jf]jlim`mXc%?fkZc`dXk\jZXeY\[`m`[\[`ekfknf crucial to your survival.
^iflgj1_fk$_ld`[Xe[_fk$[ip%

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 =@E;@E>N8K<I1?FK:C@D8K<J (0*
?FK$;IP:C@D8K<J
THINK LATERALLY
8epfe\m\ekli`e^`ekfk_`j\em`ifed\ekj_flc[_Xm\jl]ÔZ`\eknXk\i]fi
The chances are that if you’re having
k_\`ie\\[j#gcljXe\d\i^\eZpjlggcpaljk`eZXj\#fk_\in`j\k_\p_Xm\ to procure water in the desert you’ll
efi`^_kkf\ek\ik_\[\j\ik%>i\\em\^\kXk`feljlXccpj`^e`Ô\jnXk\ifi already be in a desperate situation.
df`jkli\`ejfd\]fid#Xe[dXepk\Z_e`hl\jf]gifZli`e^nXk\i`e Bear in mind that, in addition to the
k\dg\iXk\Zc`dXk\jj\\gg%(//Æ0( dXpnfib`ejfd\[\j\ikZfe[`k`fej% methods mentioned above, if you
have knowledge of the techniques
JFLI:<JF=<D<I><E:P=CL@; outlined in the temperate environment
section (see pp.190–91)—such as solar
@]k_\i\`jefjli]XZ\nXk\ikfY\]fle[#Xe[pfl_Xm\effk_\id\Xejf] stills, dew traps, and vegetation and
gifZli`e^nXk\i#XnXk\i$p`\c[`e^gcXekdXpY\pflifecpfgk`fe%@ejfd\ transpiration bags—it could be enough
gcXekj#k_\Zc\XijXg#]il`k#fikiXgg\[iX`enXk\i#dXphl\eZ_pfli`dd\[`Xk\ to keep you alive in the desert.
k_`ijk#Ylk[fefki\cpfek_\j\jfliZ\jkfb\\gpflXc`m\]ficfe^%

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(0+ WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8K<I

=@E;@E>N8K<I1
:FC;:C@D8K<J
WARNING!
8;FGKK?<J8D<D<K?F;Jf]kip`e^kfÔe[[i`eb`e^ Never try to melt ice or snow in your
nXk\i`eZfc[Zc`dXk\jXjpflnflc[`ek\dg\iXk\fe\jj\\ mouth, as it can cause freezing injuries
to your mouth and lips. What’s more,
gg%(/-Æ0( #Xck_fl^_k_\XY`c`kpkfgifZli\nXk\iY\Zfd\j your body will expend heat as it melts
XdXafigifYc\d`e]i\\q`e^k\dg\iXkli\j%K_\Zfc[$n\Xk_\i the ice, and this could cause you to cross
that very fine survival line between being
jlim`mfi]XZ\jX[`c\ddX1_\fij_\`jjliifle[\[YpnXk\i# cold or being hypothermic.
YlkZflc[[`\f]k_`ijkY\ZXlj\dfjkf]k_XknXk\i`j]ifq\e%

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=@E;@E>N8K<I1:FC;:C@D8K<J (0,
STORING WATER
Snow is a great insulator: even if the temperature dips to -40°F
(-40°C), water in a bottle will remain largely unfrozen if placed
under at least 1 ft (0.3 m) of snow. Make sure you store the
bottles upside down. That way, if some of the water does freeze,
it will freeze at the bottom of the bottle and not at the top.

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XZZ\jjkfeXkliXc]l\ckfYlie`efi[\ikfd\ckjefnfi`Z\`ekf USING BODY HEAT
nXk\i%8jcfe^Xjpfl_Xm\pflij\Zfe[$c`e\jlim`mXc\hl`gd\ek When Inuit hunters
j\\g%+) #pflËcc_Xm\Xccpfle\\[kfgifZli\c`]\$jXm`e^nXk\i% capture a caribou, they
empty out the contents
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J\klgpfliÔi\k`efek_\^ifle[Xe[ stomach inside out, fill it
j_\ck\i`k]ifdXepn`e[lj`e^\`k_\ipfli with snow, and tie it shut
Yf[pfipfligXZb%Lj`e^pflijlim`mXck`e with a length of intestine.
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They then put the stomach
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they skin the caribou.
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finished, the heat given
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has melted the snow. The
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`eXjlim`mXcj`klXk`fe%@kf]]\ijefeXkliXci\jfliZ\j]figifk\Zk`fe WARNING!
X^X`ejkk_\\oki\d\jf]k\dg\iXkli\j#n`e[#iX`e#Xe[j\XjkXk\# Never drink salt water. Its salt
concentration is three times higher
Xe[gifm`[\jc`kkc\kfX`[cfZXk`fe%9\`e^jliifle[\[YpnXk\i than that of blood and ingesting it
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kidney failure and, ultimately, death.
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(0/ WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8K<I

:8IIP@E>8E;
JKFI@E>N8K<I WARNING!
Mark your containers clearly.
Late at night in camp it’s
PFLN@CCE<<;KFdXb\dXep[\Z`j`fej`eXep easy to confuse bottles that
jlim`mXcj`klXk`fe#jfd\f]n_`Z_Zflc[d\Xek_\ contain treated water with
ones that contain untreated
[`]]\i\eZ\Y\kn\\ec`]\Xe[[\Xk_%Fe\f]k_\j\ water or camping fuel.
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m`XXfe\$nXp j\g\iXk\`k\dj`epfli XcjfY\lj\[kfb\\g
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 :8IIP@E>8E;JKFI@E>N8K<I (00
@DGIFM@J@E>N8K<I:FEK8@E<IJ
@eXe\d\i^\eZp#k_\i\ËjXjkife^Z_XeZ\k_XkpflnfeËk_Xm\k_\clolip
f]_Xm`e^nXk\iYfkkc\jfijkfiX^\jpjk\djXkpfli[`jgfjXc%?fn\m\i#
n`k_clZbÇXe[Xc`kkc\`e^\el`kpÇpflj_flc[Y\XYc\kfÔe[jfd\k_`e^ EMERGENCY WATER
k_XkXccfnjpflkfjkfi\Xe[ZXiip\efl^_nXk\ikfjXk`j]ppflie\\[j% Sachets of emergency water can be bought
and stored for emergency use. They usually
;@J:8I;<;D8K<I@8CJ ?\Xmp$[lkp
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come in a packet that contains five 17⁄10fl oz
9\ZXlj\k_\pXi\[\j`^e\[kf 8cnXpjY\fek_\cffbflk]fi Y\lj\[kfZXiip (50 ml) sachets of water, each being little
b\\gnXk\iflk#k_\pZXeXcjf Xepk_`e^k_XkZXe_fc[nXk\i# nXk\i more than a mouthful. These should always
Y\lj\[kfb\\gnXk\i`e%Dfjk ]ifd\dgkpgcXjk`ZYX^jXe[Yfkkc\j# only be used as a last resort. Always try to
jlim`mXcjl`kjXi\gXZb\[n`k_X kfcXi^\`e[ljki`Xc$kpg\ZfekX`e\ij% procure water by other means before turning
cXp\if]Z_Xcbkfgi\m\ekk_\ :c\XeXe[jk\i`c`q\]fle[ to your emergency water supply.
dXk\i`Xc]ifdjk`Zb`e^kf^\k_\i# `k\djY\]fi\lj\%
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kiflj\ic\^jZXeY\befkk\[kf ]il`kj#jlZ_XjjhlXj_\j# pflZlk(`e)(Ð)Zd 
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jfZbjn`cc_fc[nXk\i2Xe[ XZfej`[\iXYc\Xdflekf]nXk\i% (`e)(Ð)Zd Y\cfnk_\
jfd\nXk\igiff]YXZbgXZbj e\ok%KXb\ZXi\kfjdffk_
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ile`ekfk_\gfe[n_\e`kiX`ej%

WATER HYGIENE
Water stored in a mini-reservoir for
any period of time will need to be
filtered and purified before it’s safe
to drink (see pp. 200–01).
)'' WATER AND FOODV=@E;8E;KI<8KN8K<I

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MILLBANK BAG
gifZli\[`eXjlim`mXcj`klXk`fej_flc[Y\ki\Xk\[Y\]fi\`k
Used extensively by military forces
`jjX]\kf[i`ebkfi\dfm\fi[\jkifp_Xid]lcgXk_f^\ejXe[ around the world, the Millbank bag
d`Ziffi^Xe`jdjk_XkZflc[c\X[kf^Xjkif`ek\jk`eXc`cce\jj% is an effective water filter that packs
down small and can be used many
times to produce large quantities of
=@CK<I@E>N8K<I filtered water. Set up the bag as soon
@]pfl[feËk_Xm\X[\m`Z\k_XkÔck\ijXe[[`j`e]\Zkjk_\nXk\i#pfln`cc as you arrive in camp, because the
process is quite slow: the Millbank bag
_Xm\kfXZZfdgc`j_k_\jXd\kXjb`eknfjkX^\j%9\]fi\gli`]p`e^k_\
will filter 1 liter (2.1 pints) of water in
nXk\i#pfln`cc_Xm\kfÔck\i`kkfi\dfm\Xep[\Yi`j%PflZflc[lj\k_\ five minutes. Note that water filtered
gfglcXiD`ccYXebYX^j\\fggfj`k\ #Ylk`kdXpY\e\Z\jjXip]fipfl in this way will still need to be purified.
kfZfejkilZkpflifne`dgifm`j\[Ôck\i%

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 KI<8K@E>N8K<I

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k_XkÔck\ik_\nXk\iXe[k_\egli`]p Xe[\dgcfp\`k_\iZXiYfefi`f[`e\i\j`e XZZ\jj`Yc\
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flkglkklY\
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gldgjZXgXYc\f]gli`]p`e^lgkf nXekkf[iXnXjlggcpf]nXk\ikfZXiip
(*^Xccfej,'c`k\ij f]nXk\i# n`k_pfl#pflËcc_Xm\kf[iXnk_\nXk\i
NXk\i`j
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_l^\hlXek`k`\jf]nXk\i% cfn\i\[`ekfnXk\i ZfekX`e\iÇXcXYfi`fljgifZ\jj% k_\jkiXn
k_Xki\hl`i\j
ki\Xkd\ek

FK?<ID<K?F;J “BIG BUBBLES, NO TROUBLES”

@]pflZXeËkYf`cnXk\i#fi`]pfl[feËk_Xm\XnXk\i$
gli`ÔZXk`fe[\m`Z\#pflËcc_Xm\kfi\cpfeefe$d\Z_Xe`ZXc
k\Z_e`hl\j%K_\ZfeZ\ekiXk`feXe[ZfekXZkk`d\
i\hl`i\[]fijfd\f]k_\j\d\k_f[j`j[`ZkXk\[Ypk_\
hlXc`kpXe[k\dg\iXkli\f]k_\nXk\iY\`e^ki\Xk\[%
Microorganisms and virtually all intestinal pathogens are killed
at temperatures well below boiling point. The process
of bringing water to the boil is sufficient to disinfect
it—continuing to boil it just wastes fuel, time, and water.

METHOD DESCRIPTION

Iodine (Liquid and Tablets) Iodine—which destroys bacteria, viruses, and cysts—can be used to disinfect water effectively and conveniently. Its
action is dependent on its concentration, the water STONE-LINED
temperature, and duration of contact—a concentration of 8 mgs
per liter at 68°F (20°C) will destroy all pathogens if left for ten minutes.

Chlorine tablets Chlorine-based tablets will destroy most bacteria, but are less effective for viruses and cysts. They are more
effective when used in combination with phosphoric acid and will destroy both Giardiasis and Cryptosporidium.

Potassium Permanganate Potassium permanganate can be bought at most pharmacies. Mix a few granules with your water until it
turns light pink. Leave for at least 30 minutes before drinking.

Bleach Adding unscented household bleach is the cheapest way of adding chlorine to water (it contains 5 percent sodium
hypochlorite). Be careful to add just one drop of bleach per liter of water—two if the water is cloudy—and leave for
at least 30 minutes before drinking. This method is not always effective against Giardiasis and Cryptosporidium.

Ultraviolet (UV) Light When many harmful microorganisms are exposed to UV light, the process of light absorption disrupts the cell’s
DNA, rendering the organism harmless. The quality of the water will affect the amount of exposure to UV light
required: the cloudier the water the harder it will be for UV to penetrate.

UV Passive Fill plastic bottles with water, replace the lids, and place them in direct sunlight, preferably on a dark surface.
The sun’s rays will kill the bacteria that cause common water-borne diseases.

UV Active (Steripen) A small UV purifier that is placed in pre-filtered water and activated for a short time. Some models can purify up to
1 liter (2.1 pints) of water in as little as 48 seconds.
)') WATER AND FOOD V=@E;8E;GI<G8I<=FF;

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Your body converts food into fuel,
n_`Z_gifm`[\jpfln`k__\XkXe[
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pfl_Xm\jl]ÔZ`\eknXk\ikf[`^\jk`k%

In this sectionPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 how to cook with hot rocks...
 how to make a fishing reel from a beverage can...
 why a snare must have a perfect end...
 how to lasso a lizard and snare a squirrel...
 that there’s more than one way to skin a rabbit...
 which grubs taste like scrambled eggs...
 how to catch a bird in a bush...

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the symptoms cease.
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(if the reaction is external).
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reaction comes after eating the plant)
by drinking salt water or by pushing
a finger into the back of your throat.
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MAKING A FISHING REEL
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You can make a reel with an empty beverage
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WARNING!
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Gill nets and traps are illegal fishing
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8ekjXi\jfZ`Xc`ej\Zkj#Xe[dfjkjg\Z`\jXi\X^^i\jj`m\`e[\]\ej\f]k_\`i ANT CUISINE
e\jk%K_\p_Xm\Xjk`e^`e^Y`k\Xe[jfd\jg\Z`\jn`ccXcjfjhl`ik]fid`ZXZ`[Xk Ant larvae are best fried—they taste
k_\`iXkkXZb\i%?fn\m\i#k_\pdXb\Xelki`k`fljd\Xc`]^Xk_\i\[n`k_ZXi\%@e like shrimp. Adult ants also make a
jldd\idfek_j`eefik_\iek\dg\iXk\i\^`fej#pflZXe\Xkk_\cXimX\f]nff[ tasty snack—in Bogotá, Colombia,
Xekj%8e[#`]pfllj\k_\k\Z_e`hl\j_fneY\cfn#pflZXe^\kk_\Xekjkf[fXcc movie theaters sell roasted leaf-cutter
k_\nfibf]Zfcc\Zk`e^k_\cXimX\kf^\k_\i]fipfl%PflËcc_Xm\kfmXe[Xc`q\k_\ ant abdomens instead of popcorn.
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))' WATER AND FOOD _ =@E;8E;GI<G8I<=FF;

GI<G8I@E>JD8CCD8DD8CJ
G8I8J@K<JJL:?8J=C<8JXe[c`Z\n`ccc\Xm\k_\Yf[pfeZ\
WARNING!
XnXid$Ycff[\[Xe`dXc`j[\X[jf#`]pfliZ`iZldjkXeZ\jg\id`k#
Rabbits, hares, and rodents may
c\Xm\k_\ZXiZXjjkfZffcY\]fi\gi\gXi`e^`k]fiZffb`e^%@eX_fk be infected with a bacteria called
Zc`dXk\#gcXZ\k_\Yf[p`ek_\j_X[\%?fn\m\i#[feËkc\k`k^\kkff tularemia, which can be fatal to
humans. Do not touch these animals
Zfc[#Xjjb`e`jdfi\\Xj`cpi\dfm\[n_\eXYf[p`jnXid% with your bare hands if you have a
scratch on your skin. If you have no
gloves, cover your hands in soap
I899@K$J@Q<;D8DD8CJ lather before handling the animal,
K_\d\k_f[j_fne_\i\Xggc`\jkfXcc]lii\[dXddXcjXggifo`dXk\cp and wash your hands when you
k_\jXd\j`q\XjXiXYY`k%9\]fi\^lkk`e^k_\Xe`dXc#i\dfm\Xepli`e\ have finished. The germ is destroyed
Yp_fc[`e^k_\Yf[pYpk_\]fi\c\^jXe[gif^i\jj`m\cpjhl\\q`e^[fne by heat, so cook the meat well.
Myxamatosis, a viral disease that
]ifdk_\Z_\jkkfnXi[k_\Yfn\cj#dXb`e^jli\k_Xkpfl[`i\Zkk_\ affects rabbits’ mucous glands, is
jgiXpXnXp]ifdpflifneYf[p%PflËcce\\[kfi\dfm\XepjZ\ek not harmful to humans.
^cXe[j#n_`Z_Xi\ljlXccp`ej`[\k_\]fi\c\^jfiXifle[k_\Xelj#`eZXj\
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vegetation and fatty food.
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))) WATER AND FOOD _ =@E;8E;GI<G8I<=FF;

GI<G8I@E>C8I><D8DD8CJ
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WARNING!
c`m\ijf]gfcXiY\XijfiY\Xi[\[j\XcjXjk_\pZfekX`ekfo`Zc\m\cj
Approach all game with caution,
f]m`kXd`e8%N`c[^Xd\`jjfd\k`d\j`e]\Zk\[n`k_ifle[nfid as the animal may still be alive
cXimX\Xe[#`]pfl\Xkk_\d\XkiXnfile[\iZffb\[#`kn`cc`e]\Zk and most wounded animals are
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pfln`k_gXiXj`k\j#jfXcnXpjZffbXccn`c[^Xd\k_fifl^_cp% touch its eye with the tip of a long
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GI<G8I@E>K?<B@CC blink if it’s alive. Always skin, gut,
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))+ WATER AND FOOD _ =@E;8E;GI<G8I<=FF;

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SLUGS, SNAILS, AND WORMS
Slugs should be avoided as they often feed
on poisonous fungi. To prepare snails, either
starve them or feed them safe food such as
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before cooking. Either boil them in water or
bake them in their shells in hot embers until
the juices bubble over. Avoid all marine snails
and any terrestrial snail with a brightly
colored shell as they may be toxic. All
earthworms are edible. Place them in salty
water until they are purged, then boil,
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WARNING!
Tropical species of mussel should be avoided in the summer as
they may be poisonous. The black mussel, which is found on
Arctic and sub-Arctic coasts, may be poisonous at any time of
the year. The symptoms of mussel poisoning are acute nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever.

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WARNING!
Eggs are easy to collect, particularly from
ground-nesters, although gulls, for example,
will attack you if you try. However, taking eggs
from nests is illegal in many countries and
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Handle scavengers and carrion
Jb`ee`e^XY`i[`jk_\hl`Zb\jknXpkf^\kXkk_\d\Xk#Ylkk_`j eaters, such as crows, buzzards,
i\dfm\jk_\elki`k`feXcmXcl\f]k_\jb`e#jfXcnXpjgclZbX and vultures, as little as possible,
because they are more likely to
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and are prone to infection.
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><KK@E>JK8IK<; be boiled for at least 30 minutes
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Always wash your hands after
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handling any bird.
d\k_f[pfllj\kfb`cck_\Y`i[#pfldljkYc\\[`kY\]fi\gclZb`e^#
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POACHER’S METHOD
The poacher’s way to quickly get
the meat from a dead pheasant that
hasn’t been decapitated is to place
it face down on the ground with its CXpk_\Y`i[fe`kjYXZb#kXb\X
head toward you, put a foot on each ]\nYi\Xjk]\Xk_\ijY\kn\\epfli
wing, take hold of the legs, and pull Ôe^\iXe[k_ldY#Xe[Y\^`ekfgclZb%
up sharply. This motion will tear the Kl^j_Xigcp#glcc`e^k_\]\Xk_\ijXnXp
legs and breast meat away from the ]ifdk_\[`i\Zk`fe`en_`Z_k_\pc`\%
rest of the bird. Give it a sharp flick
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situation, this is a good way to get
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meat off the bird if you don’t have
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c\Xjk_Xm\jfd\fe\nfe[\i`e^n_ppfl
Xi\efkYXZbp\k%<hlXccp#kXb`e^k_\Y\jk

In this chapterPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 how to recognize the enemies of survival...
 why LEOs are so important...
 when to set fire to a log cabin...
 that tinsel isn’t just for Christmas...
 what to do if a hippo yawns...
 that you should go with the flow in an avalanche...
 how to inflate your pants...

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kfjkXpn_\i\pflXi\%@kËjXcckff\Xjp
kfdXb\XiXj_[\Z`j`feXe[Xkk\dgk
kfnXcbflkf]Xj`klXk`fefecpkfglk
pflij\c]`e\m\e^i\Xk\i[Xe^\i%
You are not a survivor until
you have been rescued
IN AN EMERGENCY )**
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Emergency first aid splint K_\b`k\ZXe
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)*+ IN AN EMERGENCY

8JJ<JJ@E>PFLIJ@KL8K@FE
FE:<PFLËI<FLKf]`dd\[`Xk\[Xe^\i#Xjj\jjpfli
j`klXk`feXe[gcXeXZZfi[`e^cp%8kk_`j`e`k`XcjkX^\#`kËj THE RULE OF THREES
A common understanding among those
ZilZ`Xckfk_`ebZc\XicpÇk_\[\Z`j`fejpfldXb\efnZflc[ concerned with survival is that various key
d\Xek_\[`]]\i\eZ\Y\kn\\ec`]\Xe[[\Xk_%@edfjkZXj\j# time limits have a numerical value linked to
i\dX`e`e^n_\i\pflXi\`jk_\gi\]\ii\[fgk`fe#Ylkef the number three. Remembering the “rule
of threes” can help you focus your decision-
knfj`klXk`fejXi\\m\ik_\jXd\1k_\Z`iZldjkXeZ\j# making, particularly if you are injured, at
\em`ifed\ek#Zfe[`k`fej#Xe[pflÇk_\`e[`m`[lXcÇXcc risk of further injury, or in immediate
danger from the elements. In most cases:
_Xm\XdXafi`dgXZkfen_XkZXeXe[ZXeefkY\XZ_`\m\[%  Three seconds is the psychological
reaction time for making a decision.
K?<JKI8K<>P=FIJK8P@E>8C@M<  Three minutes is the length of time
your brain can do without oxygen
@eXe\d\i^\eZpj`klXk`fe#k_`ebf]k_\]fligi`fi`k`\jf]jlim`mXc1 before it suffers irreparable damage.
gifk\Zk`fe#cfZXk`fe#nXk\i#Xe[]ff[%Pflij`klXk`fen`cc[\k\id`e\  Three hours is the critical time you can
n_`Z_`jk_\dfjk`dgfikXek%@edfjkZXj\j#Xjcfe^XjpflËi\`eef survive unprotected in extreme climates.
]lik_\i[Xe^\i]ifd`ealipfik_\\c\d\ekj#pflj_flc[]fZljpfli  Three days is the approximate length
\]]fikjfe\jkXYc`j_`e^XjX]\cfZXk`feXe[^\kk`e^pflij\c]i\jZl\[% of time you can live without water.
K_\jkiXk\^p]fijkXp`e^Xc`m\#befneYpk_\XZifepdJLIM@M8C  Three weeks is the approximate
j\\Y\cfn #^`m\jpflX]iXd\nfibkflj\Xe[_\cgjpfli\d\dY\i length of time you can live without food.
n_Xkpfle\\[kf[fkfi\dX`eXc`m\Xe[^\ki\jZl\[%

SIZE UP YOUR SITUATION USE ALL YOUR SENSES REMEMBER WHERE YOU ARE VANQUISH FEAR

 First, assess the particulars 
of your surroundings, physical
condition, and equipment.
 If you’re in a group, you can
share tasks and responsibilities,
but remember that everyone will
be affected by the consequences
of your decisions.
Most people react to a true 
survival situation through either
training (they automatically do
what they’ve been trained to
do in a particular situation) or
by instinct (they automatically
do what their mind and body
tell them to do).
In any survival situation, it 
always helps to know where
you are so that you can make
the best decisions about what
to do and where to go next.
Fear and panic can be
formidable enemies, so it’s
imperative that you have
the knowledge and training
to counteract them and
prevent them from making
your situation worse.

