POWER SYSTEM-II

(EE-602)

Time allotted: 3 Hours Full marks: 70

The figs in the margin indicate full marks.

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.

GROUP- A

(Multiple choice type questions)

1. Choose the correct alternatives from any ten of the followings: 1×10
i) In hydro-electric power plants
(a)operating cost is low & initial cost is high
(b) operating cost is high & initial cost is low
(c) both operating cost as well initial cost are high
(d) both operating cost as well as initial cost are low

ii) The function of the economizer is to

(a) Heat up the incoming water with exhaust steam

(b) heat up the pulverized fuel by exhaust gases
(c) heat up the incoming air by exhaust gases
(d) heat up the incoming water by exhaust gases

iii) Control rods used in nuclear reactors are made of

(a) Zirconium (b) boron (c) beryllium (d) lead

iv) Zero-sequence in three phase voltage of delta is

(a) Line voltage
(b) Zero
(c) Line voltage×√3
(d) Line voltage/3

v) Circuit breaker usually operates under

(a) Steady-state short- circuit current
(b) Sub-transient state of short-circuit current
 (c) Transient state of short circuit- current
(d) None of these

vi) Relay angle is defined as an angle

(a) between line voltage and bus-bar voltage under balance three-phase
condition

(b) at which relay is mounted on the bus-bar

(c) between the voltage and current supplied to relay under balanced three
phase unity power factor conditions

(d) none of the above

vii) An over-current relay, having a current setting of 125% is connected to a supply

circuit through a current transformer of ratio 400/5. The pick-up current is

(a) 6.25A
(b) 10A
(c) 12.5A
(d) 15A

viii) In load-flow analysis, the load connected at a bus is represented as

(a) Constant current drawn from the bus
(b) constant impedance connected at the bus
(c) voltage and frequency dependent source at the bus
(d) constant real and reactive power drawn from the bus.

ix) Gauss-seidal interactive method can be used for solving a set of

(a) Linear differential equations only
(b) Linear algebraic equation only.
(c) Both linear and non-linear algebraic equations.
(d) Both linear and nonlinear differential equations

x) For a 15-bus power system with 3 voltage controlled bus, the size of Jacobean
matrix is
(a) 11×11
(b) 12×12
(c) 24×24
(d) 25×25

xi) In a load-flow study a PV bus is treated as a PQ bus when

(a) Voltage limit is violated
(b) Active power limit is violated
(c) Phase angle is high
(d)reactive power limit is violated
 xii) Steady-state stability of a power system is the ability of the power system to
(a) Maintain voltage at the rated voltage level
(b) Maintain frequency exactly at 50Hz
(c) Maintain a spinning reserve margin at all times
(d) Maintain synchronism between machines and on external tie lines

Xiii) A 50 Hz, 3- phase synchronous generator has inductance per phase of 15 mH. The
capacitance of generator and circuit breaker is 0.002 µF. Its frequency of oscillation is

(a) 29 kHz (b) 2.9 kHz (c) 290 kHz (d) 29 MHz

XIV) A 50 Hz , 17.32 kV generator is connected to a power system. The system reactance

and capacitance per phase are 10 mH and 0.02 µF, respectively. What is the maximum
voltage across the contacts of the circuit breaker at an instant when it passes through
zero?

(a) 28.28 kV (b) 29.28 kV (c) 30.28 kV (d) 31.28 kV

xiv) Zero sequence fault current is absent when the fault is

a) single line to ground fault b) line to line fault
c) double line to ground fault d) none of these

xv) The unit of inertia constant H is

a) MJs/MVA b) MJ/MVA c) kV/MVA d) rad/MVA

xvi) Equal area criterion is used to study

a) Relative stability b) Transient stability
c) Dynamic stability d) Steady state stability.

xvii) If a 3-phase symmetrical short circuit occurs at the three terminals of a synchronous
generator, the dc off set current is maximum in the phase whose voltage is ____________ at the
instant of short circuit.

