TATA LETAK DAN PENANGANAN BAHAN

PADA INDUSTRI HASIL PERIKANAN

KULIAH KE-1
PENGANTAR (INTRODUCTION)

Oleh :
Bambang Riyanto

DEPARTEMEN TEKNOLOGI HASIL PERAIRAN

FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN ILMU KELAUTAN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

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TUJUAN PENGAJARAN
PERTEMUAN KE-1
Estimasi
Tujuan Instruksional Pokok Bahasan Sub Pokok Bahasan Waktu Pustaka
Khusus
(menit)
Setelah menyelesaikan • Tata letak dalam peradaban
pokok bahasan ini manusia dan pengembangan
mahasiswa akan dapat industri hasil perikanan
Pengertian tata letak 30
menjelaskan tentang • Tata letak dan manajemen
pengertian tata letak, • Definisi, cakupan, prinsip dan
prosedur perancangan tujuan tata letak
tata letak, dan • Mendefinisikan dan
peranannya dalam meredefinisikan tujuan
perencanaan strategis. • Penentuan aktivitas utama dan
penunjang (analisis aliran bahan)
• Penentuan interelationship atau
Prosedur perancangan
keterkaitan antar aktivitas
tata letak 40
• Penentuan persyaratan ruang
(space)
• Membuat rencana, mengevaluasi,
memilih rancangan alternatif
• Implementasi, pemeliharaan dan
meredefinisikan kembali tujuan
Tata letak dalam • Tata letak dalam perencanaan
perencanaan manajemen strategis 20
manajemen strategis

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 MATERI
1. Tata Letak dalam Peradaban Manusia dan
Pengembangan Industri Hasil Perikanan

2. Tata Letak dan Manajemen

3. Tinjauan Prosedur Perancangan Fasilitas

(Overview of Facilities Design Procedure)
A. Definition
B. Major Problems in Facilities Planning
C. Facilities Planning Hierarchy
D. * Objectives of facilities planning
* The Goals of Manufacturing Facilities Design
and Material Handling
E. Facility Planning Process
F. Developing Facility Planning Strategies

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 1.
TATA LETAK
DALAM PERADABAN MANUSIA
DAN
PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI HASIL PERIKANAN

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 TATA LETAK DAN
SEJARAH PERADABAN

Tata Letak pada

Bangunan Piramida dan Tembok Cina

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 Tata Letak pada Peradaban Indonesia
(Candi Borobudur)

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 Philosophy
Punden
Berundak-undak

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 kuda sebagai alat transportasi dan pemindahan barang

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 Tata Letak pada Model Aktivitas Masyarakat Modern

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 Tata letak dan Penanganan Bahan pada Industri Modern

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PENATAAN DAN
PEMINDAHAN
BARANG
PERSOALAN
DULU
DAN
SEKARANG

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 Simple solutions can
really help…

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More…

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 Tata Letak dan Penanganan Bahan
pada Industri Perikanan

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 TATA LETAK MERUPAKAN SARANA, PRASARANA, DAN
MANAJEMEN SUMBERDAYA MANUSIA UNTUK
MENUNJANG PENERAPAN PROGRAM HACCP

JAMINAN MUTU

PENERAPAN
HACCP
GMP SSOP

KELAYAKAN DASAR
GMP,
Persyaratan Sanitasi & Higiene

PRASARANA, SARANA, SDM

Bambang Riyanto KOMITMEN DAN Kuliah

DUKUNGAN
Ke-1 MANAJEMEN 22
 2.
TATA LETAK DAN MANAJEMEN

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 PLANT LAYOUT
Facility layout can be defined as the process by which the
placement of departments, workgroups within departments,
workstations, machines, and stock-holding points within a facility
are determined (tata letak fasilitas didefinisikan sebagai suatu proses
penataan bagian (departemen), unit kegiatan kerja dalam departemen,
tempat kerja, mesin, dan tempat penyimpanan dari suatu fasilitas).