 Your surroundings: every 
environment has its own
idiosyncrasies—hot and dry,
hot and wet, cold, exposed,
or enclosed. Determine what
you need to do in order to 
adapt to that environment.
 Your equipment: assess your
equipment and consider how
it can best be used in your
particular situation.
 Your physical condition: remove
yourself and others from danger. 
Check for injuries and administer
first aid as necessary. Remember
that the trauma and stress of a
survival situation may cause you
to overlook, or subconsciously
ignore, injuries that you yourself
may have received.
Whatever has happened, 
approach your predicament
in a calm and rational manner.
The situation requires careful
thought and planning.
If you act in haste, you may
overlook important factors,
lose vital equipment, or simply
make matters worse. The
saying “Undue haste makes 
waste” is especially true in
a survival situation.
Listen to your subconscious
survival senses and gut feelings,
and learn to act on them when 
they send you warning signals.
Knowing your precise location 
can clarify whether rescuers
are likely to find you or if you’ll
have to rescue yourself. You’ll
get a good idea of the obstacles
you may face, whether you
should remain where you are,
and where best to position
your aids to location.
If you have made an Emergency
Plan of Action (see pp. 24–25),
someone will know your 
approximate location, and
when you’re due back.
Channel your efforts into making
sure that when rescuers are
looking for you, your aids to
location are in place.
If uncontrolled, fear and
panic can destroy your ability
to make intelligent and rational
decisions. They can cause you
to react to your feelings and
imagination rather than to
your actual situation and your
abilities. Moreover, they can
incapacitate you and drain
your energy, thus triggering
other negative emotions.
If you’re in a group, your
responses can have a direct
effect on others—positive
responses are productive and
can motivate, while negative
responses can undermine
confidence and morale.

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IMPROVISE VALUE LIVING AND LIFE ACT LIKE THE LOCALS LEARN BASIC SKILLS

 The true skill of a survivor is to 
understand what’s required and
improvise solutions to particular
problems. Do you have the skills
and knowledge to keep yourself
alive and in a condition to be
proactive in your own rescue?
Some people without training 
and equipment have survived
the most horrendous situations.
In many cases, this was simply
because they had the will to live
and refused to give up!
Whatever environment you’re 
trying to survive in, you can be
sure that the local or indigenous
people and the local wildlife
have developed ways of adapting
to it in order to survive.
Learning basic skills increases
your chances of survival. Without
training your prospects of
survival are down to luck, which
is never the best place to start.
There is a saying: “Luck favors
those who are best prepared.”

 You may start out with all the 
right equipment, but it may get
lost or broken, or simply wear
out. Your ability to improvise
may mean the difference
between your continued
struggle to survive in relative
comfort, or absolute misery.
 Think laterally, like the climber
who was stranded on the side 
of a mountain with no aids to
location. He used the flash on
his camera to signal his location
to a rescue helicopter. Improvise 
and overcome!
The stories of prisoners of war 
often reveal what kept them
alive: religious beliefs, thoughts
of family and friends, or a
determination not to let the
enemy win. While these alone
may not always be enough,
they’re certainly a key factor 
in any survival situation.
It helps to bear in mind that
hardship means different
things to different people
and in different cultures.
Survival is about dealing with
hardships and having the will
to live. If the will to live is not
there, then just having the 
knowledge and equipment
may not be enough.
Look at how the local people 
dress and act: in hot countries
they leave manual work until the
coolest parts of the day and
work in a slow and deliberate
manner to reduce sweating and
therefore conserve water.
If you’re in a desert, for example,
watch where animals go to find
shade: they’re mostly nocturnal
and spend the day underground.
Learn their tricks to find water,
like the darkling beetle in the
Namib Desert that drinks water
from the fog that condenses on
its carapace.
If you’re in a jungle, pay attention
when the animals go quiet or
quickly leave an area—danger
is usually around the corner.
Prior preparation is the key to
survival: discover what you need
to know about the environment
you’re going to; familiarize
yourself with all your equipment;
and practice your basic skills
until they become second nature.
This thorough preparation will
help you to combat the fear of
the unknown and give you the
self-confidence to meet the
challenges of any survival
situation you may be in.
)*- IN AN EMERGENCY

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ATTRACTING ATTENTION
When you’re in a survival situation, you need
to employ your location aids in the best way
possible. There are three main principles for
attracting attention:
 Attract: pick a place that maximizes your
chances of attracting attention using your
location aids, such as open or high ground.
Place your aids carefully so they can be
detected from as wide an area as possible. <d\i^\eZpGfj`k`fe@e[`ZXk`e^IX[`f
The more obvious the signal the better. 9\XZfej<G@I9j Xi\lj\[Xkj\X
 Hold: you need to hold the attention of
rescuers by maintaining the signal until they
indicate they’ve seen you. Try to send some <d\i^\eZpCfZXkfiKiXejd`kk\ij
critical information (the type of assistance <CKj Xi\dfjkcp]filj\`eX`iZiX]k
you require or the number of survivors and
their condition, for example) via a May
Day, or Help message (see pp. 237–41).
 Direct: regardless of which location aids
you use, once rescuers have been alerted,
do all you can to direct them to your present
location. If you have voice communication,
direct them to your position. If you leave
notes before moving on from places, make
sure they contain dates and precise details
of your intentions.
 ATTRACTING RESCUERS 237
MOBILE PHONES AND RADIOS
SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I GO? Always take a cell or satellite phone
You need to decide whether to stay where you are or to with you when traveling—they are essential
move to a location where you have a better chance of rescue in an emergency. On a sea trip, take a marine
or self-rescue. If you move on, remember the following: VHF radio to contact would-be rescuers.
 Keep your aids to location at hand. It’s no good having
your signal mirror at the bottom of your backpack when you CELL AND SATELLITE PHONES
may have only seconds to attract a passing vehicle or plane. Wherever you are in the world, you can rent
 Deploy your aids to location at the end of each day, even or buy a cell phone linked to local networks.
Choose one with a GPS unit for fixing and
though it takes effort and you’ll be moving in the morning.
tracking your position and a camera so you can
 To show where you’ve been and where you’re heading, leave
send pictures of your location and any injuries
markers, such as a note left in a visible position and visual clues you’ve sustained. Alternatively, rent or
on the ground or vegetation, to indicate your direction of travel. buy a satellite phone that’s connected to the
Iridium Satellite Phone System, in which 66
low-earth orbiting (LEO) satellites provide
complete coverage of Earth (including oceans,
Local User Mission control
Terminals (LUTs) analyzes data airways, and polar regions).
receive signals from the LUTs
from the satellites and mobilizes a
and alert rescue operation
MARINE VHF RADIOS
mission control All large ships and most motorized small
craft are equipped with marine VHF radios.
These hand-held units transmit and receive on
frequencies between 156 to 174MHz—usually
on Channel 16, the international calling and
distress channel. Channel 9 can also be used
in some places. Transmission power ranges
between 1 and 25 watts, giving a maximum
range of up to about 60 miles (110 km)
between aerials mounted on tall ships and
hills, and 5 miles (9 km) between aerials
mounted on small boats at sea level. Your
VHF radio should be waterproof, able to float,
and kept on charge. Follow the instructions
whenever transmitting and receiving on VHF.

Search-and-rescue
services are deployed
to search for you

A regional rescue
coordination center
alerts the search-and-
rescue teams
A PLB is activated
manually and sends
a signal to one of
the search-and-
Personal Locator rescue satellites
Beacons (PLBs) are
for personal use and
kept on the body

WARNING!
PLBs are for emergency
use only and should always
be used responsibly.
)*/ IN AN EMERGENCY

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N@C;8E@D8CJ
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X]i\j_[\gfj`kf]Y\Xi]\Z\j`jXjfY\i`e^\og\i`\eZ\% FERAL ANIMALS
Wherever you go in the world there are
@khl`Zbcp[Xnejfepflk_XkpflËi\gfk\ek`XccpXgXikf] animals that have escaped into the wild from
k_\eXkliXc]ff[Z_X`e%N_Xk[fpfl_Xm\kf[fkfgifk\Zk zoos, wildlife parks, and domestic situations.
pflij\c]#Xe[n`cc`kY\\]]\Zk`m\fialjkgifmfb\k_\Xe`dXc6 These feral animals include pigs, cats, dogs,
mink, and muntjacs. In many cases, they
=fikleXk\cp#k_\jlim`mXc`ejk`eZkjf]n`c[Xe`dXcjXi\jlZ_ have become particularly aggressive and
k_Xk#n`k_fecpX]\n\oZ\gk`fej#dfjkXe`dXcj#i\^Xi[c\jj seem to have lost any fear of confrontation
with humans. Try to find out which feral
f]k_\`ij`q\#n`ccXmf`[Zfe]ifek`e^pfl%?fn\m\i#k_\pn`cc animals are common in the region you’re
[\]\e[k_\dj\cm\jYpXkkXZb`e^pfl`]gifmfb\[#Zfie\i\[# traveling in and avoid them if at all possible.
fijligi`j\[#gXik`ZlcXicpn_\ek_\p_Xm\pfle^%

BEARS BIG CATS HIPPOS ELEPHANTS CROCODILIANS

 Brown bears stand taller 
then black bears and
weigh more. Polar bears
are the largest land
ANIMAL FACTS
Tigers are the largest  The hippopotamus is the  African elephants have  Crocodilians include
cat, with lions a close third-largest animal in larger ears than Indian alligators, gharials,
second. All big cats have Africa after the elephant elephants and are more and crocodiles.
sharp teeth and claws. and white rhino. aggressive.  They can stay submerged

predator. All bears are 
powerful, with claws
on their strong paws.
Brown bears can run
faster than humans.
 Bears are found in the 
Northern Hemisphere
and parts of South
America.
Other dangerous cats 
include cougars (also
called pumas, mountain
lions, and panthers),
leopards, and jaguars.
Big cats are found on
all continents, except
for Australasia.
Hippos can weigh  Elephants stand up to for more than an hour at
more than 3 tons. 13 ft (4 m) tall and weigh a time, can swim up to
They have long, up to 6 tons. 20 mph (32 kph), and run
razor-sharp incisors  They can reach speeds of as fast as 11 mph (17 kph)
and tusklike canines. 25–30 mph (40–48 kph). over short distances.
 Crocodilians live in many
subtropical and tropical
parts of the world.

 Look for signs of bears 
and check with locals
about bear activity.
 Stow and cook food
PRECAUTIONS
Avoid coming into contact  Avoid provoking a hippo.  Keep away from places  Stay away from waters
with big cats. They are Many encounters are that elephants frequent, and river banks where
most unlikely to attack the result of hitting a such as watering holes. crocodilians live. Be
unless you provoke them partially submerged  If you do come across vigilant at all times.

away from the campsite.
Keep unused food and 
garbage out of reach.
 Avoid thickets and
streams where bears
rest and feed.
 Carry a stick, knife, or
spray (see opposite).
or threaten their cubs.
An exception is the cougar,
which is responsible for
an increasing number of 
unprovoked attacks in
urban areas of North
America. 
hippo with a canoe or
boat. Almost all hippo
attacks are fatal.
Stay vigilant on or beside 
rivers that hippos are
known to frequent.
Don’t get between a
hippo and water.
them, don’t get too close, 
especially if there’s a
baby elephant nearby.
Look for a safe place to 
retreat to, such as a
vehicle, rocky outcrop, or
a tree, before you need it. 
If you need to go near the
water, watch the area for
at least 30 minutes first.
Don’t go to the same spot
twice, as crocodiles may
lie in wait the next time.
Keep a defensive weapon,
such as a knife, close by.

 Make a noise to let a 
bear know you’re there.
 If you see a bear, stay
calm. Make yourself look
WHAT TO DO IF…
If a big cat approaches,  If you encounter a hippo,  If an elephant squares  If you meet a crocodilian
stare at its eyes, shout, go back on your tracks up to you with flared ears, on land, run away.
and make a noise to and find another route. trumpeting, and kicking  If a crocodilian does grab
confuse it. Use a spray if  If a hippo yawns at you, the dirt in front of it, then you, it may let go—if it

as big as possible by
raising your arms. 
 Walk slowly backward.
Don’t run. If the bear 
follows, stop and hold
your ground.
 If the bear attacks,
play dead, or fight back.
you need to (see opposite).
Don’t turn your back or
run away.
If a big cat sees you, do
not crouch or bend down.
An upright human makes
less attractive prey than
a four-legged animal.
he’s not feeling
sleepy—this is a threat. 
He’s showing you his
teeth, tusks, and jaws
that can snap a canoe in 
half! Make every effort
to escape.
back away.
If an elephant charges, 
run to your safe place
(see above).
As a last resort, play
dead and hope the
elephant loses interest.
does, run.
If it drags you into the
water, fight back. Stab
under its throat with a
knife, hit or poke its eyes,
strike its nostrils hard, or
bang the large valve at
the back of its throat.

8ID@E>PFLIJ<C=
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k_Xk`ii`kXk\jXeXe`dXcËj
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lek`ck_\[Xe^\i_XjgXjj\[%
K_\g\gg\ijgiXp`jle[\i
gi\jjli\`eXZXe`jk\i
SHARKS
 There are more than 450 
species of shark, but only
a few of them pose any
danger to humans. These
include great white, bull,
and tiger sharks. 
 Most attacks occur in
coastal waters in the
tropics and subtropics,
especially where the water 
is murky or stirred up by
the surf of breaking waves.
 Avoid shark-infested 
waters or waters where
sharks are known to feed 
or frequent. Ask the locals
about recent sightings of
shark activity.

 Carry something, such as
a pole or spear, that you

can use as a weapon.

 If you see a shark, stay 
calm and move to safety.
 If it makes a move toward
you, swim away smoothly
but keep watching it.
 If it rushes at you, hit it on
the nose with whatever you 
have at hand.
 If it grabs you, aggressively

strike its eyes or gills.
Gi\jjkfi\c\Xj\X
knf$j\Zfe[Ylijk
9<8IJGI8P
:8E@JK<I
SNAKES
Less than 15 percent 
of the 3000+ types of
poisonous snake are
regarded as being
dangerous to humans.
Depending on the snake,
venom either affects the
blood, the nervous 
system, or the heart.
Snakes live in every part
of the world except for
very cold environments.
Wear long pants and 
boots, and cover your neck.
As you walk, tap the ground
in front of you with a stick
to alert snakes to avoid you.
Step onto logs rather than
over them.
At night, place your boots
upside down on sticks.
Don’t put your hands into
holes or cracks where
snakes might be hiding.
If you come across a snake, 
try to remain completely
still. Most snakes will
instinctively move away
and are more likely to
attack a moving target.
Don’t panic. If you have a 
stick, slowly bring it to a
position ready for use.
If a snake attacks, hit it
hard on the head.
AMPHIBIANS
Many frogs, toads, and
salamanders secrete
poison through their skin.
The most poisonous frog
known is the golden
poison-dart frog from
South America.
Amphibians live where the
climate is sufficiently warm
and wet for them to breed.
You can touch a poisonous
frog or toad with no ill
effect. The poison only
takes effect if it enters
your system via an open
wound or your mouth
or eyes. If this happens,
get emergency help
without delay.
If contact with a poisonous
amphibian is unavoidable,
immediately wash the
affected area. Keep the
water you use away from
open cuts or abrasions.
Thoroughly wash your
hands and don’t put your
fingers in your mouth or
rub your eyes.
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ANIMAL FACTS
JGFKK?<J@>EJ
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kiXZbjfigi`ekj2]\Z\j&[ifgg`e^j2
k\ii`kfipdXib`e^j#jlZ_Xj
ÕXkk\e\[m\^\kXk`fen_\i\k_\
Xe`dXcilYj`kjjZ\ekfek_\
PRECAUTIONS
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34-YEAR-OLD ICE HOCKEY PLAYER ERIC LEMARQUE
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No fail-safe guidelines will protect you from every
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m`j`k`e^#Xe[Y\i\X[p]fik_\d#aljk`eZXj\% your destination at the time of your journey. Log
onto the internet or tune into local radio stations.
9<@E>GI<G8I<;  Find out if you’re heading into a particularly
risky season of weather—for example, monsoons
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]fi\jkÔi\j#kfieX[f\j#Xe[_lii`ZXe\jÇZXejl[[\ecpgifg\cpfl`ekf  Take an emergency survival kit (see pp. 58–59).
Xe\d\i^\eZpj`klXk`fe%N_`c\pflZXee\m\iY\jli\f]\jZXg`e^k_\  Learn the relevant survival techniques either
nfijk\oZ\jj\jk_XkEXkli\ZXek_ifnXkpfl#pflZXegi\gXi\pflij\c]% before you go or as soon as you arrive at your
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f]\mXj`m\k\Z_e`hl\jn`ccd\Xek_Xkpflj_flc[eËk_Xm\kfÔe[pflij\c]  Don’t challenge Nature—it rarely loses.
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),) IN AN EMERGENCY

898E;FE@E>J?@G
Lec\jjpflim\jj\c`jXe`dd\[`Xk\[Xe^\ikfpfl#[feËk
XYXe[fe`klek`cpfli\Xccpe\\[kf%<m\eXYX[cp[XdX^\[ BEFORE ABANDONING SHIP
Where time and circumstances permit,
m\jj\cZXegifm`[\pfln`k_gifk\Zk`fe]ifdk_\\c\d\ekj# don’t abandon your ship until absolutely
\hl`gd\ekjlZ_XjiX[`fjXe[ÕXi\j#Xe[gifm`j`fejjlZ_ necessary. Send a May Day signal with
XjnXk\iXe[]ff[%@eX[[`k`fe#`k`jXY`^kXi^\k]fii\jZl\ij your name, position, group size, physical
condition, and circumstances. Then
kfjgfk%DXb\\m\ip\]]fikkfb\\gk_\m\jj\cXÕfXk% carry out the following measures:
 Activate the 406 EPIRB (see p. 236).
 Ensure everyone on the vessel wears
K?<;8E><IJK?8K8N8@K layers of clothing, and has a survival
N_\epfl[f[\Z`[\kfXYXe[fej_`g#pfln`ccY\]XZ\[n`k_k_\]fccfn`e^ suit and lifejacket (see p. 250).
[Xe^\ij%@]pfl_Xm\gi\gXi\[pflij\c]gifg\icpY\]fi\_\X[`e^flkkf  Check the liferafts are ready for launch.
j\X#pfln`ccÇ`edXepZXj\j#Xkc\XjkÇY\XYc\kf[\Xcn`k_k_\d%  Get the grab bag (see p. 250).
?pgfk_\id`XYifl^_kfeYp`eX[\hlXk\Zcfk_`e^Xe[\ogfjli\kf  Prepare to take the jerry-cans of water
n\k#n`e[p#Xe[iX`epZfe[`k`fej% on board the liferafts.
;ifne`e^Y\ZXlj\pfl_Xm\efc`]\aXZb\k%  Fill spare containers with water.
;\_p[iXk`feZXlj\[YpXcXZbf]nXk\ifiXe`ealip%  Gather up as much food as you can.
DXcelki`k`fe[l\kfXcXZbf]]ff[%
:fc[j_fZbj\\g%),+ [l\kfjl[[\e`dd\ij`fe`eZfc[nXk\i%

