Chapter 1

1) What are the four functions included within the scope of manufacturing
support systems?
The four functions that are within the manufacturing support system are firstly is business
function. As for this function it is including such as sales and marketing, order entry, cost
accounting and customer billing. Furthermore, the second function are manufacturing
planning. The manufacturing planning are involve in process such as process planning,
production planning, capacity planning and lastly is MRP. Besides that, product design
also is one of the function that within the manufacturing support system. It consist of
research and development, design engineering and prototype shop. Lastly, manufacturing
control that are include with shop floor, inventory control and quality control.

2) What is manufacturing lead time?

It is a period ranging from placing a Manufacturing Order (in order to manufacture one
lower-level items such as products, assemblies, and parts) to completing them. It consists
of the time during each process needed to manufacture items, in other words, the
transportation time between process lead time and each process, which is used to
calculate the lead time for manufactured items

3) What is work-in-process?

Work in process (WIP), work in progress (WIP), goods in process, or in-process

inventory are a company's partially finished goods waiting for completion and eventual
sale or the value of these items. These items are either just being fabricated or waiting for
further processing in a queue or a buffer storage. The term is used in production and
supply chain management.

Optimal production management aims to minimize work in process. Work in process

requires storage space, represents bound capital not available for investment and carries
an inherent risk of earlier expiration of shelf life of the products. A queue leading to a
production step shows that the step is well buffered for shortage in supplies from
preceding steps, but may also indicate insufficient capacity to process the output from
these preceding steps.
 4) What are some of the reasons why companies automate their operations?

The are some reason why companies automate their operations. Firstly is to increase the
labor productivity of the company. It is because when using automation in companies, the
automate operation have higher output of production better than human and it can fully
operate every day. Furthermore, the second reasons are to reduce the labor cost in the
company. As for this reasons, when we are fully using automated operations there are no
need to pay the fee of the worker. So the company can save their money on that term.
Improve product quality also is one of the reasons also. The automated operation can
produce a highly quality product. Thus can ensure to satisfy the customer in buying the
product because of the quality that have been shown. Lastly is to reduce the
manufacturing lead time
Chapter 2

1) What is automation?

Automation can be defined as the technology by which a process or procedure is

performed without human assistance. In other words Automation or automatic control, is
the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes
in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering
and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications and vehicles with minimal or
reduced human intervention, with some processes have been completely automated.
Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic,
pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices and computers, usually in combination.
Complicated systems, such as modern factories, airplanes and ships typically use all these
combined techniques. The benefit of automation include labor savings, savings in
electricity costs, savings in material costs, and improvements to quality, accuracy and
precision.

2) An automated system consists of what three basic elements.

The three basic element are firstly is Power. It is meaning to accomplish the process and
operate the automated system. Secondly is Program of instructions that meaning are to
direct the process. Last but not least is Control system. Control system is functioning to
actuate the instructions

3) What is the difference between a closed-loop control system and an open-loop

control system?

Firstly is effect of output. As for this reasons an open loop control system acts completely
on the basis of input and the output has no effect on the control action while A closed
loop control system considers the current output and alters it to the desired condition. The
control action in these systems is based on the output. Secondly is stability. As for open
loop it is mostly stable while for closed loop have major issue. Effect of gain also is the
 difference between the closed loop and open loop system. For the open loop have gain
while closed lope have no linear change in system.

4) What is safety monitoring in an automated system?

Safety monitoring in an automated system involves the use of sensors to track the
system’soperaTon and identify conditions and events that are unsafe or potentially
unsafe. ±he system is programmed to respond to unsafe conditions in some appropriate
way, such as stopping the system or sounding an alarm.