The organization of a company physical facilities to promote the

efficient use of equipment, material, people and energy

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 • Suatu perencanaan untuk menentukan dan mengatur mesin
dan peralatan pada suatu tempat atau lokasi yang paling
baik, untuk memperoleh suatu aliran bahan yang tercepat
dengan biaya yang paling rendah dan tingkat penanganan
yang paling rendah dalam memproses suatu produk, sejak
dari penerimaan bahan baku sampai dengan pengiriman
produk akhir (Mallick and Gaudreu dalam Gordon, 1959).

SCOPE OF • …(a) Menempatkan peralatan yang sesuai, (b) dikaitkan

dengan metode yang benar, (c) pada tempat yang tepat, (d)
PLANT agar diperoleh suatu proses pembuatan/pengolahan produk
LAY OUT yang paling efektif, (e) melalui suatu jarak perjalanan yang
paling pendek dan (f) dengan waktu yang sesingkat-
(BATASAN) singkatnya (Sansonnetti dan Mallick dalam Gordon, 1959).

• Suatu proses perancangan (design) dan pengaturan letak

fasilitas fisik (mesin/peralatan, lahan, bangunan/ruang,
utilitas), untuk mengoptimalkan keterkaitan antar pekerja,
aliran bahan, aliran informasi, dan metode yang dibutuhkan,
dalam rangka mencapai tujuan perusahaan secara efisien,
ekonomis, dan aman (Apple, 1977).

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 1. Transportation (pengangkutan)
2. Receiving (penerimaan)
3. Storage (tempat penyimpanan, misalnya bahan baku)
4. Production (produksi)
5. Assembly (perakitan)
6. Packaging and Packing (pengemasan dan pengepakan)
7. Material Handling (penanganan bahan)
8. Personnel services (pelayanan pegawai)
9. Auxiliary production activities (kegiatan produksi penunjang)
10. Warehousing (pergudangan)
11. Shipping (pengiriman)
12. Offices (perkantoran)
13. External facilities (fasilitas penunjang lain, misalnya parkir)
14. Buildings (bangunan)
15. Grounds (lahan)
16. Location (lokasi)
17. Safety (keamanan)
18. Scrap (buangan)

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 PRINSIP

• Terintegrasi
• Jarak pergerakan yang minimum
• Bersifat aliran atau tersistematiskan
• Volume ruang yang ekonomis
• Kepuasan dan keamanan dalam bekerja
• Fleksibel

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 OBJECTIVES OF PLANT LAY OUT
(TUJUAN TATA LETAK PABRIK)
• Facilitate the manufacturing process (memudahkan proses
pengolahan)
• Minimize material handling (meminimumkan penanganan bahan)
• Maintain flexibility of arrangement and of operation
(mempertahankan fleksibilitas)
• Maintain high turn over of work-in-process (mempertahankan
tingkat pergantian “barang setengah jadi (work in process)” yang
tinggi)
• Hold down investment in equipment (menekan investasi mesin dan
peralatan)
• Make economical use of building cube (menggunakan volume
ruang bangunan secara ekonomis)
• Promote effective utilization of manpower (meningkatkan efektivitas
penggunaan tenaga kerja)
• Provide for employee convenience, safety, and comfort in doing the
work (memberikan kemudahan, keamanan, kenyamanan kerja)

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 3.
TINJAUAN
PROSEDUR PERANCANGAN FASILITAS
(OVERVIEW OF FACILITIES DESIGN PROCEDURE)

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 MATERI

1. Definition
2. Major Problems in Facilities Planning
3. Facilities Planning Hierarchy
4. Objectives of facilities planning and The
Goals of Manufacturing Facilities Design
and Material Handling
5. Facility Planning Process
6. Developing Facility Planning Strategies

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 DEFINITION…

• Facility planning is a strategic process, which can be defined

as art and science of employing the resources of a firm to
achieve its business objectives (perencanaan fasilitas adalah
suatu proses strategis, didefinisikan sebagai ilmu pengetahuan
dan seni pemanfaatan sumber daya perusahaan untuk
mencapai tujuan bisnisnya)