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PREVENTING HYPOTHERMIA
Getting wet greatly reduces your survival
chances. At 41˚F (5˚C), a normally dressed
person has only a 50 percent chance of
surviving for one hour. You are six times
more likely to survive in protective clothing.
 Climb into the liferaft carefully so that you
don’t get wet.
 Wear several layers of clothing to trap air.
Even wet layers retain some heat around the
Dfm\jcfncpXe[[\c`Y\iXk\cp`ekfk_\c`]\iX]k#b\\g`e^flkf]k_\
body. Don’t forget your head, hands, and feet.
 Wear a survival suit (see p. 250) to increase nXk\i#Xe[kip`e^kfjkXpXj[ipXjgfjj`Yc\%@]pfl_Xm\kf\ek\i
your survival time. k_\nXk\i#Zc`dY[fneficfn\ipflij\c]`ekf`k#iXk_\ik_Xealdg`e^%
Cffb]fik_\;Xp$>cf`ejkilZk`fegXkZ_`ej`[\k_\c`]\iX]k%=fccfnk_\
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pfli^iflgkfZ_\Zb]fid`jj`e^d\dY\ij% Gfjkcffbflkj% Gi\gXi\X`[jkfcfZXk`fej\\g%)*- Xe[
@]k_\m\jj\c`jjk`ccXÕfXk#b\\gk_\iX]k 9i`e^c`]\iX]kjkf^\k_\i% j_fn\m\ipfe\_fnkffg\iXk\k_\d%
XkkXZ_\[m`Xk_\gX`ek\i%Jfd\fe\j_flc[ NXidlgXjY\jkpflZXe% <jkXYc`j_Xiflk`e\Xe[[\kX`cXnXkZ_
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m\jj\c`eZXj\`kjkXikjkfj`eb% ;\c\^Xk\fe\d\dY\if]k_\^iflgkf
FeZ\Zc\Xif]k_\m\jj\c#j\klgk_\ WARNING! dXb\i\gX`ij#Xefk_\ikfb\\gk_\iXk`fej#
[if^l\j\\g%),( % Never drink seawater, because Xe[Xefk_\ikfX[d`e`jk\iÔijkX`[%
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within one hour.
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COLD SHOCK
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Cold shock response is the body’s reaction to
n`k_`e(']k*d f]XjX]\i\]l^\Xe[-'g\iZ\ekf]k_\dn\i\ immersion in very cold water—for example,
È^ff[Éjn`dd\ij%?\i\Xi\jfd\lj\]lck`gjkfgi\m\ek[ifne`e^% if abandoning a ship in winter in the North
Atlantic Ocean. It is a common cause of
ALDG@E>@EKFK?<N8K<I death in such circumstances. Symptoms
include gasping for breath and hyperventilation,
8YXe[fe`e^j_`gZXeY\X[Xe^\ifljgifZ\[li\%@]pfl_Xm\kf\ek\i
which can lead to the inhalation of water,
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disorientation, panic, and the possible onset of
kfaldg`ekfk_\j\X#k_\j\jkiX`^_k]finXi[jk\gjj_flc[`dgifm\pfli hypothermia. A sudden increase in blood
Z_XeZ\jf]jlim`mXc%Aldg`e^`ekfk_\nXk\i`jXcXjki\jfik#Xjpfln`ccY\ pressure and heart rate can cause cardiac
gife\kfZfc[j_fZbj\\Yfo#i`^_k Xe[Xk`dd\[`Xk\i`jbf]_pgfk_\id`X problems in some people. Prolonged immersion
Xe[[ifne`e^%@]pfl_Xm\kf[f`k#Ôijk\ejli\pflic`]\aXZb\k`jÔkk\[ in water will make it hard to perform physical
Zfii\ZkcpXe[Z_\Zbk_\jli]XZ\f]k_\nXk\ikfÔe[XjX]\\ekipgf`ek% movements, making swimming, climbing aboard
NXkZ_flk]fig\fgc\#[\Yi`j#Xe[Ylie`e^]l\c%@]pflZXeËkXmf`[k_\]l\c# a liferaft, or firing a flare extremely difficult.
jn`dle[\i`kXe[#Y\]fi\Zfd`e^lg]fiX`i#gfb\pfli_Xe[k_ifl^_k_\  Body type or mental conditioning can help
jli]XZ\kf\ejli\pflËi\Zc\Xif]`k%8jpflZfd\lg#b\\gpfli]XZ\[fne some people survive swimming in icy water.
kfgifk\Zkpfliefj\#\p\j#Xe[dflk_%  Dressing in layers and/or wearing a survival
suit improves your chances of survival.
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;feËkgXe`Z`]pfl_Xm\kf\ek\ik_\nXk\in`k_flkXc`]\aXZb\k%Pfli STAY POSITIVE
Yf[pËjeXkliXcYlfpXeZpn`ccb\\gXkc\Xjkk_\kfgf]pfli_\X[XYfm\ It’s very important to remain positive and to
nXk\i%Kfb\\gpfli]XZ\XYfm\nXk\i#kff#dXb\jdXccn`e[d`cc focus on your situation right now rather than on
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SECONDARY DROWNING
A person who nearly drowns inhales water
that can cause potentially fatal chemical
and biological changes in the lungs. This is
>i`gk_\ known as “secondary drowning.” It can be
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caused by inhaling fresh or salty water—
k_\nXk\i even as little as 1fl oz (30 ml). Secondary
kfb\\g drowning may occur 24–72 hours after
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immersion and, while uncommon, it’s
not rare. Take the following precautions
to guard against secondary drowning:
 Monitor anyone who has nearly drowned
or has spent some time in water.
 Ask the person to take a couple of
deep breaths and check for any pain or
discomfort that can’t be accounted for.
 Look for symptoms such as coughing,
breathing difficulties, chest pain, and
saliva that looks like foam.
 Make sure the person is sitting in an
upright position.
 If possible, provide oxygen—the blood
levels of oxygen can fall quickly—and lots
of rest and reassurance.
=@IJK8@;
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In this chapterPFLN@CC;@J:FM<I%%%
 that maggots have their uses...
 how to improvise goggles to prevent snow blindness...
 when to stop, drop, and roll...
 how to treat snake bites and jellyfish stings...
 when to eat charcoal or drink bark tea...
 how to prevent frostnip from becoming frostbite...
when to perform a firefighter’s lift...

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BLISTER PREVENTION
Following these simple rules when out
hiking should prevent blisters from
developing in the first place:
 Ensure boots or shoes fit properly and are
well “broken in” before you set out.
Always wear clean, dry, comfortable socks 
next to your skin. Avoid wearing two pairs as
they may bunch up, increasing friction.
 Keep toenails cut short and straight.
Remove boots and air your feet during
rest periods.
If you feel a “hot spot,” treat it before it
becomes a problem: stop immediately and
apply moleskin, a gel pad, or zinc-oxide tape.
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PORCUPINE QUILLS
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If you are pierced by a porcupine’s
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Cut off the ends of the quills,
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SNAKE IDENTIFICATION
Identify the snake if you can, since this will help medical teams
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make a note of its color or distinguishing features. If it’s safe,
put the snake in a secure container, but bear in mind that
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A sting in the mouth or throat can cause
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).) FIRST AID

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WARNING!
k\dg\iXkli\$i\^lcXk`fed\Z_Xe`jdj]ifd]leZk`fe`e^gifg\icp%
If a casualty becomes unconscious,
9fk_\oki\d\jZXeZXlj\c`]\$k_i\Xk\e`e^`eali\j#jf`kËjm`kXckf be prepared to give cardiopulmonary
XZkhl`Zbcp%;feËkc\Xm\XZXjlXckpÇZXcc]fi_\cgfi#`]gfjj`Yc\# resuscitation (see p. 277).
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ALTITUDE SICKNESS
Symptoms of altitude sickness include nausea,
loss of appetite, shortness of breath, and a
headache that’s not relieved by medication.
The casualty may also have difficulty
sleeping and will feel unwell. The only
solution is to start the descent immediately
and remain at a lower altitude for a few
days. Severe cases will need to be carried.

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ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
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Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe
ZXlj\`jj\m\i\Yc\\[`e^#Ylk`kZXeXcjfY\XZfej\hl\eZ\f] allergic reaction affecting the whole body.
Yliej%@e`k`Xccp#k_\i\n`ccY\XiXg`[glcj\Xe[gXc\ZcXddp People who know they are susceptible to
this carry a special adrenaline (epinephrine)
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take off the safety cap and, holding it in
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thigh (through clothing if necessary).
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 KI<8K@E>J?F:B&9I<8K?@E>;@==@:LCK@<J ).,

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WARNING!
If at any stage the casualty loses
consciousness, open the airway (see p. 276)
and check breathing; the throat muscles may
relax enough to allow breathing. If he or she
is not breathing, begin resuscitation as this
may dislodge the blockage (see p. 277).

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NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION EDIBLE PART

BISTORT/KNOTWEED  Damp, grassy habitats, such  Perennial plant, 16–40 in (40–100 cm) tall.  Young shoots
Polygonum spp. as meadows, in North America Green, triangular leaves. Small pink or white and leaves
and Eurasia. flowers form dense, cylindrical flowerheads  Roots
at end of long, unbranched stem.

BRAMBLE/BLACKBERRY  In most temperate habitats  Scrambling deciduous shrub with thorny stems  Fruit
Rubus fruticosus worldwide, but particularly forming thickets. Green, toothed leaves. White  Young shoots
scrubland, hedges, and woodland. or deep pink five-petaled flowers. Fruit ripens to  Leaves
blue-black in late summer.

BUCKWHEAT  Open grassland worldwide.  Red-stemmed plant up to 2 ft (60 cm) tall.  Seeds
Fagopyrum esculentum Green, triangular leaves. Small pink, five-petaled
flowers grow in clusters. Triangular seeds.

DANDELION  Widely distributed in temperate  Rosette of green, jagged-edged leaves grows  Leaves
Taraxacum spp. areas of Eurasia; introduced to close to the ground from a central taproot.  Roots
the Americas, Australia, and Large, bright yellow flower head matures into
New Zealand. a spherical “clock” of several seeds.

DOG ROSE  In hedgerows, woodland margins,  Scrambling deciduous shrub with spiny stems.  Hips
Rosa canina and scrubland in Europe, northwest Dark green, toothed leaves. Scentless, white,  Buds and
Africa, and western Asia; pink or deep pink five-petaled flowers. Fruit, flowers
introduced to other regions. or “hip,” is orange-red and oval.  Young leaves

STINGING/  By hedgerows and woodland  Perennial herbaceous plant, 20–60 in  Young shoots
COMMON NETTLE margins in North America, (50–150 cm) tall. Green, oval, toothed leaves and leaves
Urtica dioica Eurasia, and North Africa. covered in stiff stinging hairs. Small green
flowers sometimes have a red tinge.

SUGAR MAPLE  Woods and forests in northeastern  Deciduous tree, usually 82–115 ft (25–35 m)  Sap
Acer saccharum North America. tall. Gray-brown bark smooth on young trees,  Inner bark
furrowed and flaky on old trees. Green,
five-lobed leaves turn bright red in fall.

WALNUT  Temperate areas in Eurasia and  Large deciduous tree up to 82 ft (25 m) tall  Nuts
Juglans spp. North America. Common in the with distinctive gnarled bark. Green leaves have
Himalayas. narrow leaflets. Nut has a thick, green husk,
which rots away once it falls to the ground.

WATER CHESTNUT AND  In slow-moving water in warm  Green, triangular, saw-toothed leaves float on  Seeds
WATER CALTROP temperate areas of Eurasia and surface. White four-petaled flowers. Fruit is
Trapa natans and T. bicornis Africa; introduced to North borne underwater and has four sharp spines
America and Australia. and one hard gray seed.

WILD GRAPE  In most habitats in North America  Sprawling, high-climbing vine with large,  Fruit
Vitis spp. and Eurasia. lobed leaves. Fruit grows as hanging bunches  Young leaves
of berries, which are amber or dark purple
when ripe.

Xcc\i^`\j#Xgi\$\o`jk`e^d\[`ZXcZfe[`k`fe#fiXi\gi\^eXek%K_\L<K[f\jeËkXggcpkf
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PREPARATION
 Young leaves and shoots can 
be eaten raw or boiled.
 Soak roots, then boil or roast.
 Fruit and peeled young shoots 
are edible raw.
 Infuse the leaves to make tea.
 Hull and grind the seeds to make
buckwheat flour.
 Roast seeds and cook with water
to make porridge.
 Young leaves can be eaten raw;
boil old leaves to remove the bitter
taste (change the water once).
 Boil the roots.
 Buds and flowers are edible raw.
 Chew the pulp of raw hips, or dry
and eat later.
 Boil leaves in water to make tea.
 Boil the plants for 10 minutes 
to destroy the formic acid and
histamine in the stinging hairs.
 Boil sap into a high-energy syrup. 
 Eat inner bark raw or boil into a
gelatinous mass, then roast and 
grind into a flour.
 Crack the shell and eat the ripe
nut raw.
 Seeds can be eaten raw or
roasted.
 Ripe fruit is best eaten raw.
 Boil young leaves.
K<DG<I8K<GC8EKJ
SIMILAR PLANTS
Alpine bistort (P. viviparum) is
common on rocky soils in northern
alpine regions and the Arctic.
Wild raspberry (R. idaeus) fruit 
ripens to a bright red. Tea made
from the leaves can be used to
treat diarrhea.


Dead nettles (Lamium spp.) are 
also edible if cooked. They have
heart-shaped leaves and white or
purple flowers. No stinging hairs.
Red maple (A. rubrum) also
produces sweet sap.
White birch (Betula spp.) has
edible inner bark.

BEWARE OF

Catching yourself on thorns. 
Buckwheat leaves are edible but
can cause photosensitivity of the
skin if eaten in large quantities.

The hips of all wild roses (Rosa 
spp.) are edible, but do not eat the
seeds if they are prickly as they will
irritate the throat and stomach.
Gather and handle the plants 
carefully, wearing gloves if you
have them, to avoid being stung
by the hairs.




Moonseed vines (Menispermum 
spp.) have grapelike fruits, which
are poisonous. Unlike edible grapes,
they only have one seed.
K<DG<I8K<GC8EKJ )/(
8GG<E;@O
EXTRA INFORMATION
Roots are twice twisted and
are said to resemble two snakes.
They contain starch and can be
used to make flour.
Blackberries and raspberries
are high in vitamin C and sugars.
Blackberry leaf tea can be used
to treat colds and coughs.
Roots can be roasted and ground
to make a substitute for coffee.
The leaves are high in vitamins
A and C, iron, and calcium.
Rose hips remain on the shrub all
year. They are rich in vitamin C.
Boil crushed hips in water then
strain to make a nutritious syrup.
Fresh nettles are rich in protein
and vitamin K. The fibers in
mature stems can be woven
into cordage (see pp. 138–41).
To collect the sap, cut a V-shape
into the trunk, make a hole below
the cut, and insert a leaf to guide
the drips into a container below.
Rich in fat, protein, and vitamins.
Crushed green husks of black
walnut (J. nigra) are toxic to fish.
Use to poison and catch them.
Water chestnuts are a
source of carbohydrate.
Ripe grapes are rich in vitamin C
and sugar. Water can be obtained
from the vine stem (see p. 192).
)/)
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NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION

ACACIA/WATTLE  Africa, southern Asia, Australia,  Thorny, medium-sized trees with gray-white bark. Green leaves
Acacia spp. and the Americas. divided into many small, oval leaflets. Small, ball-shaped yellow,
white or pink flowers.

AGAVE  Southern USA and Mexico, Central  Rosette of fleshy leaves with sharp tip and spiny margin.
Agave spp. America, the Caribbean, and Central, tall flower stalk.
northeastern South America.

AMARANTH  The Americas, Africa, and Asia.  Tall herb with alternating leaves and erect fleshy stems.
Amaranthus spp. Tiny brown/black seeds (one plant produces 40,000–
60,000 seeds).

BAOBAB  Africa and northern Australia.  Large trees with swollen trunks, up to 30 ft (9 m) in diameter.
Adansonia spp. Green leaves have 5–7 digit-like leaflets. Oblong fruit up to
8 in (20 cm) long.

CAROB TREE  Mediterranean, northern Africa,  Evergreen tree up to 50 ft (15 m) tall. Shiny green leaves up
Ceratonia siliqua Middle East, and India. to 8 in (20 cm) long. Small red flowers. Flat leathery seed pods;
dark-green/black when ripe. Hard brown seeds.

CARRION FLOWER  Southwest Africa.  Numerous thorny, succulent stems up to 6 ft (2 m) tall.

Hoodia spp. Star-shaped or shallowly bell-shaped flowers give off
the smell of rotting meat.

DATE PALM  West and North Africa, Middle  Tall slender palms with a large crown of green leaves,
Phoenix dactylifera East, and India; introduced to divided into many narrow leaflets. Fruit reddish-brown
Mexico and USA. when ripe.

PRICKLY PEAR CACTUS  The Americas; introduced to the  Thick, jointed, flat, pad-like, green stems covered in
Opuntia spp. Caribbean, the Mediterranean, spines. Red or yellow flowers. Fruit red when ripe.
Africa, and Australia.

WILD GOURDS  Kalahari Desert (Namibia),  Ground-trailing green vine. Bright yellow flowers.
Cucurbitaceae the Sahara, islands in the Orange-sized green or yellow fruit.
Mediterranean, the Middle
East, and southeastern India.
 ;<J<IKGC8EKJ )/*

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\[`Yc\gcXekj`ek_\i\^`fepflXi\m`j`k`e^Xe[k_\`ij\XjfeXcXmX`cXY`c`kp%

EDIBLE PART PREPARATION BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION

 Seeds (from dark brown pods)  Roast seeds.  Catching yourself on thorns.  Roots may be tapped
 Young leaves and shoots  Boil leaves and shoots. for water.

 Stalk, before in flower  Roast the stalk.  Juice from many species can  Roasted stalk tastes sweet,
 Buds and flowers  Boil buds and flowers. cause acute contact dermatitis, like molasses.
with reddening and blistering
lasting 1–2 weeks. Leaves have
needle-like ends.

 Young shoots and leaves  Eat shoots and leaves raw or 
 Seeds boiled or stir-fried.
 Remove chaff from seeds, then
cook like popcorn or grind into
flour to make bread.
Amaranth leaves are high in oxalic  Amaranth leaves are a common
acid, which can irritate the gut and leaf vegetable in the tropics and
cause kidney stones, so eat in warm temperate regions.
moderation.

 Shoots and young leaves  Eat the fruit pulp raw. Tap the trunk for water. Kalahari
 Fruit  Boil shoots and leaves. bushmen suck water through
 Seeds  Roast seeds. holes in the trunk using the
hollow stems of grasses.

 Pods  Eat the sweet, nutritious pulp

 Seeds of the pods raw.
 Grind the seeds into flour and
make into porridge.

 Stems  Tap the stems for their water.  The stems contain an appetite
suppressant. Kalahari bushmen
chew the stems of several Hoodia
species before and during their
long, arduous hunts.

 Fruit  Eat the fruit (dates) raw or  Date palms always grow near
 Growing tip of the palm (heart) sun-dried. water. The leaves can be used
 Young leaves  Boil the leaves and heart. to thatch a shelter.
 Sap  Boil the sap down to a syrup.

 Fruit  Peel fruit and eat raw. 
 Seeds  Roast and grind seeds to a flour.
 Pads  Boil or grill young pads, first
removing thorns by peeling or
scorching over a fire.
Spines. Avoid any similar-looking  The non-milky sap from the
plant that has milky sap as it may pads is a good source of water.
be poisonous.

 Fruit (Tsamma melon only)  Pound fruit to a pulp and eat raw.  The fruit of the wild desert gourd  The Tsamma melon (C. lanatus)
 Flowers  Eat the flowers raw. or colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis) is also known as the wild
 Seeds  Roast or boil seeds. is very bitter and is a strong watermelon. The fruit pulp
 Young leaves and shoots  Chew leaves and shoots for water. laxative. is a good source of water.
)/+
8GG<E;@O APPENDIXVN@C;=FF;

N@C;=FF;
8>I<8KELD9<IF=GC8EKJÕfli`j_`ek_\kifg`Zj#^ifn`e^Xccp\Xiifle[`ek_\nXid
Xe[_ld`[Zfe[`k`fejÇk_fj\c`jk\[Y\cfnXi\aljkX]\nf]k_\dfjkZfddfemXi`\k`\j%
N_\epflgcXepfliki`g#pflj_flc[]Xd`c`Xi`q\pflij\c]n`k_k_\\[`Yc\gcXekj`ek_\i\^`fe
pflXi\m`j`k`e^%@ekifg`ZXc]fi\jkj#dfjk]il`kjXi\Yfie\_`^_`ek_\ZXefgpÇflkf]i\XZ_#

NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION EDIBLE PART

BAMBOO  Tropical and subtropical forests.  Tree-like grasses with woody, segmented,  Young shoots
Bambuseae hollow stems ranging from black to green to  Seeds
gold in color. Green blade-like leaves. Species
range in height from 1 2⁄3 –11 1 ⁄2 ft (0.5–3.5 m).

BANANA AND PLANTAIN  Tree-like herbaceous plants up to 33 ft (10 m)

 Fruit
 Native to Australia and Southeast
Musa spp. tall. Large, green, strap-like, split leaves.
 Buds and flowers
Asia; introduced to other
Flowers and fruit grow in dense hanging
 Shoots and young
tropical regions.
clusters. stems
 Roots

BRAZIL NUT  Along river banks in rain forests  Large dry-season deciduous tree up to 150 ft  Seeds or “nuts”
Bertholletia excelsa in South America. (45 m) tall. Green, oblong, crinkly leaves. Yellow
flowers. Fruit is the size of a coconut with a
hard, woody shell and contains 8–24 seeds.

CEYLON/VINE SPINACH  Widespread in tropical forests.  Trailing, vine-like plant reaching 100 ft (30 m)  Young leaves and
Basella alba in length. Beet-red stems. Fleshy, oval or stems
heart-shaped, green or red-purple leaves.

FIG Variety of habitats in tropical  Evergreen tree with long aerial roots growing  Ripe fruit
Ficus spp. and subtropical regions. from the trunk and branches. Leathery green
leaves. Pear-shaped fruit grow directly from
the trunk or branches.

PAPAYA/PAWPAW  Native to tropical rain forests  Small tree up to 20 ft (6 m) high, with a soft  Fruit
Carica papaya in the Americas; introduced to hollow trunk. Large green leaves have seven  Young flowers,
other tropical and some lobes. Large melon-like fruit turn yellow or leaves, and stems
temperate regions. orange when ripe.

PEANUT  Native to tropical rain forests  Small, bushy plant up to 1 2 ⁄3 ft (50 cm) tall.  Seeds or “nuts”
Arachis hypogaea in the Americas; introduced to Paired, oval green leaves grow four to a stem.
other tropical and some Yellow flowers. Underground legume (pod)
temperate regions. contains 1–4 nuts.

SAGO PALM  Damp lowlands of tropical rain  Spiny-trunked palm up to 33 ft (10 m) tall.  Pith
Metroxylon sagu forests in Southeast Asia; Crown of pinnate (feather-like) green leaves.  Young shoots
introduced elsewhere.  Young nuts

WATER LILY  Lakes, ponds, and rivers in tropical  Flat, green, heart-shaped leaves float on  Tubers
Nymphaea and subtropical regions worldwide. surface of water. Large, white, yellow, pink,  Stems
Also found in temperate regions. or blue fragrant flowers.  Seeds
 KIFG@:8CGC8EKJ )/,

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n`c[gcXekj`]pfl_Xm\XbefneXcc\i^p#Xgi\\o`jk`e^d\[`ZXcZfe[`k`fe#fiXi\gi\^eXek%

PREPARATION SIMILAR PLANTS BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION

 Split the tough outer sheath of the  Shoots of the giant bamboo  Bamboo stems often hold water
shoots, and boil or steam. or volohosy (Cathariostachys (see p. 190). The stems can be
 Boil the seeds or grind, mix with madagascariensis) contain used for cooking (see p. 204) and
water, make into cakes, and bake. prussic acid (cyanide). building a shelter (see p. 169).