(a) Positive maximum (b) zero (c) negative maximum (d) r.m.s value

xviii) An over-current relay, having a current setting of 125% is connected to a supply circuit
through a current transformer of ratio 400/5. The pick-up current is

(a)6.25 A (b) 10 A (c) 12.5 A (d) 15 A

 xix) An over-current relay, having a current setting of 125% is connected to a supply
circuit through a current transformer of ratio 400/5. The pick-up voltage is

(a) 6.25A
(b)10A
(c)12.5A
(d)15A

xx) A power system with two generators is shown in the figure below. The system (generators,
buses and transmission lines) is protected by six over current relays R1 to R6 . Assuming a mix of
directional and non-directional relays at appropriate locations, the remote back-up relays for R4
are

(a) R1, R2 (b) R2, R6 (c) R2,R5 (d) R1,R6

xxi) If the star side of the star-delta transformer shown in the figure is excited by a negative
sequence voltage then

(a) 𝑉𝐴𝐵 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑦 600

(b) 𝑉𝐴𝐵 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑦 600
(c) 𝑉𝐴𝐵 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑦 300
(d) 𝑉𝐴𝐵 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑦 300

xxii) Zero sequence fault current is absent when the fault is

a) single line to ground fault b) line to line fault
c) double line to ground fault d) none of these

xxiii) The unit of inertia constant H is

a) MJs/MVA b) MJ/MVA c) kV/MVA d) rad/MVA

xxiv) Equal area criterion is used to study

a) Relative stability b) Transient stability
c) Dynamic stability d) Steady state stability.
 GROUP- B

(Short answer type questions)

Answer any three of the following. 3×5

2. A three-phase alternator running unloaded with resistance and transient inductance per
phase R & L respectively is suddenly short-circuited across all its terminals at t=0. If the
alternator is consider as emf √2vsin(ωt+α) per phase in series with R & L, derive an expression
for the short-circuit current, dc offset current and doubling effect. 5

3. A steam power station of 100MW uses coal of calorific value of 6400kcal/kg. The thermal
efficiency of the station is 30% and electrical generation efficiency is 92%. Determine the coal
required per hour when the plant is working at full load. 5

4. What are symmetrical components? Differentiate between the positive-sequence system and
Zero-sequence system. Define negative sequence impedance. 2+2+1=5

5. What is IDMTL characteristic of a relay? A relay having rating of 5A and relay setting of 125%
with TMS = 0.6is connected to a circuit through a CT. with rating 400/5. The relay characteristics
is given below

PSM: 2 4 5 8 10 20

Time of operation 10 5 4 3 2.8 2.4

(in sec)

Determine the time of operation of the relay when a fault current of 500 A is flowing in the
circuit. 2+3
6. What are the different types of arc interruption processes? State the advantage of using SF6
circuit breaker over air blast circuit breaker? 2+3

7. A synchronous generator rated 500kVA,440V, 0.1pu subtransient reactance is supplying a

passive load of 400kW at 0.8 lagging power factor. Calculate the initial symmetrical rms current
for a three- phase fault at generator terminals.

8. What do you mean by reach of the relay? Explain overreach and under reach phenomenon
with reference to distance relay.

9. A double line-to-ground fault occurs on phase b and c of an unloaded generator, derive a

sequence- network representation of this condition and determine the fault current.

10. When a 3-phase short circuit occurs at the terminals of a generator having rating of 16.5 KV ,
25 MVA , 20 % sub-transient reactance the maximum momentary current will be ___________
(assuming 20% decrease in dc off set value when symmetrical current reaches maximum in the
first current loop)

(a) 11,134 amps (b) 6185.58 amps (c) 12,371.16 amps (d) 874.77 amps (5)

GROUP- C

(Long answer type questions)

Answer any three of the following. 3 ×15

11. (a)State and explain equal area criterion in connection with transient stability analysis. What
are the advantages of these methods?

(b) A generator operating at 50Hz delivers 1 pu power to an infinite bus when a fault occurs and
reduces the maximum power transferable to 0.4 pu. The maximum power transferable before
the occurrence of fault was 1.75 pu. The maximum power transferable after clearance of fault is
1.25. Compute critical clearing angles. 3+2+10=15

12.(a) A double line-to-ground fault occurs on phase b and c of an unloaded generator, derive a
sequence-network representation of this condition and determine the fault current.

(b) A synchronous generator rated 500kVA,440V, 0.1pu sub-transient reactance is supplying a

passive load of 400kW at 0.8 lagging power factor. Calculate the initial symmetrical rms current
for a three- phase fault at generator terminals. 7+8=15

13. (a) Define recovery voltage and rate of rise of re-striking voltage. Derive an expression for
re-striking voltage assuming an infinite resistance across the circuit breaker. ( 3+4)
(b )How resistance switching helps in reducing the frequency of oscillation of recovery voltage?

