Recommended Books:

1. Alfa Laval/Tetra Pak. 2003. Dairy processing handbook. Tetra Pak Processing
System, Pakistan.
2. Britz, T.J. and Robinson, R.K. 2008. Advance dairy science and technology.
Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK.
3. Chandan, R.C., Kilara, A. and Shah, N. 2008. Dairy processing and quality
assurance, 1st ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, USA.
4. Chandan, R.C., Kilara, A. and Shah, N.P. 2008. Dairy processing and quality
assurance. Wiley-Blackwell, Iowa, USA.
5. Park, Y.W. and Haenlein, G.F.W. 2013. Milk and dairy products in human
nutrition: production, composition and health. Wiley-Blackwell Publishers, USA.
6. Walstra, P., Wouters, J.T.M. and Guerts, T.J. 2006. Dairy science &
technology. CRC Press Taglo & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
7. Wehr, H.M. and Frank, J.F. 2004. Standard methods for the examination of
dairy products. American Public Health Association (APHA), Wasington DC, USA.
8. Winton, A.L. and Winton, K.B. 2006. Milk and milk products. Agrobios, Agro
House, India.
FST-Food Laws and Regulations 3 (3-0)
Theory:
Consumer laws of Pakistan. Food laws of Pakistan. Pure Food Rules - 2011:
definitions, significant features, enforcement, amendments. Food Safety Authorities
at National and provincial level: powers, functions, composition. Food inspector
and public analyst: duties, powers. Food adulteration: adulterants, methods of
detection, health hazards. Food inspection. Food labeling: labeling requirements,
perspectives on nutrition labeling, health claims. Food importation and
exportation. Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority: functions and
authorities, standards. Halal food laws and regulations. International food laws:
introduction. The World Trade Organization (WTO) - the agreement on the application
of sanitary and phytosanitary measures. GATT. Codex Alimentarius: General,
procedural manual, standards, codes, legal force. Major food regulatory bodies (FDA
and EFSA). Food terrorism. International standards for import and export of food
items. Consumer oriented standards and rights.

Recommended Books:
1. Punjab Food Authority Act. http://punjabfoodauthority.gov.pk/
2. Government of the Punjab. 2011. The Punjab Pure Food Rules � 2011. The Punjab
Weekly Gazette.Government of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan.
3. PSQCA (Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority). Standards for
different food items. PSQCA, Karachi, Pakistan.
4. Meulen, B. and Velde, M. 2008. European food law handbook. Wageningen
Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
5. Fortin, N.D. 2007. Food regulation: Law, science, policy, and practice. Wiley
Publications.
6. Riaz, M.N. and Chaudhary, M.M. 2004. Halal food production. CRC Press, Boca
Raton, Florida.
7. Khan, M.S. 1999. Consumer laws in Pakistan. Consumer Rights Commission of
Pakistan, Islamabad-Pakistan.
FST-Food Biotechnology 3 (2-1)
Theory:
Food Biotechnology: introduction and history, traditional food fermentations,
fermentation/industrial organisms, fermentation raw materials, submerged
fermentation: Batch, fed batch and continuous fermentation, fermenter design and
constructions. Types of fermenters, Control of physical and chemical parameters in
fermenters. Down stream processing; product recovery, purification and
standardization. Solid substrate fermentation. Production of organic acids (citric
acid and itaconic acid), enzymes, amino acids, single cell protein, carotenoids and
fermented food products. GMO in food biotechnology. Legal and social aspects of
food biotechnology.
Practical:
Lab scale production of organic acids i.e. citric acid etc., microbial enzymes:
amylases and proteases, single cell proteins and fermented food products through
biotechnological applications.

Recommended Books:
1. Joshi, V.K. and Singh R. S. 2012. Food biotechnology. IK International
Publishing House, India.
2. El-Mansi, F.M.T, Bryee, C.F.A, Demain, A.L. and Allman, A.R. 2007.
Fermentation microbiology and biotechnology. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group,
Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
3. Shetty, K., Paliyath, G, Pometto, A and Levin, RE. 2005. Food biotechnology.
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA.
4. Borem, A., Santos, F.R. and Bowen, D.E. 2004. Understanding biotechnology.
Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey, USA.