 Fruit and flowers are edible raw  Banana and plantain fruit is rich
or cooked. in potassium and vitamins A, B6,
 Cook shoots, stems, and roots. and C. Hard, unripe plantain fruit
is only edible when cooked.

 Break fruit capsule open, crack the  The sapucaia tree (Lecythis spp.)  Ripe fruit capsules fall to the
nut’s shell, and eat raw. produces edible seeds in a similar ground. Rodents and monkeys
fruit capsule. They are called are attracted to the nuts, which
paradise nuts. are rich in fats and selenium.

 Steam, boil, stew, or stir-fry the  Don’t eat too much, as the plant can  Young leaves and stems are rich
leaves and stems. have a mild laxative effect. in vitamins.

 Eat the fruit raw or cooked.  Don’t eat any hard, woody fruit,  Edible figs are soft when ripe
or those covered in hairs. and green, red, or black in color.

 Flesh of ripe fruit is edible raw.  Don’t get the milky juice of green,  Ripe fruit is rich in vitamin C.
Unripe fruit is edible cooked. unripe fruit in your eyes as it will Unripe fruit will ripen quickly
 Flowers, leaves, and stems must cause temporary blindness. if placed in the sun.
be boiled, and the water must
be changed at least once.

 Remove the shell and eat the  Don’t handle or eat if you are  Peanuts are a good source of
nuts raw. allergic to peanuts. protein, B vitamins, and minerals.

 Crush the pith, knead it in water,  Many palms have edible parts.  Don’t eat a palm’s fruit unless you  A mature palm will yield
strain into a pot, and let the fine The sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) have positively identified it as an 330–660 lb (150–300 kg)
sago settle. Squeeze and let it dry. has an edible sap which can be edible variety as the fruit of some of sago starch—almost pure
Mix to a paste with boiling water. boiled down to a thick syrup. species contain harmful crystals. carbohydrate.

 Peel and slice the tubers, which  All parts of the lotus (Nelumbo  The tubers are rich in starch.
can be eaten raw. spp.) are edible raw or cooked. The seeds have a bitter taste
 Stems are best cooked. but they are edible.
 Dry and grind the seeds into flour.
)/-
8GG<E;@O APPENDIXVN@C;=FF;
N@C;=FF;
N?<EGI<G8I@E>=FIPFLIKI@G#pflj_flc[]Xd`c`Xi`q\pflij\c]n`k_k_\\[`Yc\
gcXekj`ek_\i\^`fepflXi\m`j`k`e^Xe[k_\`ij\XjfeXcXmX`cXY`c`kp%Fecp\XkgcXekjk_Xk
pflZXegfj`k`m\cp`[\ek`]pXe[#`]pflXi\`eXep[flYkXkXcc#ZXiipflkk_\Le`m\ijXc
<[`Y`c`kpK\jkL<K Ôijkj\\gg%)'-Æ'. %;feËk]fi^\kk_Xkjfd\gcXekjXi\\[`Yc\fecp
NAME WHERE
ICELAND MOSS  Mountainous areas in Arctic, 
Cetraria islandica sub-Arctic, and cold temperate regions
in North America and Europe; lava
slopes and plains of Iceland.
LICHENS
REINDEER MOSS  Tundra, bogs, and open woodlands 
Cladonia rangiferina in Arctic, sub-Arctic, and northern
temperate regions.
ROCK TRIPE  On rocks in Arctic, sub-Arctic, 
Umbilicaria spp. and northern temperate regions.
ARCTIC WILLOW  Tundra in North America, Europe, 
Salix arctica and Asia; mountainous areas in
some northern temperate regions.
BEARBERRY  Mountainous areas in Arctic 
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and sub-Arctic regions.
BOG LABRADOR TEA  Bogs and alpine areas in Arctic, 
Rhododendron groenlandicum sub-Arctic, and temperate regions
in North America and Europe.
PLANTS
CLOUDBERRY  Bogs, marshes, and wet meadows 
Rubus chamaemorus in alpine and sub-Arctic regions of
North America, Europe, and Asia.
CROWBERRY  Tundra, moorlands, bogs, and 
Empetrum nigrum spruce forests in Arctic, sub-Arctic,
and northern temperate regions.
Also found in the Andes.
KERGUELEN CABBAGE  Rocky areas of sub-Antarctic islands 
Pringlea antiscorbutica in the Indian and Southern Oceans.
IDENTIFICATION
Mat-forming lichen, up to 4 in (10 cm) high.
Gray-green to pale chestnut branches, rolled
into tubes terminating in flattened lobes with
fringed edges.
Mat-forming lichen, 2–4 in (5–10 cm) high.
Gray, rounded branches resemble antlers.
Rounded lichens with curling edges, usually gray
or brown.
Mat-forming shrub, 1–2 ft (30–60 cm) high. Rounded,
shiny green leaves. Flowers grow as yellow catkins.
Dwarf evergreen shrub. Thick, leathery, club-shaped
green leaves. Pink or white flowers. Bright red berries
grow in clusters.
Evergreen shrub, 1–3 ft (30–90 cm) high. Narrow, leathery,
green leaves are hairy underneath and fragrant. Small,
fragrant, white flowers grow in clusters and are sticky.
Perennial shrub, 4–10 in (10–25 cm) high. Soft, green
leaves have 5–7 lobes. White flowers have five petals.
Rasberry-sized, amber berries grow at the top of the plant.
Dwarf, evergreen, mat-forming shrub. Short, pale green,
needle-like leaves. Small, purple-red flowers. Black berries.
Cabbage-like plant.
 GC8EKJ@E:FC;:C@D8K<J )/.

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Xgi\\o`jk`e^d\[`ZXcZfe[`k`fe#fiXi\gi\^eXek%K_\i\Xi\efgf`jfefljkpg\jf]
c`Z_\eXck_fl^_kj\\ifZbki`g\\ekip#Y\cfn #Ylkk_\pdljkXccY\jfXb\[`enXk\i
fm\ie`^_kXe[Yf`c\[n\ccY\]fi\k_\pZXeY\\Xk\e%

EDIBLE PART PREPARATION BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION

 All  Soak for several hours  All lichens contain an acid  Lichens are low in protein but high in carbohydrates
then boil well. that will cause stomach (lichen-starch).
irritation unless soaked
and boiled before eating.

 All  Soak for several hours  All lichens contain an acid  High in vitamins A and B. Important source of
then boil well. that will cause stomach food for reindeer (caribou). Partially digested
irritation unless soaked lichens from the reindeer’s stomach are considered
and boiled before eating. a delicacy by herders.

 All  Soak for several hours then  There have been some
boil well. reports of rock tripe
poisoning so apply the
Universal Edibility Test first.

 Young shoots  Peel off outer bark and eat  Arctic willow leaves have 7–10 times more
 Leaves inner shoots raw. vitamin C than an orange.
 Young roots  Eat the leaves raw.
 Peel roots and eat raw.

 Berries  Cook before eating.  Bears feeding on the  Forms mats in Arctic regions.
berries.

 Leaves  Infuse to make tea.  Pick individual leaves rather than whole branches
and harvest from several shrubs. Northern Labrador
tea (R. tomentosum) leaves also make a fragrant tea.
The plant grows in peaty soils and on tundra.

 Berries  Edible raw.  Bears feeding on the  Berries initially pink, ripening to amber
berries. in fall. High in vitamin C.

 Berries  Eat raw or cooked.  Bears feeding on the  Previous year’s berries will last on plant until
berries. spring if not picked. Fresh berries can be
dried for storage. Low in vitamins.

 Leaves  Boil well.  Leaves have a bitter taste so must be well-boiled.

High in potassium and vitamin C. Antarctic explorers
and whalers used to eat Kerguelen cabbage to ward
off scurvy, hence its scientific name.
)//
8GG<E;@O APPENDIXVN@C;=FF;

N@C;=FF;
K?<I<8I<EFGF@JFEFLJJ<8N<<;J#Ylkjfd\dXpZXlj\^Xjkif`ek\jk`eXclgj\k%
K_\j\Xn\\[jc`jk\[Y\cfnXi\ZfddfeXe[jX]\kf\Xk`]^Xk_\i\[n_\ejk`cc^ifn`e^#
Ylkj_flc[fecpY\\Xk\e`ejdXcchlXek`k`\jXkÔijk%;feËk\Xkj\Xn\\[`]pflXi\j_fik
f]]i\j_nXk\ikf[i`eb%Fecp\XkgcXekjk_XkpflZXegfj`k`m\cp`[\ek`]pXe[#`]pflXi\`e

NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION

GUTWEED  Saltmarshes and rock pools in  Pale or bright green, tubular, unbranched stems,
Enteromorpha spp. cold-temperate waters worldwide. 8–16 in (20–40 cm) long.
SEAWEEDS

KELP  Rocky coasts of the Atlantic and  Very long, strap-like, olive-green to brown fronds.
Alaria spp., Laminaria spp., and Pacific oceans. Giant kelp (M. pyrifera) is the largest seaweed
Macrocystis spp. on Earth, reaching lengths of 150 ft (45 m).

LAVER  Rocky coasts worldwide.  Very thin, irregularly shaped membranous frond,
Poryphyra spp. up to 20 in (50 cm) long. Color varies from
olive-green to purple-brown or blackish.

COCONUT PALM
 Sandy, rocky, and coral coasts in  Woody perennial tree, up to 72 ft (22 m) tall, with
Cocos nucifera tropics and subtropics worldwide. a crown of pinnate (feather-like) leaves. Gray trunk
is ringed with growth scars.

GLASSWORT/  Salt marshes and coastal mudflats  Bright green, jointed, fleshy stems, 4–12 in (10–30 cm)
MARSH SAMPHIRE of western and eastern North high. Scale-like leaves and tiny flowers are sunk into
Salicornia spp. America, western Europe, and the stems.
the Mediterranean.

ORACHE/SALTBUSH  Sandy and shingle beaches worldwide.  Sprawling plant with spikes of small, greenish flowers.
Atriplex spp. Pale- or silvery-green leaves are either triangular or
spear-shaped, sometimes lobed.
SEASHORE PLANTS

SCREW PINE  Tropical coasts from Madagascar to  Tree up to 30 ft (9 m) tall, supported by stilt-like aerial
Pandanus spp. southern Asia and islands in the roots. Strap-like, saw-toothed leaves are grouped in
southwestern Pacific. spirals. Large, globular knobbly fruit ripens from
green to orange or red.

SCURVY-GRASS  Salt marshes and rocky coasts of  Creeping plant, 4–16 in (10–40 cm) high, with thick,
Cochlearia spp. northern North America and northern fleshy, dark green, heart-shaped leaves. Small, white, four-petaled
Europe and Asia. flowers.

SEA BEET  Salt marshes, shingle beaches, and  Sprawling plant up to 40 in (1 m) high, with glossy green,
Beta vulgaris maritima cliffs in Europe. stems and leaves often tinged red. Tiny green flowers
grow in clusters on the stems.

SEAROCKET  Sandy shores in North America,  Up to 16 in (40 cm) high with deeply lobed, fleshy, green
Cakile spp. Europe, Asia, and Australia. leaves. Pale lavender, four-petaled flowers.
 :F8JK8CGC8EKJ )/0

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n`k_k_\\[`Yc\gcXekj`ek_\i\^`fepflXi\m`j`k`e^Xe[k_\`ij\XjfeXcXmX`cXY`c`kp%

EDIBLE PART PREPARATION BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION

 All  Eat raw or dry in the sun  Gutweed is a good indicator of where fresh water
and grind to a powder, for runs across a seashore as it is particularly abundant
ease of storage. in such sites.

 Fronds  Best boiled, though young  Large doses of iodine can  Sugarwrack (L. saccharina) tastes sweet, as its
fronds can be eaten raw. be harmful. name implies, and can be eaten fried or boiled.
Kelp is high in iodine, small amounts of which
are needed for good health.

 All  Boil, then mash.  The Welsh make a cake of out of laver and oatmeal,
called laverbread. The Japanese produce thousands
of tons of paper-thin sheets of dried, processed
laver, called nori.

 Drink the milk fresh.  Mature coconut milk needs  Green, unripe coconuts are a good source of
 Seeds (coconuts)  Eat the flesh raw or extra water to be digested. water (see p. 190). Coconut milk is rich in sugar
sun-dried. It’s also a laxative, so don’t and vitamins and contains protein. The oily flesh
drink too much. is also nutritious.

 Stems  Steam or boil.  Also known as Poor Man’s Asparagus. Rock

samphire (Crithmum maritimum), which is found
on cliffs and rocky shores, is unrelated but has
edible succulent leaves.

 Leaves  Young leaves can be eaten  Atriplex species are restricted to saline soils. As
raw, older leaves should well as coasts, they are also found inland on the
be boiled. shores of alkaline lakes and in deserts. Gray saltbush
(A. cinerea) is a type of bushfood in Australia.

 Fruit  Inner flesh of ripe fruit can  The leaves have small,  Unripe, green fruit is inedible.
be eaten raw. Partly ripe thorn-like spines at the
fruit can be eaten if baked edges, which can scrape
for two hours. and irritate the skin.

 Leaves  Eat the leaves raw or pulp  Scurvy-grass leaves are rich in vitamin C— sailors
and drink. used to eat (or drink) them to prevent scurvy. They
are very bitter, so are best leached in water, but
you should eat them in a survival situation.

 Leaves  Eat raw or boiled.  Sea beet is the wild ancestor of beets, sugar beets,
and Swiss chard.

 Leaves  Leaves and young pods can  Searocket leaves have a peppery taste. One
 Young pods be eaten raw. species of Cakile grows in the deserts of the
Arabian Peninsula.
)0'
8GG<E;@O APPENDIXVN@C;=FF;

N@C;=FF;
8CCD8DD8CJ8I<<;@9C<#Ylkjfd\jg\Z`\jfi^iflgjf]dXddXcjXi\`e[Xe^\i
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jg\Z`\jk_XkXi\Zfddfe`ek_\`iXi\Xjf][`jki`Ylk`fe#Xe[Xi\efkljlXccp[Xe^\iflj
`]XggifXZ_\[Xe[_Xe[c\[Zfii\Zkcp%?fn\m\i#n_\egi\gXi`e^]fipfliki`g#pfldljk

NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION

 Temperate and tropical regions  The only mammals with true wings and the ability to
AERIAL

BATS
Chiroptera worldwide. fly. Wingspans vary from 6 in (15 cm) to over 5 ft (1.5 m)
in the large fruit bats, or flying foxes (Megachiroptera).

TREE SQUIRRELS  North and South America, Europe,  Small or medium-sized rodents, with large, bushy tails.
Sciurus and temperate parts of Asia.
TREES / GROUND

PORCUPINES  North and South America, Africa,  Large, rounded rodents, with a coat of sharp quills.
Hystricomorpha and tropical Asia.

ANTELOPE AND  North and South America, Africa,  Hoofed mammals, with long legs and barrel-shaped bodies.
DEER and Eurasia. Male antelope have permanent horns; male deer have antlers,
Bovidae and Cervidae which they shed and regrow each year.

GUINEA PIGS  Northwestern, central, and  Small rodent, with dark, coarse fur, short legs, and no tail.
Cavia spp. southeastern South America.
GROUND / BURROWS

HEDGEHOGS  Europe, Africa, and Asia;  Small, short-legged insectivorous mammal, with spines on
Erinaceinae introduced to New Zealand. back and sides of body.

KANGAROOS  Australia.  The largest of the marsupials (pouched mammals), with long,
Macropus spp. strong tails, large back legs, and short forelegs.

RABBITS AND  Most habitats worldwide, from  Small or medium-sized herbivorous mammals, with large ears
HARES arctic tundra to semi-desert. and small, round, furry tails. Fur is usually brown or dark gray;
Leporidae the Arctic hare (Lepus arcticus) has a winter coat: white with
black ear tips.

BEAVER  North America and northwestern  Large semi-aquatic rodents, with coarse, brown fur, webbed
GROUND / AQUATIC

Castor spp. Eurasia. feet, and a flat, scaly tail.

CANE RATS  Sub-Saharan Africa.  Large rodents, with coarse, brown fur and a long, naked
Thryonomys spp. tail. The greater cane rat ( T. swinderianus) is semi-aquatic.
 D8DD8CJ )0(

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HOW TO FIND BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION

 Active at night. Roost in colonies in caves and  Sharp teeth. Some bats carry rabies or other  Large, plump, fruit-eating bats, such as the
trees during the day. Temperate species diseases (see pp. 300–01), so cook the meat Indian flying-fox (Pteropus giganteus), are
hibernate in the winter. thoroughly. Bats are protected in Europe and some considered a delicacy in many tropical areas.
parts of North America.

 Mostly active by day, feeding in branches and  Sharp teeth and claws.  Flying squirrels (Pteromyini ) are nocturnal,
on the ground on shoots, nuts, and birds’ eggs. tree-living members of the squirrel
Nest in trees in a range of woodland habitats. (Sciuridae) family. They glide from tree
to tree rather than fly.

 Some New World porcupines climb trees to feed,  Barbed quills (see p. 266 for how to remove).  Slow-moving, so can easily be run down and
but all Old World porcupines spend all their time speared. Unlike most small game, the meat
on the ground across a range of habitats. is fatty rather than lean.

 Antelope are mainly found in savanna, or  Horns or antlers.  Most active at dawn and dusk. Usually live
marshland habitats, and deer mainly in woodland, in groups.
forests, or tundra.

 Feed mostly at dawn and dusk, in shrubby  Sharp teeth. Have communal feeding runways. Traps can
grassland in mountainous regions. be baited with leafy vegetables.

 Habitats range from woodland, hedgerows,  Sharp spines. Usually infested with parasites,  Traditionally prepared for eating by covering
and grassland to desert. Feed at night on so handle carefully and cook well. with clay and baking in embers of a fire
small animals, such as worms and insects. (see p. 205).

 Live in open savanna woodland, feeding  Sharp claws and a powerful kick.  Kangaroos are protected in some Australian
mainly at night on vegetation. Gather at states, but can be hunted (if you have a
waterholes in times of drought. permit) in others.

 Rabbits live in burrows, often in large numbers,  Rabbits and hares may be infected with germs,  In most areas, these are the first animals
coming above ground to feed on vegetation, so handle them carefully and cook well. Their to try to trap. The European rabbit
using well-worn runs. Hares live above ground. meat is very lean, and must be eaten with (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is an invasive
green vegetables (see p. 220). pest species in Australia.

 Look for the distinctive mud-and-stick lodges in Strong, chisel-like teeth. The Eurasian beaver  Use regular runs along streams. The tail
the middle of a pond or lake. Beavers leave the (Castor fiber) is protected in many of the can be eaten as well as the flesh.
lodge at night to feed on water plants and trees countries in which it is found.
along the riverbank.

 Feed at night on reeds and grasses in marshland  Sharp teeth.  Cane rats are a valuable source of bush
and on riverbanks, or on grasses in moist meat in West and Central Africa. “True”
savanna, and on rocky hillsides. rats (Rattus spp.) are edible but often
carry diseases, so handle with care.
)0)
8GG<E;@O APPENDIXVN@C;=FF;

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dXepjg\Z`\jk_XkXi\Zfddfe`ek_\`iXi\Xjf][`jki`Ylk`fe%N_\egcXee`e^pfliki`g#

NAMES WHERE IDENTIFICATION

GAMEBIRDS  Worldwide, except Antarctica.  Typically have plump bodies, small heads, and
Galliformes short, rounded wings. Range in size from quail ,
which can weigh as little as 2 oz (50 g), to the
wild turkey (Meleagris galloparvo), which can
be as heavy as 22 lb (10 kg).

OSTRICH  From West to East Africa south of the Sahara,  The world’s tallest and heaviest bird, reaching
Struthio camelus and southern Africa. 220 lb (100 kg), the ostrich is flightless. Long neck
and long, strong legs, with two-toed feet. Males
have black and white plumage, females brown.

OWLS  Every continent, except Antarctica.  Upright posture and a flattened face with large,
Strigiformes forward-facing eyes. Strong, hooked bill and
sharp talons (claws).

PIGEONS AND DOVES  Worldwide, except the polar regions.  Plump, full-breasted bodies, with a small head
Columbiformes and bill. Thick, soft plumage, which can be brown
or gray, or brightly colored in some tropical species.

STORKS AND HERONS  Worldwide, except the polar regions.  All have large bodies, with long legs, long necks, and
Ciconiiformes bills. Range height from 10 in (25 cm) for the smallest
bitterns to 5 ft (1.5 m) for the largest storks.

VULTURES  All continents, except Antarctica and Australasia.  Large carrion-eating birds, with large wings,
Accipitridae and Cathartidae powerful feet with sharp talons, and a strongly
hooked bill. Head and neck is often bald or
sparsely feathered.

WADERS AND GULLS  Worldwide.  Vary greatly in size and shape, but most have
Charadriiformes subdued brown, gray, black, or white plumage.
Waders (or shorebirds) usually have lightweight
bodies and long legs. Gulls have compact bodies.

WATERFOWL  Worldwide, except Antarctica.  Typically have plump bodies, powerful wings, and
Anseriformes short legs with webbed feet. Most species have a
broad, flattened bill. Ducks usually have short necks,
while geese and swans have long necks.
 9@I;J )0*

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HOW TO FIND BEWARE OF EXTRA INFORMATION

 Wide range of terrestrial habitats, from high  Short but sharp beak and claws. In some species  Nearly all gamebirds feed and nest on
mountains, to tropical forests, to Arctic tundra. (including pheasants), the males have sharp spurs the ground. At night, many gamebirds
on their ankles. roost in trees.

 Open semi-arid plains (from desert to savanna)  Can run fast and deliver a powerful kick. Very  The eggs are the largest of any bird,
and open woodland. protective of eggs in the nest and the young birds. weighing 3 lb (1.4 kg). The nests are
communal and contain up to 40 eggs.