(4)

(c) A 50 Hz, 11 KV, three-phase alternator with earthed neutral has an inductance per phase 2
mH and is connected to busbar through a circuit breaker. The capacitance to earth between the
alternator and the circuit breaker is 0.02 µF per phase. A fault occurs just beyond the CB, which
opens when the symmetrical SC current is 7000 A (rms).Ignoring the first pole to clear factor,
calculate the following:

(a) Maximum voltage across the contacts of the circuit breaker.

(b) Frequency of oscillations.
(c) Average rate of rise of re-striking voltage up to the first peak.
(4)
14. (a) Explain with sketches the construction of induction type relay and develop torque
equation for this type of relay. 4+4

(b)The neutral point of a three-phase 20 MVA, 11KV alternator is earthed through a resistance
of 5 ohms. The relay is set to operate when there is an out of balance current of 1.5 A. The CTs
have a ratio of 1000/5. What percentage of winding is protected against an earth fault and what
should be the minimum value of earthing resistance to protect 90% of the winding. 7

15. (a) What is the advantages of using Newton Raphson method over Gauss Siedel method for
solving load flow problem. Define different types of buses. How Fast Decoupled Load Flow is
derived from Newton Raphson Load flow. 2+3+4

(b)Consider the four-bus system shown in figure where a regulating transformer (RT) is
introduced in line 1-2 near bus 1. The RT is a magnitude regulator with ratio = V1/V1’=0.99. Find
the YBUS matrix. 6

16. A double line-to-ground fault occurs on phase b and c of an unloaded generator, derive a
sequence-network representation of this condition and determine the fault current.
 (b) A synchronous generator rated 500kVA,440V, 0.1pu subtransient reactance is supplying a
passive load of 400kW at 0.8 lagging power factor. Calculate the initial symmetrical rms current
for a three- phase fault at generator terminals. 7+8=15

17. a) If the inductance and capacitance of a power system are respectively 1 H and 0.001 µF
and the instantaneous value of interrupted current is 10 A, then find the voltage across the
breaker contacts. 3

b) Two 10 MVA, 50 Hz, 11 kV alternators, each with a 20% reactance, run in parallel on a section
bus-bar A which is connected through a 30 % bus-bar reactor rated at 20 MVA to a bus-bar B
having two generators similar to those of A. A % MVA feeder having 5 % reactance is connected
to bus-bar A. Calculate the steady value of the fault current if a short-circuit occur between the
three conductors at the far end of the feeder. 6

c) A 50 Hz, 11 KV, three-phase alternator with earthed neutral has an inductance per phase 2
mH and is connected to busbar through a circuit breaker. The capacitance to earth between the
alternator and the circuit breaker is 0.02 µF per phase. A fault occurs just beyond the CB, which
opens when the symmetrical SC current is 7000 A (rms).Ignoring the first pole to clear factor,
calculate the following:

(a)Maximum voltage across the contacts of the circuit breaker.

(b) Frequency of oscillations.

(c) Average rate of rise of re-striking voltage up to the first peak. 6

18. (a) A 120 MW, 15.75 kV,0.85 PF, 50 Hz, three phase, Y- connected generator is protected by
an earth fault relay. The relay is set to operate at 5% . The CT ratio is 7500/1 A. A resistor is used
in neutral circuit of generator to limit the earth fault current equal to 75% of the normal load
current. Determine the value of the resistor and the percentage of stator winding protected. 5

(b) A 33/6.6 kV, three-phase, 50 Hz, Y/∆1 connected transformer is protected by a differential
scheme. Draw the detail connection diagram for the differential protection of the transformer. If
the CTs employed on the high tension (HT) side have the ratio of 6.93:1 A, determine the CT
ratio on the low tension (LT) side. Let the current on LT lines be 300 A. Show the currents in all
the transformer windings and relay coils. 6

(c) Show the stepped (three zone) distance characteristics of the relays shown in the following
power system. R1 to R6 are distance relays with directional unit. 4
19. Write a short notes on:

(a) Wind power generation

(b) Function of Superheater & Economizer in a boiler

(c) Explain different types of buses in power system

(d) Buchholz relay.

(e) Nuclear Reactor