• Multidisciplinary
3.1. – Marketing – location, handling system design such as
product mix, unit volume
– Product development – processing and materials that
impact layout and material handling
– Manufacturing – degree of vertical integration, level of
automation, tooling
– Production and inventory control – lot size, in-process
inventory
– Human resources and finance – capital availability, labor
skills, staffing levels

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 MAJOR PROBLEMS IN FACILITY PLANNING
• Perubahan rancangan
• Penambahan produk baru
• Perluasan atau pengurangan bagian
3.2. • Pemindahan bagian
• Penambahan bagian
• Pergantian mesin atau peralatan yang rusak
• Fasilitas baru
• Biaya

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 MOTIVATION BEHIND FACILITY PLANNING
1. One of the most effective methods for increasing plant
productivity and reducing cost is to reduce or eliminate all
activities that are unnecessary or wasteful. A facilities
design should accomplish this goal in terms of material
handling, personnel and equipment utilization, reduced
inventories, and increased quality (metode yang paling
efektif untuk terus meningkatkan produktivitas pabrik dan
mengurangi biaya atau menghapuskan semua aktivitas
yang boros dan tak perlu.
Berdasarkan tujuan tersebut, maka kegiatan perancangan
fasilitas akan berkaitan dengan penanganan bahan,
pemanfaatan sumberdaya manusia dan peralatan,
pengurangan inventarisasi serta meningkat mutu).
2. Employee health and safety
3. Energy conservation
4. Community considerations, fire protection, security, and the
ADA of 1989

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 • 8% of GNP annually spent on new facilities (8% GNP tiap
tahun dibelanjakan untuk fasilitas baru)

• 20-50% of total operating expenses attributed to material

handling and effective facility planning can reduce costs
10-30% (20-50% dari total biaya operasi yang berhubungan
dengan efektif penanganan bahan dan perencanaan
fasilitas dapat mengurangi biaya sebesar10-30%)

• Other factors motivating facility planning

– New equipment and processes
– Improvement of plant productivity based on changes
– Employee health and safety (OSHA - Occupational
Safety and Health (1970))
– Energy conservation
– American Disabilities Act (1989) - “barrier free”
– Pilferage
– Community consideration (fire protection, noise,
security, etc.)

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 FACILITIES PLANNING HIERARCHY

Facilities systems
design

3.3. Facilities Layout

design design

Facilities Handling
planning systems
design
Facilities
location

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 IMPORTANCE TO MANUFACTURING
FACILITIES DESIGN AND MATERIAL HANDLING
• Facilities design – consists of the facility systems, the layout, and the
handling system
o Facility system – structural systems, the atmospheric systems, the
enclosure system, the lighting/electrical/communication
systems, the life safety system and the sanitation system.
o Layout – consists of all equipment, machinery, and furnishings
within the building envelope.
o Handling system – consists of the mechanisms needed to satisfy
the required facility interactions.
o Material handling is very important to the facility design activity.
The choice of material handling equipment will greatly effect
the appropriateness of the facility design.

• Facilities location - placement with respect to customer, suppliers,

and other facilities with which it interfaces.
Influences of Plant location –
– Proximity to raw material
– Markets
– Transportation systems
– Economic development programs (financial incentives)
– President’s home town

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 MORE THAN MANUFACTURING…

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 MORE THAN MANUFACTURING…

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 OBJECTIVES OF FACILITIES PLANNING

• Improve customer satisfaction by being easy to do business

with, conforming to customer promises, and responding to
customer needs.
• Increase return on assets (ROA) by maximizing inventory
turns, minimizing obsolete inventory, maximizing employee
participation, and maximizing continuous improvement.
• Maximize speed for quick customer response.
3.4. • Reduced costs and grow the supply chain profitability
• Integrate the supply chain through partnership and
communication.
• Support the organization’s vision through improved material
handling, material control, and good housekeeping.
• Effectively utilize people, equipment, space, and energy.
• Maximize return on investment (ROI) on all capital
expenditures
• Be adaptable and promote ease of maintenance.
• Provide for employee safety and job satisfaction.