 In most habitats, from tundra to dense forest.  Sharp bill and talons.  Most species hunt at night and roost in
trees during the day. Usually nest in holes
in trees, under rocky overhangs, or,
sometimes, in burrows.

 Variety of forest habitats, from open woodland  Often feed in flocks on the ground or in
to dense, tropical rain forest, and grassland and trees, and usually roost communally in
semi-arid areas. trees. Can be taken by hand from the
roost if you approach slowly and quietly.

 Freshwater habitats, ranging from wetlands,  Sharp bill.  Usually feed alone at the water’s edge,
rivers, lakes, marshes, swamps, mangroves, but often nest communally in trees.
and lagoons to tidal mudflats.

 Open areas, including mountains, plains, Sharp bill and talons. Handle as little as possible,  Carrion eaters and scavengers, such as
deserts, and savannas. as prone to parasites and infection. Boil meat for crows (Corvus spp.) and gulls (see below),
at least 30 minutes. can be lured into traps baited with meat.

 Tundra and a variety of wetland and coastal Sharp bill. Gulls and terns will aggressively  Most birds in this group nest on the
habitats, including tidal mudflats, beaches, defend their nest sites. ground or on rock ledges, laying about
and cliffs. four well-camouflaged eggs. Often nest
in large colonies.

 Arctic tundra, wetlands, rivers, and lakes. 
Ducks and swans usually feed on the water,
while geese graze on the land.
Geese and swans can be very aggressive, 
particularly in the breeding season. Mute swans
(Cygnus olor) can weigh up to 26 lb (12 kg).
Many species migrate between their
breeding grounds in the Arctic and their
wintering grounds further south. They
molt their feathers in the late summer,
rendering them flightless for a couple of
weeks and thus easier to catch.
)0+
8GG<E;@O APPENDIXVN@C;=FF;

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NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION

AFRICAN CLAWED FROG  Sub-Saharan Africa; introduced  Flattened, brown body, 21⁄4–5 in (6–13 cm) long, with a
Xenopus spp. to North America, South America, line of white “stitch marks” along the sides. Clawed toes
and Europe. on the muscular legs.
FROGS

AMERICAN BULLFROG  North America; introduced to  Body is green with brown markings above and white below,
Rana catesbeiana Europe and Asia. 31⁄2 –8 in (9–20 cm) long. Large legs and large eardrums.

SOUTH AMERICAN  Central and northern South  Smooth yellow or pale brown body with some dark markings,
BULLFROG America. 3–9 in (8–22 cm) long.
Leptodactylus pentadactylus
AFRICAN HELMETED  Sub-Saharan Africa.  Flattened, brown shell, 8–121⁄2 in (20–32 cm) long.
TURTLE
Pelomedusa subrufa
TURTLES

ASIAN LEAF TURTLE  Southeast Asia.  Oval, light to dark brown shell, 6–9 1⁄2 in (15–24 cm) long, with
Cyclemus dentata serrated edge near tail. Reddish brown head and legs.

 Southern Canada, USA, and  Flattened, smooth shell, 6–10 in (15–25 cm) long; brown above
PAINTED TURTLE
northern Mexico. and yellow below, sometimes patterned. Yellow or red stripes
Chrysemys picta
on the neck.

CARPET PYTHON  Indonesia, New Guinea, and

 Several subspecies, all of which have a bold pattern of irregular
Morelia spilota Australia. markings, which can be reddish brown, brown, black or gray.
Average length is 61⁄2 ft (2 m), but can reach 13 ft (4 m).

COMMON BOA  Central America, South America,  Several subspecies but all have characteristic dark saddle
Boa constrictor and some Caribbean islands. markings along the back and a dark stripe behind each eye.
SNAKES

Narrow head and pointed snout.

COMMON EGG-EATING  Sub-saharan Africa  Reddish-brown or gray body with dark, angular markings.
SNAKE A slender snake, 28–39 in (70–100 cm) long. Rounded snout.
Dasypeltis scabra

COMMON RATSNAKE  Southern Canada, and central  Subspecies coloration varies from bright yellow-orange to pale
Elaphe obsoleta and eastern USA gray with darker blotches. Length range is 4–6 ft (1.2–1.8 m).
Long head with rounded snout.
COMMON/VIVIPAROUS  Europe, extending to the Arctic  Body is usually brown olive, sometimes black, with males having
LIZARD Circle, and central to eastern Asia, bright yellow or orange bellies and females creamy white ones.
Zootoca vivipara including Japan. Length range is 4–7 in (10–18 cm).

GREEN IGUANA  Central America and northern  Green or grayish body, 31⁄4–61⁄2 ft (1–2 m) long, including the long
Iguana iguana South America. striped tail. Long, stout legs for climbing trees. Adults have a
LIZARDS

fleshy dewlap beneath the throat, which is large in males.

 Males turn brightly colored in the sun, with an orange-red head
RAINBOW LIZARD  West, Central, and East Africa.
and a blue or turquoise body; females and juvenile males remain
Agama agama
gray. Length range is 12–16 in (30–40 cm).
WESTERN FENCE  Southwestern USA and  Brown body with raised, pointed scales. Blue patches on belly are
LIZARD northwestern Mexico. most pronounced in males. Length range is 6–9 in (15–23 cm).
Sceloporus occidentalis

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gf`jfeflj]le^`Xe[k_\`iÕ\j_dXpY\kfo`Z%
HOW TO FIND
 Wetlands and waterholes in savannas and
tropical and subtropical forests.
 Wetlands. 
 Tropical forests and rain forests.
 Watering holes and rain pools in open country.
 Shallow streams in mountains or lowlands.
 Lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams
and rivers.
 Wide range of habitats.
 Wide range of habitats, from tropical forest 
to dry savanna.
 Desert and open habitats.
 Rocky hillsides with open woodland. 
 Wide range of terrestrial habitats.
 Tropical forest and rain forest.
 Open habitats.
 On rocks and other prominent places in 
temperate and coniferous woodlands.
SIMILAR SPECIES

All frogs in the Rana genus are edible. The genus 
includes New World true frogs and the European
common frog (R. temporaria).





There are several species in the boa family, 
which includes the world’s largest snake,
the green anaconda (Eunectes murinus).

Ratsnakes (Elaphe spp.), which include the 
brightly colored corn snake (E. guttata),
are found in both the New and Old Worlds.



The eastern fence lizard (S. undulatus) is 
widely distributed across southeastern
USA and northeastern Mexico.
8DG?@9@8EJ8E;I<GK@C<J )0,
8GG<E;@O
EXTRA INFORMATION
Also known as the African clawed toad.
American bullfrog legs can be the size of
chicken drumsticks. All temperate species
of frog hibernate in the winter.
Active at night. If picked up, the South
American bullfrog emits a loud scream
to startle the predator into dropping it.
In the rainy season, this turtle wanders
from pool to pool to forage. In the dry
season, it buries itself in mud.
Very active on land and in water.
Active by day. You will often find several
painted turtles piled up together on a log
in the water, basking in the sun.
The carpet python is non-venomous,
but it can inflict a nasty bite. It is one
of Australia’s most widespread snakes.
Kills its prey by coiling around it and
suffocating it. Don’t tackle large common
boas—they can be up to 13 ft (4 m) long.
This nocturnal African snake feeds on eggs
during the bird-breeding season then fasts
for the rest of the year. It has no teeth.
Like the common boa (see above), all
ratsnakes kill their prey by constriction.
There’s no point trying to catch a common
lizard by its tail as, like many lizards, it can
shed the tail and regrow it.
Defends itelf by lashing out with its tail
and claws.
Rainbow lizard can shed and regrow
its tail.
Fence lizard can shed and regrow
its tail.
)0-
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Xjlim`mXcj`klXk`fe %DXepZfleki`\jXe[&fijkXk\jn`cci\hl`i\pflkf_Xm\XÔj_`e^

NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION

BARRAMUNDI  Western and eastern Indian  Up to 61⁄2 ft (2 m) long, with a rounded tail fin.Dark greenish-gray
Lates calcarifer Ocean, and northwestern and upper body fading to silver below.
western Pacific Ocean.

COMMON/BRONZE  Europe to Central Asia.  Up to 2 3 ⁄4 ft (82 cm) long, with a deep, narrow, bronze-colored
BREAM body and a deeply forked tail.
Abramis brama

COMMON/KING CARP  Europe and Asia; introduced in  Up to 5 ft (1.5 m)long, with a dark gold upper body paling
Cyprinus carpio North America and Australasia. to silver below.

EUROPEAN TURBOT  Northeast Atlantic Ocean  Almost circular flatfish, up to 31⁄4 ft (1 m) in diameter. Sandy
Psetta maxima up to the Arctic Circle and brown with brown or black speckles on top.
the Mediterranean.

NILE PERCH  Northern, central, and eastern  Up to 61⁄4 ft (1.9 m) long, with a rounded tail fin. Dark gray-blue
Lates niloticus Africa. upper body fading to silver below.

RUDD  Europe and Asia.  Up to 17 in (45 cm) long, with a deeply forked tail. Dark greenish
Scardinius erythrophthalmus upper body paling to silver below. Red pelvic, pectoral, and
anal fins.

ATLANTIC SALMON  North Atlantic and Arctic  Up to 5 ft (1.5 m) long, with a powerful, streamlined, silver
Salmo salar oceans, and Baltic Sea and blue-green body.
adjacent rivers; introduced
to Argentina and Australasia.

TARPON  Eastern and western Atlantic  Up to 8 ft (2.5 m) long, with a deeply forked tail. Bright silver body,
Megalops atlanticus Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, with large, hard scales.
and the Caribbean.

TENCH  Europe and Asia; introduced  Olive green upper body, golden below, with a square tail fin.
Tinca tinca in North America. Small barbel at corners of mouth. Average length is 27 in (70 cm).

BROWN TROUT  Temperate waters worldwide.  Streamlined body with an average length of 31⁄4 ft (1 m).
AND SEA TROUT The brown trout has a brownish body flecked with distinctive
Salmo trutta black and red spots. The sea-going form, the sea trout, is
silver-blue with black spots.
 =@J? )0.

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gi\gXi\XÔj_]fiZffb`e^%

HOW TO FIND SIMILAR FISH EXTRA INFORMATION

 Tropical, slow-moving creeks and estuaries,  Beware of the sharp dorsal fin.
hiding in mangrove roots and rocky outcrops.

 Bottom of still and slow-moving waters, typically  Silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and white-eye
in lakes, rivers and ponds. Swim in large shoals. bream (Abramis sapa).

 Still and slow-moving waters, often among  Wild carp, mirrored carp, and leather carp are
vegetation near banks of lakes or ponds. all varieties of the common carp.

 Sandy, rocky, or mixed sea beds in shallow  Other flatfish (Pleuronectiformes) found in shallow
coastal and brackish water. water, such as sole, plaice, and flounder.

 Lakes and large rivers.  Other perch (Perciformes). Beware of the sharp dorsal fin and teeth
(the Nile perch is a voracious predator).
This species weighs up to 440 lb (200 kg).

 Still and slow-moving waters, often near banks  Roach (Rutilus rutilus)
of ponds and marshlands.

 Cold, fast-flowing rivers and coastal waters.  Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)  The salmon run (when the fish migrate
from the sea to their birth rivers) is in
the autumn, with spawning between
November and January.

 Estuaries, lagoons, tidal flats and mangrove  Indo-Pacific tarpon (M. cyprinoides),  This species is hard to hook because of its
swamps. Feed in shoals. which is smaller and rarer. bony mouth. It weighs up to 160kg (350lb).

 Still and slow-moving waters, in ponds, lakes

and rivers. The best time of day to catch tench
is at dawn, at the edges of dense vegetation.

 Streams, rivers, lakes, and coastal waters.  Rainbow trout and steelhead trout  Sea-going forms migrate from the
(Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the sea to rivers to spawn in the autumn.
cutthroat trout (O. clarki). Beware of small bones when eating.
)0/
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NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION

COMMON/BLUE MUSSEL  Intertidal zones of estuaries and coasts of North  Dark-shelled bivalve, reaching 4–6 in (10–15 cm)
Mytilus edulis and southeastern Atlantic and northeastern and in length.
southwestern Pacific.
MOLLUSCS

GIANT AFRICAN  Sub-tropical and tropical parts of Africa;  Large terrestrial snails, reaching up to 12 in
LAND SNAILS introduced to the Asia-Pacific region. (30 cm) in length when body is extended, and
Achatina spp. 4 in (10 cm) in diameter. Whorled, conical,
brownish shell with darker bands.
MOLLUSCS

GRASSHOPPERS  Worldwide, on vegetation and the ground.  Winged insects with powerful hindlegs, 2⁄5–31⁄4 in
Acrididae (1–8 cm) long, usually with camouflage
coloring and patterning.

HONEYPOT/HONEY ANTS  Semi-arid and arid regions of southwest USA,  Segmented bodies with six legs and a pair of
Myrmecocystus spp. Mexico, Africa, and Australia. antennae, and a constricted waist. Range in
colour and size, from 1⁄10 –1⁄2in (2–12mm). Special
ARTHROPODS

members of the colony, called repletes, have

abdomens that can swell to the size of a grape.

WITCHETTY GRUB  Underground, in the roots of the witchetty  The larva of this species of cossid moth reaches
Endoxyla leucomochla bush (Acacia kempeana), central Australia. about 2 3 ⁄4 in (7 cm) in length. It is white with a
brown head.

CRAYFISH/CRAWFISH/  Worldwide, in freshwater streams.  Segmented bodies, which can be sandy

YABBIES/KOURAS yellow, green, dark brown, or blue-gray in
CRUSTACEANS

Astaclidea color. Ten legs, the front two of which are

large claws. Average length is 4 in (8 cm),
but some species grow much larger.

WOODLICE  Worldwide, in damp terrestrial microhabitats,  Flattened, segmented bodies up to 3 ⁄4 in (2 cm) in

Oniscidea and Armadillidiidae such as in rotting wood and leaf litter. length. Gray or light brown or black in color. Pill
millipedes will roll up into a ball when threatened.
WORMS

COMMON EARTHWORM  Temperate regions of Europe; introduced to  Reddish worm, reaching 14 in (35 cm) in length
Lumbricus terrestris most parts of the world. when extended.

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SIMILAR INVERTEBRATES
 Most species of marine and freshwater 
bivalves and univalves are edible if alive
and healthy when gathered.
 Many terrestrial and freshwater snails are 
edible. The winkle or common periwinkle
(Littorina littorea) is an edible sea snail.
 Most species of cricket (Gryllidae) and katydid 
( Tettigoniidae) are edible.
 Most species of ant are edible if gathered 
carefully. The larvae of wood ants (Formica spp.)
in northern temperate regions make a nutritious
meal in summer months. The abdomen of the
green or weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina)
found in southeast Asia and Australia tastes
like citrus sherbert. Termites (Isoptera) are
also edible. See p. 219 for catching methods.
 The term “witchetty grub” is also applied to the 
edible larvae of other cossid moths, ghost moths
(Hepialidae), and longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae).
Palm grubs are the edible larvae of the palm weevil
(Rhynchophorus Spp.). They live in the trunks of
sago palms (see pp. 284–285) in Southeast Asia.
 Marine decapods such as crabs, lobsters, 
and prawns are also edible.
 All earthworms are edible.
@EM<IK<9I8K<J
BEWARE OF
Don’t collect marine shellfish that aren’t covered 
at high tide. The black mussel (Musculus niger),
found in Arctic waters, can be poisonous
year-round. Mussels in tropical zones are
poisonous during the summer.
Avoid any terrestrial snails with brightly colored 
shells and all sea snails unless you can positively
identify them as an edible species, as they may
be poisonous.
Avoid any brightly colored grasshoppers as 
they may be toxic.
Most species of ant are aggressive in defense 
of their nest and have a stinging bite. Some will
then squirt formic acid at the site of the bite. 
Do not eat any insect larvae that are already 
dead when you find them, or that look sick,
smell bad, or that irritate the skin if handled.
May contain harmful parasites so cook well. 


@EM<IK<9I8K<J )00
8GG<E;@O
EXTRA INFORMATION
Healthy bivalves should close their shells
when tapped and the shells should open
when cooked. Healthy univalves, such as
limpets, should be difficult to pry off
the rocks on which they live.
Snails should be starved for 24 hours
or fed a diet of edible green leaves to
purge their guts before cooking. Boil
for at least 10 minutes.
Remove the antennae, wings, and leg
spurs, and roast to kill any parasites.
The swollen abdomens of the repletes
contain a nutritious fluid.
The repletes live deep underground in
the ants’ nest so you would have to dig
them out.
Should be eaten raw or roasted quickly
in hot embers.
Keep alive until ready to eat. See p. 225
for preparation and cooking methods.
Boil or fry gently. Will turn slightly pink,
like shrimp, when cooked.
The common eathworm is unusual in that
it feeds at the surface, making it easier to
find and gather than other worms.
*''
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X[m`jXYc\kf]Xd`c`Xi`q\pflij\c]n`k_k_\gfk\ek`Xccp_Xid]lcn`c[c`]\`ek_\i\^`fepflXi\
m`j`k`e^#k_\eXkli\f]k_\k_i\Xk#Xe[_fnkfXmf`[`k`]gfjj`Yc\%@ek_\ZXj\f]jljg\Zk\[

NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION

VAMPIRE BATS  In rain forests, deserts, and  Small bats, with a body length of 2 3⁄4–31⁄2 in (7–9 cm) and a wingspan
Desmodontinae grasslands, from Mexico to of 14–16 in (35–40 cm). Dark brownish gray fur, paler on the belly.
northern and central South Razor-like upper incisors.
America.
MAMMALS

RATS  Worldwide, except for the  Medium-sized rodents, with a minimum body length of 5 in (12 cm),
Rattus spp. polar regions. and long, naked tails. Coarse brown, gray-brown, or black fur, paler
on belly. Pink feet.

SPITTING COBRAS  Warm temperate, subtropical, and  Pale brown to black snakes up to 6 ft (2 m) long. When threatened,
SNAKES

AND RINKHALS tropical regions of Asia and Africa. will rear up and spread their hoods, revealing striped patterns
Naja spp. and Hemachatus on their necks.
haemachatus

ELECTRIC EEL  Amazon and Orinoco river  Not a true eel, but an eel-like fish up to 81⁄4 ft (2.5 m) long and can be as
Electrophorus electricus systems, South America, thick as a human thigh. Continuous fin along lower body.
often in shallow water.
FISH

STONEFISH  In tropical coastal waters of  Up to 16 in (40 cm) long, this lumpy fish can match its color to the rock
Synanceia verrucosa northern Indian Ocean and or sediment on which it lies while waiting for passing prey. Venomous
southwestern Pacific Ocean. spines in the dorsal fin.

BOX JELLYFISH/  At the surface of tropical waters  Box-shaped, transparent jellyfish, up to 10 in (25 cm) in diameter.
SEA WASPS of southwest Pacific and eastern Up to 15 long tentacles, which bear stinging cells, at each corner.
Cubomedusae Indian Ocean.
OTHER ANIMALS

CENTIPEDES  In soil, leaf litter, cracks, and  Elongated, flattened bodies divided into at least 16 segments, most
Chilopoda crevices in temperate, subtropical, of which have one pair of legs. Tropical species are typically brightly
and tropical regions worldwide. colored—yellow, red, orange, or green—with dark stripes. The world’s
largest centipede, Scolpendra gigantea, reaches 12 in (30 cm) in length.

CONE SHELLS/  In inter-tidal zones and on  Brightly colored and patterned, cone-shaped shells, up to 9 in (23 cm)
CONE SNAILS coral reefs in warm temperate, long. These predatory snails have venomous, harpoon-like mouthparts.
Conidae subtropical, and tropical seas
and oceans worldwide.

