Machineries used in Agriculture

With the coming of the Industrial Revolution and the development of more complicated machines,
farming methods took a great leap forward. Instead of harvestinggrain by hand with a
sharp blade, wheeled machines cut a continuous swath. Instead of threshing the grain by beating it with
sticks, threshing machines separated the seeds from the heads and stalks. The first tractors appeared in
the late 19th century. Now a day’s those agricultural machineries used in beginning of Land preparation
up to harvesting and processing.

Land preparation

Land preparation is important to ensure that the field is ready for planting. A well-prepared field
controls weeds, recycles plant nutrients, and provides a soft soil mass for transplanting and a suitable
soil surface for direct seeding.

Land preparation covers a wide range of practices from zero-tillage or minimum tillage which minimizes
soil disturbance through to a totally 'puddled' soil which actually destroys soil structure.

It typically involves (1) plowing to "till" or dig-up, mix, and overturn the soil; (2) harrowing to break the
soil clods into smaller mass and incorporate plant residue, and (3) leveling the field.

Primary land preparation

Mould Board Plough

It is the most Important plough for primary tillage in canal irrigated or heavy rain areas where too much
weeds grow.

To completely invert and pulverize the soil, up-root all weeds, trash and crop residues and bury them
under the soil.

It is also used for turning and mixing green manure crop for decaying under the soil, which adds humus
to the soil.
Disc Plough

It is especially useful in hard and dry, trashy, stony or stumpy land conditions and in soil where scouring
is a major problem.

It is more suitable for land in which there is much fibrous growth of weeds as the disc cuts and
incorporates the weeds.
Secondary tillage implements

Lighter or finer operations performed on the soil after primary tillage is known as secondary tillage.

After ploughing, the fields are left with large clods with some weeds and partially uprooted stubbles.

Harrowing is to be done to a shallow depth to crush the clods and to uproot the remaining weeds and
stubbles.

Rotary tiller

The rotary tiller is widely considered as the most important implement as it provides fine degree of soil
pulverization.It is directly mounted to the tractor and operated.
Tine tiller

Crop establishment

Low land seeder

Used in row sowing of paddy in low land

Paddy power Transplanter

Equipment used for transplanting mat type paddy seedlings in the main field

Advantages of Transplanting

Weeding operations are more efficiently done by rotary weeder

Proper plant spacing makes uniform growth of plants

Other field management operations, such as spraying and fertilizer top dressing are made easier

Mechanical weeding can reduce the use of chemical herbicides

Up land seeder

Used for row seeding of pulses and cereals in upland

Crop Management

Intercultivator

The Intercultivator stirs soil deeply and is highly useful for controlling weeds in different crops for e.g.
coconut, banana, sugarcane, tomato, cereal, and pulses. Used to stir and pulverize the soil,
Intercultivator is suited for crops are cultivated in rows.
Low land weeders

Cono weeder

It has two rotating cone shaped drums, to control the weeds

Power weeder

Used to control weeds in trance planted paddy fields

Chemical application

Power Sprayers

Power Sprayers are one kind of portable, flexible and efficient machinery for plant protection. It is
mainly used in prevention and cure of diseases and pests of plants such as paddy, fruit crops, tea,
vegetables and other field crops.

Motorized Knapsack Mist Blower- Duster

Hydraulic Power Sprayers

Hand Operated Knapsack sprayer

Harvesting

Paddy reaper

The paddy reaper can be effectively use in paddy field for harvesting of paddy.
Thresher

Thresher is a agricultural machinery which is used in threshing of harvested paddy.

Mini Combine Harvester

The mini combine harvester is a machine that harvests paddy. The name derives from its combining two
separate operations comprising harvesting – reaping and threshing.
Combine Harvester

The combine harvester is a machine that harvests grain crops. The name derives from its combining
three separate operations comprising harvesting - reaping, threshing, and winnowinginto a single
process.