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 THE GOALS OF
MANUFACTURING FACILITIES DESIGN AND
MATERIAL HANDLING
Mission statement – a clear statement of the goals of the organization
should be simple and is usually accomplished in sub-goals

1. Minimizing unit and project cost are of prime importance

Cheapest is not always best

2. Quality is critical and difficult to measure

Design to the quality level desired by selecting equipment,
designing workstations, and establishing work methods, which
produce quality parts and assemblies.

3. Promoting the effective used of people, equipment, space,

and energy
People, equipment, space, and energy are an expensive company
resource and should be utilized effectively.
People - to be profitable must improve productivity output so
the placement of restrooms, locker rooms, cafeterias, tool cribs will
affect peoples productivity.
Equipment - very expensive and the operating cost must be
recovered by charging each part produced on that machine a
portion of this cost.
Space – consider vertical as well as horizontal Under the floor,
Overhead, Ceiling space, On the roof Utilizing the building cube

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 4. Provide for the convenience, safety, and comfort of our
employees
Safety of employees is a moral and legal responsibility of the
facility designer… Material handling equipment can be dangerous

5. Control project costs

Budgeting and living with the budget

6. Achieve the production start date

Meet the schedule at all cost

7. Build flexibility into the plan

Anticipate future growth and changes

8. Reduce or eliminate excessive inventory

9. Miscellaneous goals

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 THE MANUFACTURING FACILITIES DESIGN
PROCEDURE

• Must start at the beginning and if you follow a systematic

approach to designing the facility, a good design will result.

3.5. • Types and Sources of Manufacturing Facilities Design Projects

• New facility -
• New product -
• Design changes - of the product
• Cost reduction - better layout for better productivity
• Retrofit -

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 FACILITIES PLANNING PROCESS

By applying the engineering design approach, a systematic

approach can be developed
1. Define the problem
* Define (or redefine) the objective of the facility
* Specify the primary and support activities to be performed
in accomplishing the objective
2. Analyze the problem
* Determine the interrelationships among all activities
3. Determine the space requirements for all activities
* Generate alternative facilities plans
4. Evaluate the alternatives
* Evaluate alternative facilities plans
5. Select the preferred design
* Select a facilities plan
6. Implement the design
* Implement the facilities plan
* Maintain and adapt the facilities plan
* Redefine the objective of the facility

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 FACILITY PLANNING PROCESS
• Facility planning is a never-ending process or until the facility is
torn down
• Facilities planning follows the process
1. Define (or redefine) the objective of the facility (mendefinisikan
atau meredefinisikan tujuan fasilitas)
2. Specify the primary and support activities to be preformed in
accomplishing the objective (Menetapkan aktivitas utama dan
penunjang untuk mendukung tujuan)
3. Determine the interrelationships among all activities (menentukan
interrelasi antar berbagai kegiatan)
4. Determine the space requirements for all activities (menentukan
persyaratan ruang untuk seluruh kegiatan)
5. Generate alternative facilities plans (membuat rencana fasilitas
alternatif)
6. Evaluate alternative facilities plans (mengevaluasi rancangan
fasilitas alternatif)
7. Select a facilities plan (memilih rancangan fasilitas)
8. Implement a facilities plan (penerapan perancangan fasilitas)
9. Maintain and adapt the facilities plan (memelihara dan
menyesuaikan rancangan fasilitas)
10. Redefine the objective of the facility (mendefinisikan kembali
tujuan fasilitas)

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 FACILITY PLANNING PROCESS
(GENERAL)

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 FACILITY PLANNING PROCESS
(MANUFACTURING)

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 FACILITY PLANNING PROCESS
(HOSPITALS)

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 FACILITIES PLANNING PROCESS

Experience has shown that in order for the facilities plan to be

3.6. successful, not only a clear understanding of the vision is
needed but also the mission, the requirements of success, the
DEVELOPING guiding principles, and the evidence of success. It is the total
FACILITY of these five elements (Vision, Mission, Requirements of
Success, Building Principles, and Evidence of Success) that
PLANNING forms an organization's Model of Success.
STRATEGIES (pengalaman menunjukkan bahwa rancangan fasilitas agar
tetap berhasil, tidak hanya menyangkut pemahaman yang
jelas akan visi tetapi juga misi, keinginan untuk sukses, memiliki
prinsip, dan bukti kesuksesan).