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DANGER
 Many mammal species are infected with 
rabies, but because vampire bats feed by
biting their victims, then lapping blood from
the wound, the virus can be transmitted via
their saliva. Symptoms include fever, headache,
fear (especially of water), and seizures.
 Can be infested with parasites and can also 
carry infectious diseases. Leptospirosis is a
water-borne bacterial disease spread by
infected rats’ urine; the acute form in humans
is called Weil’s disease.
 Will eject a fine spray of venom from their fangs 
upward the eyes of an aggressor. Causes intense
pain, tearing, and discharge from the eyes, spasm
and swelling of the eyelids. Ulceration of the
cornea can lead to infection resulting in blindness.
 Can generate shocks of up to 600 volts, used to 
stun or kill prey when hunting, or in self-defense.
Such a shock can be discharged up to 8 hours
after its death, and is potentially lethal to humans.
 The world’s most venomous fish. If trodden 
on, the spines inject poison into the puncture
wound. This is extremely painful and can be
fatal. The injured body part will swell and
muscular paralysis may set in.
 Sting is extremely painful—it will damage the 
skin and can cause permanent scarring. In severe
cases, box jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri ) stings can
lead to cardiac arrest and death within minutes.
 Have a pair of large, venomous claws on their 
heads, which in some species can be dangerous
to humans. The sting is painful and leads to
swelling. May result in anaphylactic shock.
 Will fire its harpoon in self-defense if touched. 
Sting of most species is painful; that of the larger
tropical species can be fatal. Symptoms include
swelling and numbness, and may be followed by
severe breathing difficulties.
N@C;8E@D8CJ
TREATMENT
If bitten by a vampire bat, or other potentially 
rabid mammal, clean the wound thoroughly and
seek immediate medical help. Symptoms usually
appear 2–8 weeks after infection, by which time
the disease is almost always fatal.
If you’ve been in contact with potentially 
contaminated water and develop flu-like symptoms
(fever, headache, muscle pain) you must get your
blood tested as soon as possible. Antibiotics
are effective in the early stages of the disease.
Call the emergency services. Rinse the eyes with 
cool water for 10 minutes. Apply an antibiotic
eye ointment.
Call the emergency services. If the casualty 
becomes unconscious, open the airway and
check breathing (see p. 276). Be ready to begin
CPR (see p. 277).
Call the emergency services—anti-venin is 
available. Immerse the injured part in water as hot
as the casualty can stand for at least 30 minutes
(see p. 267). Don’t immobilize the injured limb.
Be ready to begin CPR if the casualty loses
consciousness (see pp. 276–77).
Call the emergency services—anti-venin is available. 
Flood the stung area with vinegar or sea water
for at least 30 seconds to neutralize the stinging
cells (see p. 267). Be ready to begin CPR if the
casualty loses consciousness (see pp. 276–77).
Call the emergency services. Apply a cold compress 
for at least 10 minutes to reduce pain and swelling.
Monitor the casualty for anaphylactic shock (see
p. 274) and be ready to begin CPR (see p. 277).
Call the emergency services and treat as for snake 
bite (see p. 266). Monitor the casualty for shock
(see p. 274) and be ready to begin CPR (see p. 277).
N@C;8E@D8CJ *'(
8GG<E;@O
HOW TO AVOID
Vampire bats roost in hollow trees and caves,
emerging at night to feed. Don’t shelter in
bat caves (bat dung can cause a respiratory
disease). Keep covered at night, and sleep
under a mosquito net. Get vaccinated
before traveling to a high-risk area.
If handling a rat, beware of its teeth and
claws, and wash thoroughly afterward.
Cook the meat thoroughly. In rat-infested
areas avoid getting water into any cuts; if
you do, wash with soap and boiled water.
If you come across a spitting cobra, try to
remain completely still and allow the snake
to move away, if possible (see p. 243).
Keep your boots on if crossing a tributary
and take care when washing. These waters
are also home to piranhas (Serrasalminae),
which have razor-sharp teeth.
Wear something on your feet when walking
in shallow water. Weaverfish ( Trachinidae)
and scorpionfish (Scorpaenidae) also have
venomous stings; the treatment is the same.
Never touch jellyfish, even when dead.
All jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, and the
Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis)
release venomous cells when touched.
Some are more toxic than others.
As a general rule, avoid all multiple-legged
arthropods. If you discover one on your
body, gently brush it off in the direction
in which it is walking.
Don’t pick up any cone shells in rock pools
or when snorkeling or diving. (There is no
anti-venin: treatment entails providing life
support until the venom is metabolized by
the casualty’s body.)
*')
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Xe[Z_\ZbYi\Xk_`e^j\\g%).- %9\i\X[pkfY\^`e:GIÇZ_\jkZfdgi\jj`fejXe[i\jZl\

NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION

BEES, WASPS, AND  In a variety of terrestrial habitats  Narrow-waisted bodies, often striped black and yellow. Bees are hairy,
HORNETS worldwide. while wasps and hornets have hairless bodies. Up to 1 1⁄2 in (3.5 cm) long.
Hymenoptera Bees have barbed stingers, wasps and hornet stingers are smooth.
INSECTS

MOSQUITOES  In a variety of terrestrial habitats  Narrow bodies and long, slender legs. Up to 3⁄4 in (2 cm) long. Females
Culicidae near water worldwide, especially have syringe-like mouthparts for piercing skin.
in warmer regions.

BROWN RECLUSE/  Southern midwestern states of  Small brown spider, about 1⁄2 in (1.25 cm) long) with a distinctive dark,
FIDDLEBACK USA, south to the Gulf of Mexico. violin-shaped mark on the back of its cephalothorax (head).
SPIDER
Loxosceles reclusa

FUNNEL-WEB  Moist, cool, sheltered habitats in  Large spiders, up to 1 1⁄2 in (4.5 cm) long, with glossy dark brown or
SPIDERS eastern and southern Australia. black bodies and short legs.
Atrax robustus and
Hadronyche spp.

TARANTULAS  Deserts and forests in subtropical  Very large spiders with bodies up to 5 in (12 cm) long and a legspan
Theraphosidae and tropical regions worldwide. of up to 11 in (28 cm). Bodies and legs are covered in bristly hairs. Pale
brown to black in color, with pink, red, brown, or black markings.
ARACHNIDS

WIDOW SPIDERS  Warm temperate, subtropical,  Small spiders, with dark, glossy bodies and distinctive red, yellow,
Latrodectus spp. and tropical regions worldwide. or white markings on the abdomen, which are shaped like an
hourglass in some species.

SCORPIONS  Deserts, grasslands, woodland,  Segmented bodies, with large, claw-like pedipalps and sting-bearing
Scorpiones and forests in warm temperate, tails. Yellow, brown, or black bodies, 3–8 in (8–20 cm) long, depending
subtropical, and tropical on the species.
regions worldwide.

TICKS  Grassland and woodland habitats  Rounded bodies with no distinct divisions. Yellow to red– or black–
Ixodidae worldwide. brown in color. Up to 2 ⁄5 in (1 cm) long, but larger after feeding.
They have spiked mouthparts, which they use to attach themselves
to the skin of warm-blooded animals to feed on their blood.
 @EJ<:KJ8E;8I8:?E@;J
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DANGER TREATMENT HOW TO AVOID

 When a bee stings you, the stinger is ripped out of 
its body with the venom sac. Wasps and hornets
can sting repeatedly. The stings are painful,
followed by redness and swelling. A single sting
may result in anaphylactic shock (see p. 274)
Scrape the sting off sideways at the base of the 
sting if it is visible, using a fingernail or a credit
card. Raise the affected part and place a cold
compress against it for at least 10 minutes (see
p. 267). Monitor for signs of allergic reaction.
Watch out for flowers where bees may
be feeding. Be careful when gathering
fruit, or cleaning fish or game, as wasps
or hornets will be attracted to the smell.
Don’t disturb their nests.

 Female mosquitoes feed on blood and their 
bites can irritate the skin. They are carriers
of infectious diseases such as malaria, yellow
fever, and dengue fever.
Apply an antihistamine cream to the bites if they 
itch, and do not scratch them, as there is a risk
of infection. If casualty develops a headache and
fever, get medical help. Get casualty to rest, drink
plenty of water, and take anti-malarials, if directed.
Cover your arms and legs after sunset,
use mosquito repellent, and sleep under a
mosquito net. Take anti-malarial medication
as directed. Get a yellow fever vaccination
before traveling, where advised.

 Bite can cause fever, chills, vomiting, and, pain 
in the joints. In most cases the bite is minor, but
in some cases the tissue around the wound will
die, leaving a deep scar. Rarely fatal.
Sit casualty down, treat as for snakebite (see 
p. 266), and call the emergency services. Apply
a cold compress to the site of the sting. Monitor
for signs of allergic reaction, such as wheezing,
and anaphylactic shock (see p. 274).
This spider likes to hide in dark places, so
be careful where you put your hands and
bare feet, and always check your bedding.

 Bite is very painful and cause profuse sweating,  Sit casualty down, treat as for snakebite Take care when moving rocks and logs.
nausea, vomiting, tingling around the mouth and (see p. 266), and call the emergency services—
tongue, salivation, and weakness. Rarely fatal. anti-venin is available. Monitor for signs of allergic
reaction and anaphylactic shock (see p. 274).

 Bite can be painful but is only mildly venomous. 
If provoked, tarantulas will flick irritating hairs
from their abdomen which will cause itching
and swelling of the skin and nasal passages,
and watering of the eyes.
Give pain relief and apply a cold compress to  Tarantulas are nocturnal and hunt prey
the site of the bite. Monitor for signs of allergic in trees and on the ground. Move away
reaction, such as wheezing, and anaphylactic shock if you disturb one; don’t touch it.
(see p. 274). Wash any hairs away with cool water.

 Bite is painful and results in localized redness 
and swelling. More severe reactions include
profuse sweating, abdominal and chest pains,
nausea, and vomiting. Rarely fatal.
Apply a cold compress (ice if available) and 
give pain relief. If symptoms worsen, call the
emergency services – anti-venin is available.
Monitor for signs of allergic reaction, such as
wheezing, and anaphylactic shock (see p. 274).
Widow spiders, which include Australia’s
redback spider (L. hasselti ), build their webs
in dry, sheltered spots, such as in shrubs or
among rocks or logs, so take care when
moving among them.

 Scorpion stings can be very painful and may cause 
severe illness. A few species have neurotoxins in
their venom, resulting in temporary paralysis for
1–2 days. Rarely fatal and only in young children,
the elderly, or the ill or infirm.
If swelling occurs, sit casualty down, treat as for 
snake bite (see p. 266). Apply an ice pack or cold
compress to the site of the sting. Call the emergency
services, monitor for anaphylactic shock (see p. 274)
and allergic reaction. Try to identify the scorpion.
Scorpions are mostly nocturnal and take
shelter during the day. Check your boots and
clothing before putting them on and check
your bedding at night. Take care when
gathering firewood or turning over rocks.

 Ticks are carriers of infectious diseases such as 
Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Sufferers of Lyme disease may develop a red,
ringed “bull’s-eye” skin lesion at the bite site.
Carefully remove an attached tick with tweezers 
or a specialized tool (see p. 267). Clean and monitor
the wound for symptoms. Get medical help if
casualty develops a severe headache, stiff
neck, or a fever.
Wear light-shaded, tightly woven clothing
and apply tick repellent. Check your skin
and clothing for ticks at regular intervals.
*'+ APPENDIXVE8KLI8C;8E><IJ

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NAME WHERE IDENTIFICATION POISONOUS PART

COWHAGE/COWAGE/  Scrub and light woodland in the  Vine-like plant with green, oval  Flowers
COWITCH the tropics and USA. leaflets growing in threes. Spikes  Pods
Mucana pruriens of hairy, dull purplish flowers.
CONTACT POISONING

Hairy brown seedpods.

POISON IVY  Wooded areas in North America;  See p. 268 for illustration.  All
Toxicodendron radicans widely introduced elsewhere.

WHITE/GRAY  Mangrove swamps from  Slender tree with pale bark and long  Sap
MANGROVE tropical Africa to Indonesia aerial roots. Green, oblong, leathery
Avicennia marina and Australasia. leaves. Yellow flowers and fleshy,
pale orange seed capsules.

BANEBERRY  Temperate woodland in the  Low shrub with, toothed green  All, but the berries are
Actaea spp. northern hemisphere. leaves. Small white flowers. White, the most poisonous.
black, or red berries grow in clusters.

CASTOR OIL PLANT/  Throughout the tropics in scrub  Tall shrub with glossy dark green or  All, but the seeds contain
CASTOR BEAN and wasteland; introduced to dark purple, star-like leaves. Spikes particularly high levels of
Ricinus communis temperate regions. of yellow flowers. Spiky red pods. the poison ricin.

DEATH CAMAS/  Grassy, wooded, and rocky  Long grass-like leaves arise from a  All
DEATH LILY areas in temperate regions bulb. Flowers have six white petals
Zigadenus spp. of North America. with a green heart at base.
INGESTION POISONING

PANGI  Tropical forests in Southeast  Tall tree with green, heart-shaped  All, but especially the
Pangium edule Asia. leaves. Green flower spikes. Large seeds, which contain
brownish pear-shaped fruits grow prussic acid (cyanide).
in clusters.

PHYSIC NUT  Woodland throughout the tropics  Large shrub with large, green,  All, but particularly
Jatropha curcas and southern USA. ivy-like leaves. Small greenish-yellow the seeds.
flowers. Apple-sized yellow fruit has
large seeds.

POISON HEMLOCK  Wet or moist ground in temperate  Tall herb with branching purple-spotted  All, but the root has the
Conium maculatum parts of Eurasia; introduced to stem; toothed leaves; small clusters of highest level of toxins.
North America and Australia. white flowers grown in flat umbrellas.

STRYCHNINE TREE  Tropical and subtropical forests  Evergreen tree with paired oval  All, but the seeds contain
Strychnos nux-vomica in India, Southeast Asia, and leaves. Small clusters of greenish lethal levels of strychnine.
Australia. flowers grow at end of branches.
Large orange-red berries.
 GF@JFEFLJGC8EKJ *',

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EFFECT TREATMENT ADDITIONAL INFO

 Skin irritation. Contact with the eyes can  Call the emergency services. Rinse the skin
cause blindness. with cold water for 20 minutes, the eye(s) for
10 minutes. Don’t let the water collect under
the casualty or you.

 Reddening, itching, swelling, and blistering of  Wash the affected area with soap and cold  Western poison oak ( T. diversilobum),
skin within 4–24 hours of contact with the plant. water. Apply anti-poison ivy cream. Monitor Atlantic poison oak (T. pubescens),
Some people may suffer an allergic reaction and treat for shock (see p. 274) if necessary. and poison sumac ( T. vernix ) also
called anaphylactic shock (see p. 274). For natural remedies, see p. 268. cause contact poisoning (see p. 268).

 The sap blisters the skin and will cause temporary  Call the emergency services. Rinse the skin  Blinding or milky mangrove (Exoecaria
blindness if it gets in the eyes. with cold water for 20 minutes, the eye(s) agallocha) also has poisonous sap.
for 10 minutes. Monitor casualty and treat
for shock (see p. 274).

 Can be fatal—ingestion of berries can lead to  Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting
cardiac arrest and death. Other symptoms include if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison
dizziness, vomiting, and severe internal irritation. by getting him or her to drink large quantities
of water or milk, or tea mixed with charcoal.

 Can be fatal—ingestion of raw seeds causes  Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting  The seedpods explode when ripe, scattering
severe diarrhea. if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison the large, oval, glossy, brown-mottled seeds,
by getting him or her to drink large quantities which can be mistaken for beans.
of water or milk, or tea mixed with charcoal.

 Deadly poisonous. Symptoms include profuse  Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting  This plant looks similar to wild onions,
salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, slow, if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison which are edible, but the death camas
irregular heartbeat, low temperature, difficulty by getting him or her to drink large quantities does not have the onion smell.
breathing, and unconsciousness, leading to death. of water or milk, or tea mixed with charcoal.

 Deadly poisonous. Causes unconsciousness and  Call the emergency services (antidotes are  If the casualty is unconscious and stops
severe breathing difficulties, which, if untreated, available). Induce vomiting if casualty is still breathing, give rescue breaths, using a
may lead to death. conscious. Dilute the poison (see Death Camas, face shield. Alternatively, use an oxygen
above). Keep casualty warm and at rest. bag and a mask, if possible.

 Severe diarrhea and vomiting.  Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting  The seeds look like betel nuts and taste
if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison sweet. Several species in the Jatropha
by getting him or her to drink large quantities genus are poisonous, for example, the
of water or milk, or tea mixed with charcoal. aptly named bellyache bush (J. gossypifolia).

 Deadly poisonous. A small amount can result  Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting  Water hemlock or spotted cowbane
in death by respiratory failure from muscular if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison (see (Cicuta spp.), which looks similar, is also
paralysis. Early symptoms include nausea, Physic Nut, above). If the casualty is unconscious deadly poisonous. Don’t mistake these
vomiting, and rapid heartbeat. and stops breathing, begin CPR, using a face shield. plants for wild carrots or wild parsnips.

 Deadly poisonous. Muscle spasms occur 10–20  Call the emergency services. Induce vomiting  Warning: strychnine can also enter the
minutes after exposure, leading to seizures if casualty is still conscious. Dilute the poison system through contact with the eyes.
followed by death from severe breathing by getting him or her to drink large quantities
difficulties or exhaustion within 2–3 hours. of water or milk, or tea mixed with charcoal.
306
RESOURCES RESOURCES
APPENDIX

RESOURCES
SCOUTS AND SCOUTING
Boy Scouts of America
1325 West Walnut Hill Lane
P.O. Box 152079, Irving,
Texas 75015-2079
Phone: 972-580-2000
Fax: 972-580-2413
www.scouting.org
Boy Scouts of America prepares young people
to make ethical and moral choices over their
lifetimes by instilling in them the values of
the Scout Oath and Law.
Girl Scouts of the USA
420 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York 10018-2798
Phone: 800-GSUSA-4-U [800-478-7248]
or 212-852-8000
www.girlscouts.org
Girl Scouts is one of the largest organizations
dedicated specifically to girls. It encourages
them to develop skills and values such as
leadership, social conscience, and self-worth that
will stand them in good stead in the wider world.
National Scouting Museum
Boy Scouts of America, S505,
1329 West Walnut Hill Lane, Irving,
Texas 75038
Phone: 800-303-3047 and 972-580-2100
e-mail: nsmuseum@netbsa.org
www.bsamuseum.org
This museum is a tribute to the rich history
of the Boy Scouts of America and features
a Norman Rockwell art gallery, virtual reality
adventures, hands-on learning experiences,
and a collection that traces the Scouting
movement from its beginnings.
WEATHER AND
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
1401 Constitution Avenue, NW,
Room 6217, Washington, DC 20230
Phone: 202-482-6090
Fax: 202-482-3154
www.noaawatch.gov
The NOAA has several departments, such as
the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL),
the Storm Prediction Center (SPC), which is part
of the National Weather Service (NWS), and the
National Centers for Environmental Prediction
(NCEP). The SPC provides regular, timely, and
accurate storm forecasts, and watches out for
severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, heavy rain,
heavy snow, and fire weather events over the
contiguous United States.
National Weather Service
1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring,
Maryland 20910
www.weather.gov/om/severeweather/index
Provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts
and observations for the whole country and the
waters and oceans around it. The service offers
a national information database for the use of
public, private, and global communities.
NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards
(NWR)
www.weather.gov/nwr
A nationwide network of radio stations broadcasts
continuous weather information directly from the
nearest National Weather Service office. NWR
broadcasts official Weather Service warnings,
watches, forecasts, and other hazard information
24 hours a day, seven days a week.
National Interagency Coordination
Center (NICC)
www.nifc.gov/nicc/index.htm
The NICC serves as a focal point for
coordinating the national mobilization of
resources, such as heavy airtankers, helicopters,
smokejumpers, area command teams, and
Remote Automated Weather Stations (RAWS),
for wildland fire and other incidents throughout
the United States.
The Forest Fire Lookout
Association (FFLA)
2590 W. Versailles Drive, Coeur d'Alene,
Idaho 83815
Phone: 208-765-1714 and 800-GRN-TREE
Email: weblookout@imbris.net
www.firelookout.org
The FFLA investigates former forest-fire lookout
sites, ground cabins, and early forest fire detection
methods to encourage public groups and others
in restoring forest-fire lookouts.
U.S. Geological Service
Western Distribution Branch,
P.O. Box 25286, Denver, Colorado 80225
Phone: 303-236-7477
www.usgs.gov
This multi-disciplinary science organization
focuses on biology, geography, geology, geospatial
information, and water, and is dedicated to the
timely, relevant, and impartial study of the US
landscape, and natural resources and hazards.
DesertUSA
www.desertusa.com
This website is a comprehensive resource
for North American deserts and Southwest
destinations. It includes information about desert
biomes, and the ways plants and animals adapt
to them, and about national and state parks.
HEALTH AND MEDICAL
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
Phone: 800-232-4636 and 888-232-6348
Email: cdcinfo@cdc.gov
www.cdc.gov
Provides the expertise, information, advice,
and tools that individuals and communities need
to protect their health, including the promotion
of healthy living and the prevention of disease,
injury, and disability.
U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services
200 Independence Avenue, S.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20201
Phone: 202-619-0257
Toll Free: 1-877-696-6775
www.hhs.gov/disasters/index.shtml
For information and advice on coping with
disasters and related medical emergencies.
American Medical Association
515 N. State Street, Chicago, Illinois 60610
Phone: 800-621-8335
www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/
category/6206.html
The AMA's Center for Public Health Preparedness
and Disaster Response is an important national
educational resource for enhancing the disaster
preparedness and response capabilities of both
civilian and military providers.