Land preparation

3 tine tiller for 2W riding type tractor

Operation: Primary land preparation using 2W riding type tractor

Field capacity: 0.5ha/day

Price: Rs.25,000/=

Crop Group: Rice

Manual paddy transplanter

- Transplant rice seedlings in

01. Function
peddled lowland
02. Specifications

Type - Manually operated pull type

Power - Manual

Overall - L = 1460 mm W = 1030 mm

dimensions H = 580 mm

Weight - 25.5 kg

- 20 mm (variable plant
Spacing
spacing)

- Row planting of mat type

03. Suitable crop
paddy seedlings

04. Field capacity - 0.35 ha/day (0.8 acres/day)

05. Cost

Approximate
-
price

06. Status - Commercially available

Operation: Transplant paddy seedlings by 8 inch row spacing

Field capacity: 4rows transplanter-0.4ha/day

6rows transplanter-0.5ha/day

Price: 4rows transplanter-Rs.35000/=

6rows transplanter-Rs.40,000/=

Bucket Seeder
 - Sowing pre-germininated
01. Function:
paddy in rows

02. Specifications:

No. pf rows - 04

Seed rate - 30 kg/acre

Row spacing - 200 mm

Overall - W x H x L = 900 x 750 x 1080

dimensions (mm)

Weight - 18 kg

03. Field capacity - 2.5 acre/day

04. Power source - Manual

Approximate price Rs.18,000/=

06. Status: - Commercially available

Drum seeder
Seed Consumption : 12 kg/acre

Operation: Row seeding by 8 inch spacing with 4inch hill distance

Field Capacity : 3-4 acres/day

Commercial Value “ Rs. 20,000/=

Riding type Drum Seeder

No of rows: 10

Row width: 8 inches

Hill distance: 4-5 inches

Seed rate: 15 kg/acre

Power: engine driven

Justification : Capacity of the existing manual Drum seeder is not enough to cater large scale farmers.
Engine powered riding type seeder is the only way to fulfill the requirement.

Field Capacity : 6 acres/Day

Cono weeder

- Control weeds in row cultivated

01. Function
paddy fields

02. Specifications

- Single and double row versions are

Type
available

Power - Manuel

Overall
- L = 1750 W = 160mm
dimensions

Weight - 8.5 kg maximum

03. Suitable row spacing - 200 mm

04 . Field capacity - 0.2 ha/day

Approximate price - Rs.5000/=

06. Status - Commercially available

Operation: Weed between 2 rows

Field capacity: 0.5acres/day

Price: Rs.5,000/=

Low Land Power Weeder (wheel type)

Justification : An engine driven weeder to weed control in line established paddy fields is highly required
as the existing cono-weeder was not popularized due to it’s low field capacity.

Field capacity- 1ha/day

Price- Rs. 50,000.00

Track type Weeder

Justification : An engine driven weeder to weed control in line established paddy fields is highly required
as the existing cono-weeder was not popularized due to its low field capacity.

Field capacity- 1ha/day

Price- Rs. 65,000.00

1.2 m Paddy Reaper Attachment for Two Wheel Tractor

- Cut paddy and leaves it in

parallel swaths on the field.
01. Function
Suitable for standing crop and
crop lodged up - to 45 degrees.

02. Specifications

Power - Two wheel tractor

Overall - L = 2500 mm W = 1440 mm H =

 dimensions 1010 mm (including tractor)

Weight - 50 kg

Cutting width - 1200 mm

Cutting speeds - 2.8 km/hr. 3rd gear

- 5.0 km/hr 4th. Gear

No. of cutting
- 16
blades

- 0.2 - 0.3 ha/hour(0.5 -

03. Field capacity
0.8acres/hour)

04. Cutting loss - Less than 1%

05. Cost

Approximate price

High capacity Paddy thresher powered by 12hp 2W tractor

- threshing and cleaning harvested

01. Function
paddy

02. Specifications
 -Axial flow Cleanings Oscillating
Type
sheives and blowing type

Power 12HP two wheel tractor

Overall - Length =3300 mm, height

dimensions =2230mm, weight=2100mm

Weight -

Capacity - 1.5 Acre/hr

Maximum
length of -Not applicable
operation

Seed damage -Nil

04. Cost

Approximate
-
price

05. Status - Commercially available

Operation: Threshing paddy

Field capacity: 10acres/day

Price: Rs.250,000/=

Steel Body Seed Paddy Cleaner

 - Separate chaff, empty grains, half
filled grain weed seeds and small
01. Function
size seeds from the pre-cleaned
paddy.

