1
PENTINGNYA
PEMASARAN
BAGI
KONSUMEN,
PERUSAHAAN,
DAN
MASYARAKAT
Pemasaran
(marketing)
à
suatu
aktivitas
yang
bertujuan
mencapai
sasaran
perusahaan,
dilakukan
dengan
cara
mengantisipasi
kebutuhan
pelanggan
atau
klien
serta
mengarahkan
aliran
barang
dan
jasa
yang
memenuhi
kebutuhan
pelanggan
atau
klien
dari
produsen.
• Tujuan:
mengidentifikasi
kebutuhan
pelanggan
dan
memenuhi
kebutuhan-‐
kebutuhan
tersebut
secara
sangat
baik
sehingga
produk
yang
terkait
nyaris
menjual
dirinya
sendiri.
• Mengapa
pemasaran
dibutuhkan?
o Dapat
diterapkan
ke
o Pemasaran
melibatkan
organisasi
laba
maupun
pertukaran
nirlaba
o Membangun
hubungan
o Lebih
dari
sekadar
dengan
pelanggan
membujuk
pelanggan
o Menciptakan
pemasaran
o Dimulai
dari
kebutuhan
mikro
yang
berorientasi
pelanggan
manajemen
o Tidak
berjalan
sendiri
Pemasaran
Makro
(macro-‐marketing)
à
suatu
proses
yang
mengarahkan
aliran
ekonomi
barang
dan
jasa
dari
produsen
ke
konsumen
dengan
cara
yang
secara
efektif
mencocokkan
penawaran
dan
permintaan
serta
mencapai
sasaran-‐
sasaran
masyarakat
tersebut.
• Perbedaan
pemasaran
dengan
pemasaran
makro:
Pemasaran
mikro
berfokus
pada
aktivitas
pemasaran
yang
dilakukan
oleh
suatu
bisnis
atau
organisasi
jenis
lain,
tetapi
pemasaran
makro
berkaitan
dengan
cara
bagiamana
keseluruhan
sistem
pemasaran
bekerja
dalam
suatu
masyarakat
atau
ekonomi.
o Penekanannya
pada
keseluruhan
sistem
Nilai
pelanggan
(customer
value)
à
perbedaan
antara
manfaat
yang
dilihat
seorang
pelanggan
dari
suatu
penawaran
pasar
serta
biaya
untuk
mendapatkan
manfaat
tersebut.
Artinya,
perusahaan
harus
memastikan
produk
yang
ditawarkan
benar-‐benar
menyediakan
nilai
yang
lebih
besar
dibanding
yang
bisa
didapatkan
di
tempat
lain
(nilai
superior).
Diferensiasià
marketing
mix
berbeda
dan
lebih
baik
dari
yang
diberikan
oleh
suatu
kompetitor.
Analisis
SWOTà
mengidentifikasi
kekuatan
dan
kelemahan
suatu
perusahaan
serta
peluang
dan
ancaman
yang
dihadapi.
Penetrasi
Pasarà
upaya
meningkatkan
penjualan
produk-‐produk
perusahaan
yang
telah
ada
saat
ini
dalam
pasarnya
saat
ini—bisa
jadi
melalui
marketing
mix
yang
lebih
agresif.
Pengembangan
pasar
(market
development)à
meningkatkan
penjualan
dengan
cara
menjual
produk-‐produk
yang
sudah
ada
di
pasar
yang
baru.
Teori
Kebutuhan
Hierarki
Moslow:
(terendah
ke
tertinggi)
alternative,
mungkin
mencoba
beberapa
4. Menentukan
solusi
Keputusan
Respons
5.
Mengevaluasi
Konfirmasi
pengalaman
pembelian
BAB
7
PERILAKU
PEMBELIAN
PELANGGAN
BISNIS
DAN
ORGANISASI
Pelanggan
bisnis
dan
organisasi
(business
and
organizational
customers)à
para
pembeli
yang
membeli
untuk
dijual
kembali
atau
untuk
memproduksi
barang
dan
jasa.