American Red Cross
National Headquarters, 2025 E Street NW
Washington, DC 20006
Phone: 800-733-2767
www.redcross.org/services
The nation's premier response organization that
provides relief for communities during natural
and manmade emergencies. It belongs to a
worldwide movement that offers neutral
humanitarian care and assistance to victims
of war and devastating natural disasters such
as earthquakes.
National Capital Poison Center
3201 New Mexico Ave, Suite 310,
Washington D.C. 20016
Emergency Phone: 800 222 1222
www.poison.org
Affiliated with The George Washington University
Medical Center, the Poison Center is committed
to prevent poisonings, save lives, and limit injury
from poisoning.
SEARCH AND RESCUE
National Association for Search &
Rescue (NASAR)
PO Box 232020, Centerville,
Virginia 20120-2020
Phone: 703-222-6277
Toll Free: 877-893-0702
Email: info@nasar.org
www.nasar.org/nasar
A not-for-profit association dedicated to
the advancement of professional, literary,
and scientific knowledge in fields related
to search and rescue throughout the
United States and around the world.
National Institute for Urban Search &
Rescue
PO Box 91648, Santa Barbara,
California 93190
Phone: 800-767-0093 and 805-569-5066
Cell: 805-798-0169
Email: niusr@cox.net
www.niusr.org
A non-profit organization dedicated to finding
ways of saving lives by improving disaster
readiness and response through public awareness,
collaboration, research, and engineering.
Mountain Rescue Association
www.mra.org
Represents highly skilled and active mountain
rescue teams throughout the country, who
work for local government authorities and
who are dedicated to saving lives through
rescue and mountain safety education.
International Association of Dive
Rescue Specialists
201 North Link Lane, Fort Collins,
Colorado 80524-2712
Phone (toll free): 800-IADRS-911
Phone (international): 1-970-482-1562
Fax (international): 970-482-0893
www.iadrs.org
An association of public safety divers and
water rescue personnel who, over the years,
have educated and assisted professionals in
all 50 states and 15 foreign countries.
Association of Air Medical Services
526 King Street, Suite 415,
Alexandria, Virgina 22314
Phone: 703-836-8732
Fax: 703-836-8920
www.aams.org
An international not-for-profit organization that
represents providers of air and surface medical
transport systems, and aims to ensure that
everyone has access to quality air medical and
critical care support.
FEDERAL
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
EPA Headquarters, Ariel Rios Building
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.,
Washington, DC 20460
EPA Hotlines: Various phone numbers
and websites for assistance.
www.epa.gov/ebtpages/
emeremergencypreparedness.html
The EPA develops, implements, and coordinates
preparations for chemical and other emergencies
in order to be able to respond quickly and
effectively to environmental crises and to keep the
public informed about hazards in their community.
Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA)
500 C Street S.W., Washington, D.C. 20472
Phone: 800-621-FEMA-3362
TDD: TTY users can dial 1-800-462-7585
to use the Federal Relay Service.
www.fema.gov
FEMA aims to reduce the loss of life and property,
and protect the country from all hazards, including
natural disasters, acts of terrorism, and other
manmade disasters.
U.S. Dept of the Interior National
Parks Pass
1849 C Street, NW, Washington, DC 20240
Phone: 202-208-3100
RESOURCES 307
Email: webteam@ios.doi.gov
RESOURCES
www.doi.gov/parkpass.html
You can buy an annual pass for entry into
national parks from the US Geological Survey
store and through the government’s federal lands
recreation web portal at www.recreation.gov.
CANADA
National Search and Rescue
Secretariat (NSS)
400-275 Slater Street, Ottawa,
Ontario K1A 0K2
Phone: (toll-free) 1-800-727-9414
Email: inquiry@nss.gc.ca
www.nss.gc.ca
An independent government agency that
coordinates the search-and-rescue requirements
of the military, coastguard, police, transport,
parks, and meteorological services.
Search and Rescue Volunteer
Association of Canada
8 Paradise Road, Paradise,
Newfoundland and Labrador A1L 3B4
Phone (toll free): 1-866-9SARVAC
(1-866-972-7822)
Phone (office): 709-368-5533
Fax: 709-368-1298
Email: info@sarvac.ca
www.sarvac.ca
A not-for-profit organization that provides
a national search-and-rescue service, and
is committed to fostering the exchange of
information between other rescue services.
Meteorological Service of Canada
www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca
Provides information and conducts research
on water, climate, weather, atmospheric
science, and other environmental issues.
Environment Canada
Inquiry Center, 351 St. Joseph Boulevard
Place Vincent Massey, 8th Floor
Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3
Phone: 1-800-668-6767
or 819-997-2800
Fax: 819-994-1412
TTY: 819-994-0736
Email: enviroinfo@ec.gc.ca
www.ec.gc.ca
Government department committed to preserving
and enhancing the country's environment, and to
providing weather forecasts.
*'/
>CFJJ8IP GLOSSARY
APPENDIX
>CFJJ8IP
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Global positioning system (GPS)8_Xe[$
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*(' GLOSSARY
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Igloo 8j_\ck\iZfejkilZk\[]ifdZlk
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Iodine8Z_\d`ZXclj\[kfgli`]pnXk\i%
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Land breeze 8e`^_k$k`d\n`e[k_XkYcfnj
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Lanyard8jdXccZfi[fiifg\lj\[]fi
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Lean-to8j_\ck\in`k_Xjcfg`e^iff]k_Xk
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Lensatic compass8kpg\f]ZfdgXjjlj\[
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Longitude K_\Xe^lcXi[`jkXeZ\\Xjkfi
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Mantelling8k\Z_e`hl\lj\[]fiZc`dY`e^
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Maritime air mass8`ik_Xk_XjkiXZb\[
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MaydayK_\`ek\ieXk`feXccpi\Zf^e`q\[
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Motor impairment 8c`d`kXk`feficfjjf]
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Non-potable waterNXk\ik_Xk`jefk
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Northings K_\_fi`qfekXc^i`[c`e\jfeXdXg2
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Pack animal 8eXe`dXcjlZ_XjXdlc\fi
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Paracord8lj\]lckpg\f]Zfi[X^\
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Parang 8cXi^\$YcX[\[be`]\]ifdDXcXpj`X#
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Pathogen8d`Zif$fi^Xe`jd#\jg\Z`Xccp
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Potable water NXk\ijl`kXYc\]fi[i`eb`e^%
Potassium permanganate8Z_\d`ZXc
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Prismatic compassJ\\C\ejXk`ZZfdgXjj%
Protractor 8[\m`Z\]fid\Xjli`e^Xe^c\j%
Psychogenic shock8m\ip_`^_c\m\cf]
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Pulmonary oedema Jn\cc`e^Xe[Õl`[
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Pygmy hut8[fd\[_lkdX[\]ifdX
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Pygmy roll8d\k_f[f]ifcc`e^ÔYi\j
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Recovery positionK_\gfj`k`feXe
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Reflector8[\m`Z\]fi[`i\Zk`e^_\Xk]ifd
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Reverse-osmosis pump8jlim`mXcgldg
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Ridgepole8cfe^_fi`qfekXcgfc\k_Xk
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Sea breeze8[Xpk`d\n`e[k_XkYcfnj
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Show-stopper8]X`cli\`egcXee`e^k_Xk
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Sighting mirror8eX[mXeZ\[Zfdgfe\ek
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Signal fire8Ôi\jg\Z`ÔZXccp[\j`^e\[kf
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Signal mirror8j`dgc\j`^eXcc`e^[\m`Z\
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Silva compass 8kpg\f]YXj`ZZfdgXjj
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Sip well 8d\k_f[f]\okiXZk`e^nXk\i
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Stand-off 8k\Z_e`hl\]fieXm`^Xk`e^kfX
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Straddling8Zc`dY`e^k\Z_e`hl\lj\[]fi
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Temperate climate8Zc`dXk\n`k_flk
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Topographic map8dXgk_Xkj_fnjk_\
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Tundra 8gfcXii\^`feZ_XiXZk\i`q\[Yp
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Universal Edibility Test (UET) 8k\jkk_Xk
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Water purifier8[\m`Z\k_XkÔck\ijXe[
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Ôck\ij#Z_\d`ZXcj#fiXZfdY`eXk`fef]Yfk_%
Weather chart8dXgf]dXafin\Xk_\i
jpjk\djXe[k_\`igi\[`Zk\[[`i\Zk`fef]kiXm\c%
Wicking material 8dXk\i`Xck_Xkdfm\j
df`jkli\XnXp]ifdpfliYf[pkf\mXgfiXk\%
Wickiup8jdXcc_lkdX[\]ifdjkiX`^_k
gfc\jcXj_\[kf^\k_\iXkk_\kfg#n`k_Xe
`ek\infm\e]iXd\nfibZfm\i\[n`k_Xe`dXc
_`[\jfi^iXjj%
Witch's broom8Zc\]kjk`Zbjkl]]\[n`k_
k_`e#[ipYXibjl`kXYc\]fic`^_k`e^XÔi\%
Withies K_\jkife^#Õ\o`Yc\jk\djf]
gcXekj#jlZ_Xjn`ccfn#Y`iZ_#Xj_#Xe[_Xq\c%
Zig-zag routeD\k_f[f]Zc`dY`e^Xjk\\g
jcfg\lj`e^Xq`^$qX^gXk_kfi\[lZ\k_\
\]]fiki\hl`i\[kfXZ_`\m\k_\Zc`dY%8cjf
\]]\Zk`m\n_\enXcb`e^[fnejk\\gjcfg\j%
*() INDEX
APPENDIX

@E;<O
@E;<O

8 automatic fires 124 mammals, for food 222 camps

A-frames avalanches 32, 246–47 blended fuel stoves 58 organization and administration
forest 164–65 blisters 262, 268 112–13, 114–15
front opening 165 boats see ships and boats see also specific areas (e.g. latrines)
jungle 168 9 body fat 56 canoeing and kayaking 42, 104–05
poncho shelters 159, 167, 175 bacillary dysentery 187 boiling capacity, packs and bags 41, 42, 44
abrasions (grazes) 263 backpacks 41, 42, 44–45, 108 food 204, 212 capsizing 104, 105
abandoning ship 250, 252–55 bacterial infections 185, 187, 212, 220, water 118, 185, 200 carbohydrates 56
ABC (airway/breathing/circulation), 262, 267, 301, 303 bolas 226 carbon dioxide 157
first aid 260, 276–77 baits and lures 208–09, 223, 229 bones, joints, and muscles injuries 233, carbon monoxide poisoning 181
aerobic exercise 19 baking food 204, 205 270–1 cardinal points 68, 76, 77
agaves 193, 282–83 bamboo 284–85 boot skiing 94 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) 277
air quality, caves 157 fire saw 133 boots 46, 49, 114 cats, big 32, 242
aiming off 73 lean-tos 169 bothy bags 161 caves 157, 181
air masses 79 rafts 107 bottle filters 200 cell phones 43, 237
allergies and anaphylactic shock 266, steamer 204 bottle traps, fishing 211 chainsaws 60, 150
267, 274 water sources and collection 192, 199 bough fence traps 227 char cloths 122–23
altitude sickness 33, 273 bark bow drills 130–33 char test, softwoods and hardwoods 131
altocumulus 80, 81 cordage 138 boxing an object (detouring) 73 charts
altostratus 80, 81 tea 269 branches maps and map reading 43, 64–65,
amoebic dysentery 187 tinder and kindling 120, 121, 238 as snowshoes 95 66–71
amphibians and reptiles bats 157, 290–91, 300–01 vehicle recovery 102 weather 78
catching and eating 203, 218, 224, beaches 39, 177 bread, damper 204 chemical flames 127
294–95 beacons, phones, and radios 39, 43, 61, breathable waterproof fabric 48 chemical lightsticks 61, 240
dangers from 243, 266, 300–01 232–33, 236–37, 246, 250, 252 breathing difficulties chimneying 91
see also snakes bearings, compass 64–65, 68–71 first aid 275 chlorine tablets 201
anabatic winds 82 bears 28, 36, 157, 242 in shelters 157, 181 choking 275
analogue watches, navigating using 77 Beaufort scale 83 breezes and winds 38, 79, 82–83 cholera 187
anaphylactic shock 266, 267, 274 beds and bedding 41, 52–53, 156, 166–67 brown bears 28, 242 cirrostratus 80, 81
anchor points, winching 103 bees 224, 267, 302–3 bruising 262, 263 cirrus 80, 81
anchors, sea 39, 251 belaying 91 brushwood rafts 106–07 clay baking, food 205
animals berms 177 buddy-buddy sleeping system 163 climate 78
dangers from 115, 157, 189, 242–43, big cats 32, 242 buoyancy aids (floats) see lifejackets see also specific environments (e.g.
300–3 bilharzia 187 burns and scalds 265 temperate environment)
edible 290–99 birds bushcraft knives 146–49 climbing and scrambling 90–91
locating water 189 catching and eating 203, 204, 205, butane stoves 58 clothing 46–49, 94
navigation aids 77 218, 226–29, 292–93 button compasses 68 cleanliness 116
traveling with 42, 96–97, 98–99 locating water 189 button ties 161 cultural differences 22
weather forecasting 83 bites and stings 116, 266–67, 268, on fire 265
see also specific animals (e.g. bears); 300–03 hats 43, 46, 47, 48
specific types (e.g. mammals) bivy sacks 53 : clothing, improvising with
ants 219, 298–99 bivy pup tent 160–61 cacti 193, 282–83 buoyancy aids 255
arbor knot 142 hooped bivy 41, 54 cage traps, figure 4 226 cordage 137
arm injuries 270 blankets, space 53, 61, 155, 175 cairns 87 dipping nets 210
ash blazes (trail markers) 87 calorie needs 56, 202 slings 261
for soap 117 bleeding camels 42, 99 stretchers 279
for stomach pain 269 birds, for food 228 camping soap 117 water collection and treatment 185,
asthma 275 first aid 263–64 camping stoves 58–59 190, 192, 195, 199, 200
 ;<J<IKGC8EKJ
@E;<O *(*
clouds 78, 79, 80–81 cumulus 80, 81 236–41, 250, 252 emergency water packs 199

@E;<O
coastal caves 157 cuts and grazes 263 survival at sea 16–17, 39, 196–97, emotional responses
coasts see marine environments cutting tools 60, 146–51 214–15, 250–55 disaster situations 20–21, 113,
cold environments 36–37 cyalumes 61, 240 survival kits 60–61 234–35, 259
clothing 47, 94 SURVIVAL strategies 234–35 team dynamics 23
cold shock 254 water sources and rationing 39, 187, environmental hazards 246–49
dos and don’ts 51, 245 ; 188–97, 199, 251 environments
edible plants 286–87 Dakota hole fires 125 see also first aid understanding and preparing for 23, 26
hypothermia and frostbite 21, 29, 33, damper bread 204 diseases see infections see also specific environments (e.g.
37, 252, 273 day packs 42, 44 distance measuring 67, 72 cold environments)
tents 55 deadfalls 115 distilling water 185 EPAs (emergency plans of action)
water sources 194–95 deadwood, standing 115, 121, 131 distress signals 39, 232–33, 236–41, 24–25, 250
see also ice; snow defensive swimming 108 250, 252 EPIRBs (emergency position indicating
cold fronts, weather 78, 79 dehydration and rehydration 187, 190, dogs 17, 96–97, 99 radio beacons) 236, 250, 252
cold shock 254 193, 196, 253, 269, 272 dome signal fires 238–39 equipment see gear and equipment
cold-weather clothing 47, 94 deliberate off-set 73 dos and don’ts ERVs (emergency rendezvous points) 72
commando saws 151 denatured alcohol stoves 59 disaster situations and emergencies eskimo rolls 104
commando-style match striking 126 desalting kits 197 27, 51, 93, 129, 173, 215, 232–33, 245 Evenk knot 144
communications equipment 43, 61, desert environments 34–35 fires 118, 119, 124 exercise and fitness 18–19
232–33, 236–37 clothing 47 double overhand knot 143 exposure, first aid 272–73
compacted snow trench 178 dos and don’ts 129 double sheet bend 144 external-frame packs 44
compasses and bearings 43, 64–65, edible plants 282–83 down sleeping bags 52–53 extreme weather 246, 248–49
68–71, 74–75 four-wheel driving 35, 101 downhill walking 86, 87 eyes
components of fire 118, 238 night walking 86 drawing birds (food preparation) 229 care 116
condoms 61 shelters 174–75 driftwood shelters 176–77 problems and injuries 212, 265
conjunctivitis 212 water sources 34, 35, 193 drip rags 192
constellations, navigating by 77 detouring (boxing an object) 73 driving techniques, 4WDs 35, 100–03
continental air masses 79 dew harvesting and traps 190, 196 drogues 39, 251 =
contour lines 66, 67 dew point 80 drowning 254, 255, 273 fallen trees, shelters 163
contouring 73 diarrhea and vomiting 187, 203, 269 drum rafts 107 fatigue 21, 235
contusions (bruising) 262, 263 digging duck traps 227 fats 56
cooking ponds 199 dunes, sand 35, 177, 189 fear 234, 235
fires, rocks, and pits 119, 204–05 roots and tubers 206 dysentery 187 feather lures 209
fish preparation 212–13 underground water 193 feather sticks 120–21
invertebrates 219, 224–25 vehicle recovery 102 features, use in navigation 70–71, 72, 73
mammals preparation 220–23 dipping nets 210 < feelings see emotional responses
stoves 58–59 disaster situations and emergencies E. coliform infection 187 felling trees 148–51
coping strategies 20–21, 113, 234–35, causes 16–17, 26, 84 earthquakes 247 feral animals 242
259 dos and don’ts 27, 51, 93, 129, 173, earthworms 224, 298–99 fibre (nutrient) 56
cordage 136–41 215, 232–33, 245 eastings 67 fighter trench 179
cordless scrape shelters 174 emergency plans of action (EPAs) edible plants 203, 206–07, 280–89 figs 171, 284–85
cougars 32, 242 24–25, 250 eggs 226 filleting fish 212–13
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) emergency rendezvous points (ERVs) electric current, magnetizing compass filtering water 184, 200, 201
277 72 needles 75 Finnish marshmallow 195
cardiovascular fitness 18, 19 environmental hazards 246–49 electrical storms 81, 249 fire saws, bamboo 133
crabs 225 four-wheel driving (4WDs) 35, 103 elements of fire see fuel; kindling; tinder fire tins 123
cramp 270 gear priorities 43 elephants 99, 189, 242 fire wads 123
crickets and grasshoppers 224, 298–99 mental preparation and responses ember pans 132 firefighter’s lift 278
crocodilians 189, 242 20–21, 234–35, 259 emergencies see disaster situations and fires
crossing rivers 88–89, 101, 108–09 PLWF (protection, location, water, and emergencies benefits 27, 113
crustaceans 225 food) 11, 27, 258 emergency signaling codes 240, 241, 252 burns, first aid 265
cryptosporidium 187 rescue services 24 emergency transmitters 39, 232–33, in caves 157
cumulonimbus 80 rescue signaling 39, 43, 232–33, 236–37, 246, 250, 252 clothing on fire 265
*(+ INDEX
APPENDIX

components 118, 238 fitting backpacks 45 four-wheel driving (4WD) 35, 42, groups and group dynamics 23, 100,
@E;<O
cooking over 119, 204–05, 213 fixed dial compasses 68 100–03 253, 254
dos and don’ts 59, 118, 119, 124 flares, signal 239, 241 friction, as fire starter 130–33 grubs 224, 298–99
elements see fuel; kindling; tinder flash burn 265 frogs 224, 243, 294–95 gum and teeth care 19, 116
fire reflectors 119, 164 flash floods 115, 249 fronts, weather 78, 79 gunshot wounds 263
firewood 114, 148–49 flashlights 43, 60 frostbite 33, 273 gutting mammals 220, 223
forest fires 248 fleeces 46, 47 fuel gypsy wells 191
ice and snow melting 194–95 flesh wounds 262–5, 266 fires 114, 118, 121, 124, 125, 148–49,
lighting 125 flint and steel 60, 113, 118, 127 238–9
preparing and making 118–23 floating method, improvised compasses stoves 58–9 ?
signal 30, 115, 238–39 74 fungi and mushrooms 206, 263 hair
snapping wood with 151 floats (buoyancy aids) see lifejackets hair care 116
spark production and ignition devices floats and sinkers (fishing equipment) magnetizing compass needles 74
113, 118, 126–27, 130–33 209 > half hitches 145
types 124–25, 238–39 floods 115, 249 gaiters 48, 94 hammocks 54, 166
wildfires 34 flysheets 55 gas-fueled stoves 58 hand holds, scrambling and climbing 90
fireset can, matchless 118 foam mats 53 gear and equipment hand injuries 271
firesteel 113, 127 fog 81 backpacks 41, 42, 44–45, 108 handrailing 73
first aid 258–9 Föhn effect 82 clothing 46–49, 94 hanks, cordage 136, 137
ABC (airway/breathing/circulation) folding saws 151 communications and distress signaling harpoons 211
260, 276–77 food 39, 43, 232–33, 236–37, 240–41, hats 43, 46, 47, 48
anaphylactic shock 274 amphibians and reptiles 203, 218, 246, 250, 252 hearth boards, bow drills 131, 132
asthma 275 224, 294–95 first aid kit 60, 260–61 heat escape lessening position (HELP)
bites and stings 266–67, 268, 300–03 birds 203, 204, 205, 218, 226–29, food 57 254
bones, joints, and muscles injuries 292–93 keeping it dry 108–09 heat exhaustion 272
233, 270–71 cooking fires and stoves 58–59, 119, packing 41, 42, 45, 98, 136, 137–41 heat loss reduction 37, 254
breathing difficulties 275 204–05 priorities 40–41, 43 heatstroke 272
burns and scalds 265 fish 203, 204, 205, 208–13, 296–97 survival kits 60–61 helicopter rescues 114, 236–37, 241
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) food poisoning 187, 269 training with 23, 134–35 heliographs 241
277 hunger 20, 202, 235 ultralight camping 41 helminths 269
casualty transport 99, 278–79 insects 203, 219, 224, 298–99 water containers and treatment 60, HELP (heat escape lessening position)
choking 275 mammals 203, 204, 205, 216–23, 197, 198, 201 254
dehydration and rehydration 269, 272 290–91 weight 41, 42 Hennessy hammocks 166
diarrhea and vomiting 269 nutrients and calorie needs 56, 202 see also specific items (e.g. surgical hepatitis 187
drowning 255, 273 plants 203, 206–07, 280–89 tubing) hexamine fuel 59, 118, 238
exposure 272–73 protecting 114 giardiasis 187, 269 hides 222, 223
fish-hook removal 208 purchased 57 gill nets 210–11 hiking see walking and hiking skills
hyponatraemia 187 shellfish 225, 298–9 glaciers 33, 94 hiking boots 49
kit 60, 260–61 survival without food 27, 56, 57, 202, global positioning systems (GPS) 65, 75, hippos 189, 242
natural remedies 263, 268, 269 234, 235, 259 237 hitches and knots 135, 142–45, 210
parasites 269 foot holds, scrambling and climbing 90 gloves 46, 47 hollows, scrapes and trenches shelters
priorities 260 footwear 46, 48, 49, 114 glowsticks 61, 240 156–57, 174–75, 176–77, 178–79
psychological help 21 snow shoes 94–95 gourds 199, 282–83 hooks, fishing 208
recovery position 276 foreign objects GPS (global positioning systems) 65, 75, hookworms 187
shock 274 in eyes 265 237 hooped bivy 41, 54
unconsciousness 276–77 in wounds 263 grab bags 250 hooped shelters 161
wounds and bleeding 262–65, 266 forests grasshoppers and crickets 224, 298–99 hopping insects 224
see also poisoning forest fires 248 grasslands 28, 34, 35 horse chestnut leaves soap 117
fish mountain 32 grazes (abrasions) 263 horses 42, 99
catching and eating 61, 203, 204, taiga 36, 37 grid lines, references and bearings hot platforms 194
205, 208–13, 296–97 temperate 28, 29, 162–65 66–71 hot rocks cooking 205
dangers from 38, 243, 300–01 tropical see rain forests and jungles grips, knives 147 huddle crossing, rivers 89
as water source 196 found meat 204 ground-to-air markers 114, 241 hunger 20, 202, 235
 ;<J<IKGC8EKJ
@E;<O *(,
hunter fires 125 mosquitoes 31, 115, 302–03 LED strobe lights 240 man-made cordage 61, 136–37