02. Specifications

Overall
- 1720mm x 775mm x 1325mm
dimensions

Capacity - 150 - 200kg/h - seed paddy

- 500kg/hr. Consumption paddy

- 2 wheel tractor/ 1 hp electric

Power source
motor

03. Cost
 Approximate
price

04. States - Commercially available

Reliable steel structure

Durable Oscillation unit

Capacity : 200 kg/h

Suitable for both Samba & Nadu

High Capacity seed paddy cleaner

Reliable steel structure

Durable Oscillation unit

Capacity : 400kg/h

Brushing mechanism to remove struck seeds

Suitable for both Samba & Nadu

Justification : Capacity and durability of existing seed paddy cleaner is not enough comparing with the
present demand. A project is ongoing to increase the durability and to increase the capacity.

Crop Group : Other Field Crops

Manual high land seeder

- Row seeding of commonly grown

01. Function
field crops

02. Specifications

Type - Two row pulling type

Power - Manual

Overall - L = 1400mm W = 900mm H =

dimensions 420mm

Weight - 17 kg

Spacing - Variable from 200mm to 600mm

Seed rate - Varies according to the crop

- Green gram, Soya beans, Cowpea,

03. Suitable crops Black gram, Pegionpea, Maize, High
land paddy ect.

04. Field capacity: - 0.5 to 1.0 ha/day

05.Approximate price: -Rs.18,000/=

06. States - Commercially available

Sesame seeder
01. Function - Sowing seeds , in rows

02. Specifications

Type - Metering by gravity flowing

Power - Manuel

Overall
- L = 1400mm X W =
dimensions

Weight - 5-7kg

Capacity - 1 / 2 – 1 ha/day

Maximum
length of -
operation

Seed damage - nil

Sesame , Maize Green Gram ,

03. Suitable seeds
Cowpea

04. Cost

Approximate
-3500/-
price
05. Status - Commercially available

2W tractor coupled seeder for Pulses and Maize

Operation: Row seeding

Field capacity: 5acres/day

Price: Rs. 50,000/=

2W tractor coupled Injector Plantar

Operation: Row seeding maize no tillage condition

Field capacity: 5acres/day

Price: Rs. 50,000/=

4 Wheel tractor coupled Injector Planter with fertilizer applicator

No of rows : 4

Row width : 80 cm

Hill distance : 23 cm

Crop : Maize

Field capacity: 10acres/day

Price: Rs.150,000/=

2 Wheel Tractor Coupled Rotary Seeder – Walking Type

No of rows : 2

Row width : Adjustable

Hill distance : Adjustable

Crops : Green Gram, Black Gram, Cowpea, Soya and Maize

Justification: performance of the existing 2 wheel tractor coupled seeder is highly depend on the field
preparation conditions (fine preparation of field is required). Seeder attached to the rotovator will save
the time and money.

Field capacity- 3 acre/day

Price- Rs. 65,000.00

2 Wheel Tractor Coupled Rotary Seeder – Riding Type

Justification : Performance of the existing 2 wheel tractor coupled seeder is highly depend on the field
preparation conditions (finely prepared field is required). Seeder attached to the rotavator will save the
time and money.

Field capacity- 3 acer/day

Price- Rs. 65,000.00

4W Tractor Tine Tiller Coupled Seeder

Justification: A high capacity OFC seeder is needed which could operate in no tillage condition. This tine
tiller coupled seeder has accurate and high field capacity. It can work in adverse field conditions

Capacity : 6 acres/day

Price- Rs. 125,000.00

Ground Nut Ridger + Seeder

Justification: This machine was fabricated to fulfil the requirement for a ground nut seeder to do seeding
on ridges.

Capacity: 2-4 acres per day

2W tractor attached rotary use as weeder for maize

Operation: Weeding between rows

Field capacity: 5acres/day

Price: No additional cost

Rigger for 2W tractor

Operation: Form riggers for maize

Field capacity: 5acres/day

Price: Rs.4000/=

Multi - Crop Thresher

- Thresh paddy, Maize, sunflower

01. Function
and Soybean.

02. Specifications

Capacities

Paddy - 700kg/h
 Maize - 1000kg/h

Sunflower - 900kg/h

Soybeans - 700kg/h

Grain recovery - about 98%

- Less than 1% (Paddy, Sunflower ,

Grain damage
Soybeans) Less than 2% (maize)

Overall - W x H x L = 1530 x 1520 x 1600

dimensions mm

Weight -190 kg

03. Power source - 7.5 hp power tiller/electric motor

04. Cost

Approximate
price

05. States - Commercially available

Maize thresher

Power Source : 2W Tractor

Capacity : up to 2,000 kg/hr

Price: Rs.175,000/=
4 Wheel tractor attached high capacity Maize thresher

Justification : Mal-practice of using paddy threshers for maize threshing is popular among farmers as
there are no suitable high capacity threshers.