FST-Food Packaging 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Food packaging: introduction, needs, functions, suitability of packaging materials
for the purpose, Packaging types: primary, secondary, tertiary. Packaging materials
(paper and paperboard, metal cans and containers, glass, polymers and plastics,
closures, flexible packaging laminates, corrugated fiberboard). Properties of food
packaging: physical, chemical. Packaging guidelines: retail containers, shipping
containers. Factors influencing design and selection of packaging materials:
product, distribution, marketing, packaging operation, cost. Refilling /recycling,
disposal and environmental issues pertaining to food packaging. Printing processes:
inks, adhesives. Filling and labeling. Safety and legislation. Novel food packaging
techniques. Food labeling: importance, types, methods.

Practical:
Identification of packaging materials used for various food products. Testing
procedures of packing materials, requirements of packaging material for specific
foods. Canning in metal containers. Can testing. Determination of shelf-life in
various packaging materials. Vapor permeability test. Determination of film
thickness. Visit to packaging industries.

Recommended Books:
1. Ebnesajjad, S. 2013. Plastic films in food packaging: materials, technology
and applications. The Boulevard Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, UK.
2. EIRI (Engineers India Research Institute). 2007. Handbook of packaging
technology. Engineers India Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
3. Lee, D.S., Yam, K.M. and Piergiovanni, L. 2008. Food packaging science and
technology. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
4. Robertson, G.L. 2013. Food packaging: principles and practice. CRC Press
Taylor & Francis, London, UK.
5. Soroka, W. 2009. Fundamentals of packaging technology. Institute of Packaging
Professionals, USA

FST-Poultry and Egg Processing 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Poultry industry in Pakistan. Factors affecting poultry quality: breed, age, sex,
genotype, rearing conditions and practices. Bird selection: weight, quality. Ante-
mortem and Post-mortem examination of poultry birds- principles of judgment.
Primary poultry processing: pre-slaughter care, live-bird supply, stunning,
slaughtering, scalding, plucking, evisceration, giblet harvesting, whole-carcass
and cuts packaging. Portioning and deboning operations. Preservation: canning,
freezing, drying, chemical treatments, irradiation. Packaging: materials,
selection. Quality assurance: parameters, drug and feed residues.
Eggs: Structure, inspection, grading, composition: proteins of egg white, yolk
proteins, and lipids and nutritive value, quality characteristics, handling,
storage. Egg processing: cleaning, drying, freezing - whole, white, yolk.
Functional properties and applications in food processing. Quality control during
processing.

Practical:
Slaughtering and dressing of poultry. Poultry cuts. Tests for freshness of poultry
and eggs. Grading of poultry meat and eggs. Preparation of poultry and egg
products. Preservation of poultry and egg products. Visit to poultry and egg
processing plants.

Recommended Books:
1. Berlow, A. and Grandin, T. 2013. The mobile poultry slaughterhouse: building
a humane chicken-processing unit to strengthen your local food system. Storey
Publishing, LLC., USA.
2. Owens, C.M., C. Z. Alvarado and A. R. Sams. 2010. Poultry meat processing.
CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
3. Mead, G.C. 2004. Poultry meat processing and quality. Woodhead Pub. Ltd.,
Abington, Cambridge, England.
4. Barbut, S. 2002. Poultry products processing; An industry guide. CRC Press,
Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.
5. Sim, J.S., Nakai, S. and Guenter, W. 2000. Egg nutrition and biotechnology.
CABI Publishing, New York, USA.
6. Pearson, A.M. and Gillett, T.A. 1996. Processed meats. Chapman & Hall, New
York, USA.
7. Yamamoto, T. 1996. Hen eggs: basic and applied science. Woodhead Pub. Ltd.,
Abington, Cambridge, England.
8. Sim, J. S. and S. Nakai. 1994. Egg uses and processing technologies. CABI
Publishing, New York, USA.