@E;<O
hunting and trapping mammals 216–18 navigation aids 77 ledges, snow 181 mantelling 91
hurricanes 38, 248–49 International Distress Signal whistle 240 leeches 267 maps and map reading 43, 64–65,
huskies 96–97, 99 Inuit snow-melting techniques 195 leg injuries 271 66–71
huts invertebrates 203, 219, 224, 298–99, legends, topographic maps 66, 69 weather charts 78
jungle 170–71 300–1, 302–3 lensatic compasses 69 see also navigation
pygmy 171 iodine 60, 201 leptospirosis 187 Marcandonatos, Costa 128
wickiups 171 isobars 78 lichens 286–87 marine environments 38–39
hybrid boots 49 isobutene stoves 58 lifejackets and buoyancy aids (floats) 39, beaches 39, 177
hydration systems 198 ivy, poison 268 104, 108, 109, 250, 254–55 coastal caves 157
hygiene 116–17, 269 liferafts 39, 196, 251, 252–53 drowning 254, 255, 273
hyperactivity 21 lifts, moving casualties 278–79 edible plants 288–89
hyponatremia 187 A light windmill 240 sea-sickness 21
hypothermia 21, 29, 33, 37, 252, 273 jackets 46, 47, 48 lighters 119, 126 shoreline shelters 176–77
lifejackets and buoyancy aids (floats) lighting fires 125 single-wall fishing traps 211
39, 104, 108, 109, 250, 254–55 lightning 81, 249 stings and bites 267, 300–01
@ jellyfish stings 267, 300–01 lights and lightsticks 61, 240 swimming 108–09, 254–55
ice jointing mammals 223 limitations, personal 18 tides 157
four-wheel driving 101 joints, bones, and muscles injuries 233, line crossing, rivers 89 water sources 39, 196–97
ice climbing 91 270–71 line fishing 61, 209 winds 82
ice falls 115 journey planning 22 liners, sleeping bags 53 see also sea journeys
ice fishing 209 jungles see rainforests and jungles lipolysis 56 maritime air masses 79
ice walking 94 liquid-fueled stoves 58, 59 marshmallow, Finnish 195
icebergs 196 liver 220, 222, 223, 229 matches 60, 126
sea ice 36, 196 B lizards 294–95 matchless fireset cans 118
water source 36, 194–95, 196 katabatic winds 82 llamas 99 mayasticks 123
igloos 180 kayaking and canoeing 42, 104–05 location 11, 27, 233 measuring distances 67, 72
ignition devices and spark production kernmantle rope 136 see also site selection meat see specific types (e.g. birds)
113, 118, 126–27, 130–33 kerosene 269 location aids and rescue signals 39, 43, melting sack 195
improvising 235 killing 114, 232–33, 236–41, 250, 252 mental preparation and responses,
backpacks 45 birds 228 log cabin signal fires 239 disaster situations 20–21, 234–35,
compasses 74–75 rabbits 216 log rafts 107 259
goggles 265 kindling 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 125, log-splitting 114, 148–49 minnow traps 211
signal mirrors 241 133, 238–39 lures and baits 208–09, 223, 229 mirrors, signal 241
see also clothing, improvising with knives 146–49 Lyme disease 267, 303 money 22, 61
incised wounds 263 knots 135, 142–45, 210 moon, navigating by 77
infections mosquitoes 31, 115, 302–03
bacterial 185, 187, 212, 220, 262, 267, D mosses 286–87
301, 303 C machetes 146 motorized transport 35, 42, 97, 100–03
diarrhea and vomiting 187, 269 lacerations (tears) 263 maggot therapy 262 mountain environments 32–33
first aid concerns 261, 262, 263, 265, lakes 189 magnetic bearings 68–71 altitude sickness 33, 273
301 land and sea breezes 82 magnetic variation 69 avalanches 32, 246–47
parasites 187, 222, 223, 269 larvae, ant 219 magnetizing compass needles 74–75 cold environments 36
vaccinations 22 latrines 114, 117 magnifying glasses 126 deserts 35
water-borne 185, 187 layering clothing 46 mammals dos and don’ts 93, 245
infectious hepatitis 187 lean-tos catching and eating 203, 204, 205, scrambling and climbing 90–91
injuries 233, 235, 270–71 bamboo 169 216–18, 220–3, 290–1 temperate areas 28–29
see also first aid forest 162–63 dangers from 242–43, 266, 300–01 winds 82
insects one-person 165 locating water 189 muddy terrain, four-wheel driving
bites and stings 116, 267, 302–03 leaves melting snow 195 101
catching and eating 203, 219, 224 cordage 139 sinew cordage 139 mules 99
locating water 189 roofs 170–71, 192 weather forecasting 83 multi-fuel stoves 59
maggot therapy 262 soap-making 117 see also specific animals (e.g. bears) multi-tools 61
*(- INDEX
APPENDIX

muscles, bones, and joints injuries 233, packing basic first aid 269
H
@E;<O
270–71 backpacks 41, 42, 45 carbon monoxide 181
quick-release knots 145
mushrooms and fungi 206, 263 cordage 136, 137 fish 300–01
quicksand 247
mussels 225, 298–99 fuel 58 food poisoning 187, 269
quinzhees 180–81
loading pack animals 98 mushrooms and plants 203, 206, 207,
packs 41, 42, 44–5, 108 268, 304–05
E paddles and paddling shellfish 225
nails, fishing hooks 208 kayaking and canoeing 104, 105 snake bite 266, 300–01 I
Naismaith’s rule 72 rafts 107 polar areas 36, 37 rabbits 216, 220–21, 290–91
natural cordage 138–41 pain 235 polar bears 36, 242 radios 61, 237
natural remedies 263, 268, 269 see also first aid ponchos and tarpaulins rafts 106–7
navigation 64–65 painters, liferafts 252 beds 166–67 liferafts 39, 196, 251, 252–53
compasses 68–71, 74–75 palm grubs 224, 298 brushwood rafts 106–07 rain 79, 81, 82
GPS 65, 75 pants 46, 47, 48, 94 poncho floats 109 rain forests and jungles 30–31
maps and map reading 43, 64–65, para scrapes 175 rainwater collection 188, 196 dos and don’ts 173
66–71 paracord (parachute cord) 61, 136–37 shelters 54, 158–59, 161, jungle-trekking boots 49
natural (sun, moon and stars) 76–77 paraffin 269 166–68, 174–77 shelters 54, 166–71
route finding 72–73 parangs 146 wet-weather clothing 48 water sources 192
trail markers (blazes) 87 parasites 187, 222, 223, 269 ponds 189, 199 rainwater 188, 192, 196
needle tea 207 pepper sprays 243 porcupines 2 66, 290-91 ranger’s flint and steel 60, 113, 118, 127
needles 60, 61, 68, 74–75 periods (menstruation) 117 post-holing 94 rats 220, 290–91, 300–01
nets personal hygiene 116–17 potassium permanganate 60, 127, 201 rattan leaves 170
bird-trapping 226 personal locator beacons (PLBs) 39, preparation and planning 6–17 razors and razor blades 60, 61, 74–75
fishing 210–11 236–37 camps 112–13, 114–15 razorstrop fungus 263
nettles petroleum jelly 61 emergency plans of action (EPAs) recovery position 276
cordage 138–39 pheasants 227, 228 24–25, 250 recovery techniques, vehicles 35, 102–03
stinging 268, 280–81 phones 43, 237 journey planning 22 reels, fishing 208
night line fishing 209 physical fitness 18–19 mental 20–21, 234–35, 259 rehydration and dehydration 187, 190,
night walking 86 pine cones 83 physical 18–19 193, 196, 253, 269, 272
night-flying insects 219 pits, cooking in 205 temperate environments 28 reptiles see amphibians and reptiles
nimbostratus 80, 81 planning see preparation and planning training 16–17, 23, 235 rescue services 24, 236–37
noose sticks 218 plants and vegetation worst-case scenarios 24, 40, 234–35, rescue signaling 39, 232–33, 236–41,
northings 67 cordage 138–41 250 250, 252
nutrients and calorie needs 56, 202 edible 203, 206–07, 280–89 see also specific aspects (e.g. gear and resection 71
poisoning 203, 206, 207, 268, 304–05 equipment) respiratory problems
remedies 263, 268, 269 prickly pears 193, 282–83 first aid 275
F signal fires 238–39 propane stoves 58 in shelters 157, 181
oak, poison 268 vegetation bags 190 protection, location, water, and food reverse-osmosis pumps 197
oases 34 water sources 189, 190, 192, 193 (PLWF) 11, 27, 258 rivers
occluded fronts 78 weather forecasting 83 protein 56 flash floods 115
one-handed striker 127 see also specific environments (e.g. protozoa 187, 269 foot crossings 88–89
one-person lean-tos 165 temperate environment); specific Prusik knot 210 four-wheel driving 101
one-pole poncho shelter 158 parts (e.g. roots); specific types psychogenic shock 20 kayaking and canoeing 42, 104–05
orienteering compasses 68 (e.g. trees) psychological responses mountain environments 32
overhand knots 143 PLBs (personal locator beacons) 39, disaster situations 20–01, 113, swimming 108–09
oxygen, lack of 157, 234, 259 236–37 234–35, 259 temperate environment 28
oysters 225 plucking birds 228–29 team dynamics 23 tropical environment 31
PLWF (protection, location, water, and pulks 97 water sources 28, 32, 189
food) 11, 27, 258 pumps, reverse-osmosis 197 roasting food 204, 213
G poacher’s method, pheasant meat 228 puncture wounds 263 rock climbing and scrambling 90–91
pace counting 65, 72 pocket chainsaws 60, 150 purifying water 60, 185, 201 rocks
pack animals 42, 98–99 poison ivy, oak and sumac 268, 304–05 pygmy huts 171 hot platforms 194
pack frames, improvised 45 poisoning pygmy roll cordage 141 hot rocks cooking 205
 ;<J<IKGC8EKJ
@E;<O *(.
rock holes 189 seasickness 21 shorts 47 solar stills 191, 197, 251

@E;<O
rockfalls 115 survival at sea 16–17, 39, 196–97, showers 116–17 space blankets 53, 61, 155, 175
single-wall fishing traps 211 214–15, 250–55 shrimps 225 spark production and ignition devices
stone-lined fires 124 survival suits 39, 199, 250 Siberian hitch 144 113, 118, 126–27, 130–33
trail markers and cairns 87 see also marine environments signal fires 30, 115, 238–39 spiders 377, 157, 302–03
transpiration and vegetation bags 190 sea and land breezes 82 signal flares 239, 241 spinal injuries 271
water distillation 185 sea urchin spines 267 signal mirrors 241 sprains and strains 270
rodents (rats) 220, 290–91, 300–01 seat carries 279 silk, magnetizing compass needles 75 squirrels 217, 221, 290–91
rolled cordage 141 seawater 38, 185, 196–97, 251, 253 Silva compasses 68 stab wounds 263
roofs 156–57, 170–71, 192 seaweeds 288–89 simple tie-off knot 143 staffs, walking 72, 85, 89
roosting birds, trapping 218, 227 secondary drowning 255, 273 sinews, cordage 139 stand off/attack point 73
roots self-striking fishing line 209 single-wall fishing traps 211 standard compasses 68
cordage 138 setting maps 69 sinkers and floats 209 standing deadwood 115, 121, 131
food 206 shadow sticks 76, 77 site selection and organisation 29, 32, star-shaped fires 125
soapwort 117 sharks 38, 243 112–13, 114–15 stars, navigating by 77
water sources 193 sharpening and sharpening stones 147 see also specific areas (e.g. latrines) steaming food 204
ropes sheaths, knives 146 skidoos 97 steel, flint and 60, 113, 118, 127
climbing techniques 91 shellfish 225, 298–99 skinning stills, solar 191, 197, 251
crossing rivers 89 shelters 154–55 fish 213 stinging nettles 268, 280–81
roundworms 222, 269 bivys 41, 54, 160–61 mammals 221, 222 stings and bites 116, 266–67, 268,
route finding 64–65, 72–73 button-ties 161 sky colour 83 300–03
see also navigation caves 157, 181 sleds 96–97 stock 204, 212
cold environments 55, 178–81 sleeping bags 41, 52–53 stone-lined fires 124
deserts 174–75 sleeping systems see beds and bedding; storms 81, 249
J hammocks 54, 166 shelters stoves 58–9
salmonella 187 hollows, scrapes and trenches slings 261, 270 straddling, chimney climbing 91
saltwater 38, 185, 196–97, 251, 253 156–57, 174–75, 176–77, 178–79 slingshots 218 strains and sprains 270
sand huts 170–71 slip knot 142 stratocumulus 80, 81
driving on 101 jungle 166–71 slugs 224 stratus 80, 81
dunes 35, 177, 189 ponchos or tarpaulins 54, 158–59, smoke production, signal fires 30, 238–39 streams 32, 189
quicksand 247 161, 166–68, 174–77 snails 224, 298–99, 300–01 strength and stamina 18–19
sandstorms 249 positioning on site 29, 32, 115 snake hole fires 125 stretchers 99, 279
sandals 49 shoreline 176–77 snakes stretching exercises 19
satellite communications 39, 236–7, snow 178–81 bites first aid 266 striker, one-handed 127
250, 252 temperate forest 162–65 dangers from 34, 157, 189, 243, striking matches 126
savannah 34, 35 tent pegs 159 300–01 string measuring, map reading 67
saws, bamboo fire 133 tents 41, 54–55 food source 224, 294–95 strobe lights 240
saws (cutting tools) and sawing 60, use-anywhere 158–59 snapping wood 151 sugar 127
150–51 shigellosis 187 snares 60, 216–17, 227 suicide 21
scalds and burns 265 ships and boats snow sumac, poison 268
scale, topographic maps 66, 67 kayaking and canoeing 42, 104–05 avalanches 32, 246–47 sun and sunlight
scalp care 116 liferafts 39, 196, 251, 252–53 four-wheel driving 101 navigating by 76
scalp wounds 264 rafts 106–07 mountain environment 32–33 protection from 43, 47, 175
scrambling and climbing 90–91 safety procedures and emergency plans navigation aids 77 sundials 76
scrapes, hollows, and trenches shelters of action 250 snow blindness 265 water purification 201
156–57, 174–75, 1767–7, 178–79 sea-sickness 21 snow shelters 178–81 surgical tubing 61, 191, 197
scree 32, 87 see also sea journeys snow shoes 94–95 survival enemies 235
sea anchors 39, 251 shock 274 traveling over 94–97 survival fitness 18–19
sea ice 36, 196 anaphylactic 266, 267, 274 water source 194–95 SURVIVAL strategies 234–35
sea journeys cold 254 snowman’s head 195 survival straws 201
abandoning ship 250, 252–55 psychogenic 20 soaks 189 survival suits 39, 199, 250
radios and beacons 39, 236, 237, 250, shoelaces 137 soapwort roots 117 survival swimming 108–9, 254–55
252 shorelines see marine environments socks 48 survival tins 40, 43, 60–61
*(/ INDEX
APPENDIX

surviving mentally 20–21, 234–35, 259 matchless fireset cans 118 two-poncho shelters 159, 167, 175 waterproof fabric, breathable 48
@E;<O
survivor’s third leg (walking staff) 72, survival tins 40, 43, 60–61 typhoons 38 weapons, hunting 218, 226
85, 89 tinsel trees 240 weather and weather systems 38, 78–83
suspension method, improvised tools extreme weather 246, 248–49
compasses 74 cutting 60, 146–51 L see also specific environments (e.g.
sustainment load 43 multi-tools 61 ultralight camping 41 temperate environment)
swamps 30, 31, 247 topographic maps 66–7 ultraviolet (UV) light 201 weight, gear and equipment 41, 42
swimming 108–09, 254–55 tornadoes 248–49 unconsciousness 276–77 wells 189
tracks 28, 30 Universal Edibility Test 206–07 gypsy wells 191
trail markers (blazes) 87 uphill walking 86, 87 wet-weather clothing 48
K training 23, 134–35 use-anywhere shelters 158–59 whistles 43, 240
tackle, fishing 61, 208–11 benefits 16–17, 20, 235 UV (ultraviolet) light 201 white fuel stoves 59
taiga 36, 37 physical fitness 19 wicking action, clothing 46, 47, 48
tampons 60, 117, 118 transpiration bags 190 wickiups 171
tandem canoeing 105 transport 84–85 M wilderness survival 50–51
tannic acid 268, 269 animals 42, 96–97, 98–99 vampire bats 157, 300–01 wildfires 34
tanning hides 223 casualties 99, 278–79 variation, magnetic 69 will to survive 20, 259
tarp tents 54 on foot see walking and hiking skills vegetation see plants and vegetation winching, vehicle recovery 103
tarpaulins see ponchos and tarpaulins motorized 35, 42, 97, 100–03 vehicles, motorized 35, 42, 97, 100–03 windmill, light 240
taut line hitch 145 water 104–07 VHF radios 237 winds 38, 79, 82–83
tea tree oil 268 traps vines, water 192 witch hazel 268
teams see groups birds 226–27 volcanoes 247 witchetty grubs 224, 298–99
tears (lacerations) 263 dew 190, 196 vomiting and diarrhea 187, 203, 269 witch’s broom 238, 239
teas 207, 268, 269 fishing 211 withies 139
teepee fires 124 mammals 216–17 wood
teeth and gum care 19, 116 trees N backpack frame 45
temperate environments 28–29 deadfalls 115 wadis 34, 35, 193 brushwood rafts 106–07
edible plants 280–81 felling 148–51 walk-in tunnel traps 226 firewood 114, 148–49
forest shelters 162–65 hammocks 54, 166 walking and hiking skills 85, 86–87 kindling and fuel 114, 121, 148–49
water sources 28, 188–91 lightning strikes 81 river crossings 88–89, 108–09 mayasticks 123
weather 78–83 navigation aids 77 scrambling and climbing 90–91 roofs for hollows 156–57
temperature 235 needle tea 207 snow 94–97 sledges 96–97
see also specific environments (e.g. snowshoes 95 see also navigation snapping 151
cold environments) standing deadwood 115, 121, 131 walking staffs 72, 85, 89 snowshoes 95
temperature ratings, sleeping bags 53 tannic acid 268, 269 warm-weather clothing 47 standing deadwood 115, 121, 131
tent pegs 159 tinsel trees 240 water tent pegs 159
tents 41, 54–55 tree shelters 163, 179 amount needed 184, 186 testing softwoods and hardwoods
termite fishing 219 vehicle recovery 103 carrying and storing 43, 198–99, 233 131
tetanus 262 water sources 193 dehydration and rehydration 187, 190, wood ash
thatching huts 170–71 trekking umbrellas 175 193, 196, 253, 269, 272 for soap 117
thirst 20, 235 trenches, hollows and scrapes shelters freezing prevention 194, 195 for stomach pain 269
thorn fishing hooks 208 156–57, 174–75, 176–77, 178–79 hyponatraemia 187 woodland, forest shelters 162–65
throwing stars 218 triangulation 71 importance for life 27, 184–85, 186 worms
thumbnail test, softwoods and tropical environments 30–31 plant and vegetation sources 189, earthworms 224, 298–99
hardwoods 131 edible plants 284–85 190, 192, 193 first aid 269
tick bites 116, 267, 302–03 shelters 54, 166–71 rationing 187, 197 leeches 267
tides 157 water sources 192 sources 28, 32, 34, 35, 39, 115, roundworms 222, 269
tie-off knots 142, 143 tubers 206 188–97, 251 water-borne 187, 269
time, telling by the sun 76 tundra 36, 37 thirst 20, 235 wounds and bleeding 262–65, 266
tinder 60, 118, 119, 120, 122–23, 124, tunnel traps, walk-in 226 treating and purifying 60, 118, 185,
125, 133, 238–39 turtles 196, 294–95 200–01
tins (cans) twisted cordage 140–41 water-borne diseases 185, 187 Q
fire cans 123 two-person seat carries 279 water transport 104–07 zig-zag routes 73
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
DESERT PLANTS 319

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
After joining the Royal Navy in 1977, Colin Towell qualified
as a Combat Survival Instructor with 22 Regiment SAS (the
British army’s elite Special Air Service), and has spent over
30 years teaching land, sea, desert, jungle, and cold-weather
survival skills—as well as survival and conduct in captivity—to
UK Army, Navy, Royal Marines, and Air Force personnel. He
was the Royal Navy’s Chief Survival Instructor and also served
three years as Chief Instructor at the US Navy SERE (Survival, Evasion, Resistance,
and Extraction) school. Colin saw service in the Falklands, Bosnia, Germany, USA,
and Northern Ireland, and still serves as a Reserve Chief Instructor with the UK
Defence SERE Training Organisation, training both instructors and students. He
provided the survival training, equipment and rescue coordination for Sir Richard
Branson’s balloon global circumnavigation attempts, and also trials, evaluates, and
instructs in the use of specialized survival equipment, both in the UK and abroad.
www.colintowell-survival.com

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
FROM THE AUTHOR
I have undertaken as a student every survival course I have ever subsequently taught as an instructor,
mainly because I have had to, but also as a reminder of what my students experience, both physically
and mentally, when they undergo survival training. In writing this book, it is safe to say that I have again
been the student, and the instructors have been the team at Dorling Kindersley, and I would like to take
this opportunity to thank them for their dedication, professionalism, vision, and sense of humor. Thank
you to Stephanie, Lee, Nicky, Richard, and Michael for heading up the team; and to Phil and Pip, Clare
and Katie, Gill and Sarah, Chris and Tracy, Jill, Bob, Brian, Sharon, Chris, Gareth, and Conor, for learning
how to translate my Cumbrian into English and for creating the wonderful design for this book; thanks
also to the team of illustrators who possess an unnerving ability to decipher my drawings and turn them
into works of art!
My warm thanks also go to the following people for generously sharing their expertise: Flt Lt John
Hudson, Royal Air Force, Defence SERE Training Centre; Lt Carlton Oliver, Royal Navy, Defence SERE
Training Centre; Chief Petty Officer (SE) Keith Spiller; Petty Officer (METOC) Kirk Davidson; Petty Officer
(SE) Stephen Paris-Hunter; Tony Borkowski (Royal School Military Survey); Mike Dymond M.R.I.N
N.DipM (RYA); Robert (Baldy Bob) Whale; Charlie Tyrrell; Colin Knox (Pre-Mac); Murray Bryars; Paul
Baker (Bushman.UK Knifes); and Mr Kimball White.
Finally, I would like to thank the Defence SERE Organisation and the Survival Equipment Branch of the
Royal Navy for giving me an amazing career that, if the truth is known, I would have done for free, and
for allowing me the opportunity to learn from the very best, both at home and around the world.

FROM THE PUBLISHER

In addition to those mentioned above, Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the following for their help
in making this book happen. At the Royal Navy: Cdr. Alan George RN, Lt. Cdr. Adrian Mundin RN, Lt. Cdr.
Paula Rowe RN, and Lt. Cdr. Phil Rosindale RN. At IMG: Olivia Smales and Simon Gresswell. Thanks also
to: Gareth Jones, Chris Stone, and Conor Kilgallon for editorial assistance; Jillian Burr and Tracy Smith
for design assistance; Duncan Turner for jacket design; and Sue Bosanko for compiling the index.
 Treat the wilderness
with respect: carry in only what
you are prepared to carry out;
leave only footprints, take
only pictures