Expected output : Maize thresher, driven by 4 wheel tractor with a capacity of 5 tons/hour and
threshing recovery of 95% with higher cleaning efficiency.

Expected price- Rs.400,000.00

Manual Groundnut De-coati cater

- Remove shell from the groundnut

01. Function
by rubbing action
02. Specifications

Overall
- 560 mm x 560 mm x 1700 mm
dimensions

Capacity - 60 kg/hr

Seed damage - less than 2%

Power source - nil

03. Cost

Approximate
- Rs. 5000.00
price

- Ready for industrial and

05. Status
agricultural extension

Motorized Groundnut De-coati cater

Justification : Groundnut decorticating is costly activity and present practices and machines are not
enough for the demand. Machines with different capacities to suit for different scales is required.

Expected output : Electrical motor driven machines, with capacities of 100 kg/hour to 400kg/hour

Price- 130,000/= to Rs.260,000/=

Finger millet thresher

Justification : Traditional method of Finger millet threshing is costly and high labor consuming, resulting
higher production cost.

Expected output : Electrical motor driven machine,capable of performing both threshing and de-husking
operations at a rate of 50-60 kg/hour.

Price- Rs. 75,000.00

B-Onion Seed Extractor

Justification: Removing seed from B-Onion flower is a difficult and tedious task which should be
performed under hot sun manually. This machine separate seed from flower at high efficiency with
greater quality.

Capacity: 100 kg/hr

Pulse Processing Machine

- Grading, dehulling and splitting of

01. Function
grain legumes

- Pigeonpea,Black gram, Green

02. Suitable crops
gram, Cowpea, Soybean

03.Capacity - 03 - 40 kg per hour

04. Recovery rate - 67-75%

05.Weight - 130 kg

- H = 1500 mm L = 1800 mm W =
06. Overall dimensions
950 mm

- 0.7 KW electric motor (single

07. Power sources
phase)

08. Approximate price

Groundnut pod remover

Justification : present practice manual pod removing is highly time consuming and require lots of man
power, causing higher production cost.

Expected output : Electrical motor driven machine, capable of removing pods from the groundnut
bushes.

Capacity: 0.5ares/day

Price: Rs. 105,000/=

Cassava slicer
Justification : Manual slicing done by knives is time consuming and cannot obtain fine slices. This Motor
driven slice cassava into thin slices.

Irrigation water pumps

Treadle Pump

- Lifting water from wells and

01. Function
reservoirs.

- Lifting water from deep water

02. Suitable for
sources up to 8 m
03. Capacity - 2,500ltr./hr(at 6 m suction head)

- H = 1350 mm L = 430 mm W = 350

04. Overall dimensions
mm

05. Power by: - Manual(one operator)

06. Approximate Price -

07. Total lift - Suction up to 8 m No delivery head

08. Status - Commercially available

6 inch Axial Flow Water Pump

- Lift water from shallow water

01. Function
sources in large capacity.

02. Specifications

Type - Axial flow ( propeller)pump

- 5hp engine or two wheel tractor

Power
engine

Overall dimensions - L = 3700mm Diameter = 150 mm

Weight - 25 kg. (without engine)

Application - Low lift irrigation & drainage

 Capacity - 1600 liters/min at 2m head

Total lift - Up - to 3 meters

- Approx. 1 liter per hr.(depending

Fuel consumption
on power source)

Approximate price

04. Status - Commercially available

4 Wheel tractor coupled Axial flow water pump

Capacity : 20 000 l/min

Diameter : 12”

Delivery Head : 10 ft

Justification : FMRC designed 2 wheel tractor coupled axial flow water pump is suitable for small scale
farmers. High capacity 4 wheel tractor driven pump is required when large capacities are needed.

Expected output : 4 wheel tractor driven 12 inches diameter axial flow water pump with a capacity of
20,000 liters/min and ability to lift the water up to 10 feet.