Contoh:
CHAPTER
3
EVALUATING
OPPORTUNITIES
IN
THE
CHANGING
MARKET
ENVIRONMENT
• External
market
environment:
1. Economic
environment
2. Technological
environment
3. Ppolitical
and
legal
environment
4. Cultural
and
social
environment
• Three
basic
objective
as
the
guidelines
of
firms’
objectives:
1. Engage
in
specitif
activities
that
will
perform
a
socially
and
economically
useful
function.
2. Develop
an
organization
to
carry
on
the
business
and
implement
its
strategies.
Competitive
environmentà
affects
the
number
and
types
of
competitors
the
marketing
manager
must
face
and
how
they
may
behave.
• Competitor
analysis—an
organized
approach
for
evaluating
the
strengths
and
weaknesses
of
current
or
potential
competitors’
marketing
strategies.
• Competitive
rivals—firms
that
will
be
the
closest
competitors.
• Competitive
barriers—the
conditions
that
may
make
it
difficult,
or
even
impossible,
for
a
firm
to
compete
in
a
market.
1. Economic
Environmentà
macro-‐economic
factors,
including
national
income,
economic
growth,
and
inflation,
that
affect
patterns
of
consumer
and
business
spending.
2. Technological
environment
INSENSITIVE SENSITIVE
Basic
commodity-‐ Consumer
Industrial
type
consumer
products
that
are
products
products
linked
to
cultural
variables
Segmenting—an
aggregating
process
clustering
people
with
similar
needs
into
a
“market
segment”
Market
segment—a
relatively
homogeneous
group
of
customers
who
will
respond
to
a
marketing
mix
in
a
similar
way.
Criteria
for
segmenting
a
broad
product-‐market:
1. Homogeneous
(similar)
within—the
customers
in
a
market
segment
should
be
as
similar
as
possible
with
respect
to
their
likely
responses
to
marketing
mix
variables
and
their
segmenting
dimensions.
2. Heterogeneous
(different)
between—the
customers
in
different
segments
should
be
as
different
should
be
as
different
as
possible
with
respect
to
their
likely
responses
to
marketing
mix
variables
and
their
segmenting
dimensions.
3. Substantial—the
segment
should
be
big
enough
to
be
profitable.
4. Operational—the
segmenting
dimensions
should
be
useful
for
identifying
customers
and
deciding
on
marketing
mix
variables.
REINE
ENDIKA
JUWITA
1206249145
3
basic
ways
to
develop
market-‐oriented
strategies
in
a
broad
product-‐market:
1. Single
target
market
approach—segmenting
the
market
and
picking
one
of
the
homogeneous
segments
as
the
firm’s
target
market.
2. Multiple
target
market
approach—segmenting
the
market
and
choosing
two
or
more
segments,
and
then
treating
each
as
a
separate
target
market
needing
a
different
marketing
mix.
3. Combined
target
market
approach—combining
two
or
more
submarkets
into
one
larger
target
market
as
a
basis
for
one
strategy.
(Combinersà
people
who
use
this
third
approach.)
Combiners—try
to
satisfy
“pretty
well”
Segmenters—try
to
satisfy
“very
well”
Relation
of
potential
target
market
dimensions
to
marketing
strategy
decision
areas:
Potential
target
market
dimensions
Effects
on
strategy
decision
areas
1. Behavioral
needs,
attitudes,
and
Affects
Product
and
Promotion.
how
present
and
potential
goods
and
services
fit
into
customers’
consumption
patterns.
2. Urgency
to
get
need
satisfied
and
Affects
Place
and
Price.
desire
and
willingness
to
seek
information,
compare,
and
shop.
3.
Geographic
location
and
other
Affects
size
of
Target
Markets,
Place,
demographic
characteristics
of
and
Promotion.
potential
customers.
Qualifying
dimensionsà
those
relevant
to
including
a
customer
type
in
a
product-‐market.
Determining
dimensionsà
those
that
actually
affect
the
customer’s
purchase
of
a
specific
product
or
brang
in
a
product-‐market.