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 COST OF DESIGN CHANGES DURING
A PROJECT

Amount($)
Cost of making
design changes

Planning Designing Building Installing Commissionin

g

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 • Strategic planning – business strategies can be defined as art and
science of employing the resources of a firm to achieve its business
objectives
• Facility planning is a strategic process
• Manufacturing decisions affect corporate strategy (e.g. Toyota’s
production system, computer integrated manufacturing (CIM),
flexible manufacturing systems (FMS))
• Facility planning dimensions for process improvement
• Functional areas that impact facilities planning
• Marketing – location, handling system design such as product mix,
unit volume
• Product development – processing and materials that impact layout
and material handling
• Manufacturing – degree of vertical integration, level of
automation, tooling
• Production and inventory control – lot size, in-process inventory
• Human resources and finance – capital availability, labor skills,
staffing levels
• The level of detail required in a facility plan are demonstrated by the
kinds of questions needed to be resolved in developing a material
handling plan
• issues that impact long-range strategic facilities plan
• Inadequate planning can result in significant project delays or even
facilities that do not meet their objective

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 STRATEGIC FACILITIES PLANNING
• The importance of planning cannot be overemphasized, for
it is the planning emphasis that distinguishes the activities of
the facilities planner from the facilities designer and the
facilities “locator”

• Strategic planning comes into play with resources being

available from marketing, manufacturing, and distribution.

• As noted by skinner “When companies fail to recognize the

relationship between manufacturing decisions and
corporate strategy, they may become saddled with
seriously noncompetitive production systems that are
expensive and time-consuming to change.” “(ketika
perusahaan gagal untuk memahami hubungan antara
strategi perusahaan dan keputusan manufacturing, mereka
boleh jadi telah membebani dengan serius perusahaan,
sistem produksi menjadi tidak kompetitif sehingga harga-
harga menjadi mahal dan memakan waktu untuk
berubah)”

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 “Every element of the organization must support
the objectives of the firm”

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 DEVELOPING FACILITIES
PLANNING STRATEGIES
• Product development and design decisions affect
processing and materials requirements, which in turn
affect layout and material handling.

• For the facilities plan to support the overall strategic plan,

it is necessary for facilities planners to participate in the
development of the plan.

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 DEVELOPING FACILITIES
PLANNING STRATEGIES

Product Production Human

development and Planning & Resources &
design decisions Inventory Control Finance

Processing &
Material
Requirements Size & Design Space & Flow

Storage,
Layout & Material # & Location movement,
Handling protection &
control of
material

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 ANDA TELAH MENYELESAIKAN KULIAH KE-1,
DIHARAPKAN ANDA TELAH MENGERTI TENTANG….

1. Perlunya tata letak dalam kehidupan dan peradaban manusia

2. Perlunya tata letak dalam mengembangkan dan melaksanakan proses

produksi hasil perikanan

3. Pengertian, cakupan kegiatan, prinsip dan tujuan dari tata letak

4. Tahapan perancangan tata letak yang meliputi

a. Mendefinisikan dan meredefinisikan tujuan
b. Menentukan aktivitas utama (kegiatan inti) dan penunjang
c. Menentukan interelationship atau keterkaitan antar aktivitas
d. Menentukan persyaratan atau kebutuhan ruang (space)
e. Membuat rencana, mengevaluasi dan memilih rancangan alternatif
f. Mengimplementasi,
g. Memelihara dan meredefinisikan kembali tujuan

5. Peran tata letak yang baik dalam perencanaan strategis suatu bisnis

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 SAMPAI JUMPA PADA
KULIAH KE-2

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