Price- Rs. 125,000.00

Hand tools

Three Point Inter-Cultivator

 - The young weeds could be rooted-
up & the soil could be loosened by
01. Function
pulling the inter-cultivation and
walking backwards

02. Specifications

Type - Hook type

Power - Manuel

Overall
- L = 1700 W = 130 mm H = 140 mm
dimensions

Weight - 1.8 kg maximum

03 . Field capacity - 0.1 ha/day

04. Cost

Approximate
price

05. Status - Commercially available

High Land Weeder (Mulch)

 - This implement could be used as a
01. Function weeding tool to remove weed
between rows

02. Specifications

Type - Manuel, push type

Power - Manuel

Overall
- L = 1350 mm W = 210 mm
dimensions

Weight - 4 kg

width of cut - 140 mm

- Can be used in any upland planted

03. Suitable crops
crop

04. Suitable soils - Light to medium soil

05 . Field capacity - 0.20 ha/day (08 hrs)

06. Labour requirement - 30 man hours/ha

Approximate price

08. Status - Commercially available

Swiss Hoe

- A cutting blade is retrieved to the

frame mounted on a set of jaws in
such a way as to permit a light swing
01. Function action to and fro. Effective weeding
is accomplished as the person walks
forward, as the swinging action
continues.

02. Specifications

Type - Swinging blade type

Power - Manuel

Overall - L = 1560 mm W = 170 mm H = 200

dimensions mm

width of cut - 170 mm

03.. Field capacity - 0.20 ha/day (08 hrs)

04. Labor requirement - 20 man hours/ha

Approximate price - Rs. 400.00

08. Status - Commercially available

Chopping Hoe

- This implement could be used as a

weeding tool to remove weed
01. Function
between the furrows and earth-up
soil

02. Specifications

Type - Long handle digging manual

Power - Manuel

Overall - L = 1200 mm W = 160 mm H = 150

dimensions mm

Weight - 2 kg

width of cut - 160 mm

- Highland crops above 18 cm row

03. Suitable crops
spacing

05 . Field capacity - 0.03 ha/hr.

06. Labour requirement - 30 man hours/ha

Approximate price - Rs. 400.00

08. Status - Commercially available

Fruit Harvester (cup type)

- The whole fruit is inserted into the

cup and a little up-word push will
01. Function
detached the fruit from the stem and
collects in the cup

02. Specifications

Type - Cup type

Power - Manuel

Overall - L = 2500 mm W = 160 mm H = 300

dimensions mm

Weight - 1.5 kg (with handle)

- 50 kg/hr (varies according to the

Capacity
situation)

03. Suitable fruits - Papaw

05 . Field capacity - 0.03 ha/hr.

06. Cost

Approximate
- Rs. 525.00
price

08. Status - Ready for commercially available

Fruit harvester (Scissor type)

- The stem of the fruit can be cut by

operating the scissor from the
01. Function
ground. The built-in net collects
harvested fruit

02. Specifications

Type - Scissor type

Power - Manuel

Overall
- L = 3000 mm W = 230 mm
dimensions

Weight - 1.75 kg (with handle)

- 50 kg/hr (varies according to the

Capacity
situation)
 Maximum
length of - 3 m (from the operator)
operation

Fruit Damage - nil

- Mangos, Avocadoes, Guava,

03. Suitable fruits
Rambutan

04. Cost

Approximate
- Rs. 1500.00
price

05. Status - Commercially available

Fruit Harvester (Cup & hook type)

- The whole bunch of fruit is inserted

into the cup so that the stem is
placed in between the hook. While
01. Function
pulling the tool, the fruit will
detached from the stem and collect
the cup

02. Specifications

Type - Cup & hook type

 Power - Manuel

Overall - L = 2500 mm W = 180 mm H = 400

dimensions mm

Weight - 1.6 kg (with handle)

- 50 kg/hr (varies according to the

Capacity
situation)

Maximum
length of - 2.5 m (from the operator)
operation

Fruit Damage - nil

03. Suitable fruits - Mangos

04. Cost

Approximate
- Rs.525.00
price

05. Status - Commercially available

Fruit Harvester (Castle type)

 - The whole bunch of fruit is
interested into the net so that the
stem is placed in between the
01. Function
grove. While pulling the tool, the
fruit will detached from the stem
and collect in the net

02. Specifications

Type - Castle type

Power - Manuel

Overall
- L = 2500 mm W = 15 mm
dimensions

Weight - 1.6 kg (with handle)

- 50 kg/hr (varies according to the

Capacity
situation)

Maximum
length of - 2.5 m (from the operator)
operation

Fruit Damage - nil

03. Suitable fruits - Mangos

04. Cost

Approximate
- Rs.425.00
price

05. Status - Commercially available