FST-Research Projects and Scientific Writing 2(1-1)

Theory:
Types of scientific presentations. Collection of literature: printed and electronic
sources. Managing literature. Writing synopsis: proposal, article, references,
internship report. Oral presentations. Plagiarism. Research Ethics.

Practical:
Exercises in collecting literature from different sources on assigned topics.
Organizing and analysis of collected material. Writing synopsis/proposal, short
communication, Delivering oral presentation. Practice on plagiarism software
(turnitin), Endnote , Reference Manager, Statistical data.

Recommended Books:
1. Awan, J.A. 2009. Scientific presentations. Unitech Communications,
Faisalabad-Pakistan.
2. Khalil, S.K. and Shah, P. 2007. Scientific writing and presentation for crop
sciences. Higher Education Commission, Islamabad-Pakistan.
3. Matthew, J.R., J.M.Bowen and R.W. Matthew. 2005. Successful Scientific
Writing: A Step-By-step Guide for the Biological and Medical Sciences. Cambridge
University Press, UK.

FST-Sensory Evaluation of Foods 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Introduction: overview, physiological and psychological foundations. Factors
affecting sensory perception. Measurement of general requirements for sensory
testing, design and conduct of sensory evaluation experiments. Difference testing,
preference testing, panel selection procedures, taste and aroma profiling, texture
profiling. Shelf life determination, sensory quality control, product development
and optimization, relationship between sensory properties and product
acceptability. Strategies for developing sensory evaluation programs. Organization
and evaluation of sensory evaluation program. The role of sensory evaluation in
marketing of food and beverages. Statistical procedures. Software packages for
sensory evaluation. Requirements for sensory evaluation laboratory.

Practical:
Taste, odor identification, trigeminal sensations, taste modifiers. Use of
sequential testing in selecting judges. Training of panelists: difference tests -
triangle test, paired comparison test, duo-trio test. Color, threshold
determination, just noticeable difference. R-Index rating and ranking. Category
scaling, determining an ideal level of an ingredient. Magnitude estimation.
Descriptive analysis of different foods. Consumer test and analysis. Special
assignment.

Recommended Books:
1. Carpenter, R.P., Hasdell, T.A. and Lyon, D.H. 2000. Guidelines for sensory
analysis in food product development and quality control. Aspen Publishers, Inc.,
Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
2. Chambers, E. and Wolf, M.B. 2005. Sensory testing methods. American Society
for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA.
3. Kemp, SE., Hollywood, T and Hort, J. 2009. Sensory evaluation: a practical
handbook. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, USA.
4. Lawless, H.T. 2013. Quantitative sensory analysis: psychophysics, models and
intelligent design. Wiley-Blackwell, USA.
5. Lawless, H.T. and Heymann, H. 1998. Sensory evaluation of food: Principles
and practices. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts, USA.
6. Stone, H. and Sidel, J.L. 2004. Sensory evaluation practices. Elsevier
Academic Press, California, USA.
FST-Sea Food Processing Technology 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Fish and shell fish: overview, importance, handling, transportation. Reception,
testing and storage of fish. Quality indicators: biochemical, microbiological. Fish
preparation: heading, filleting, skinning. Standards for freshness of fish. Fish
preservation: freezing, defrosting, canning, salt curing, smoking, drying. Fish
products. Processing of other marine products. Quality control and factory
sanitation. Global concern on marine life.

Practical:
Evaluation of freshness of fish. Quality evaluation of processed fish. Preservation
of fish by salting, smoking, canning, freezing. Preparation of fish products. Visit
to fish farm/ processing industry.

Recommended Books:
1. Boziaris, I.S. 2014. Seafood processing: technology, quality and safety.
Wiley-Blackwell, USA.
2. Kim, S.K. 2014. Seafood processing by-products: trends and applications.
Springer Science and Business Media, New York, USA.
3. Long, A. 2008. Fish processing technology. Cyber Tech. Publications. New
Delhi, India.
4. Ninawe, A.S. and Rathnakumar, K. 2008. Fish processing technology and product
development. Narendra Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
5. Bremner, H.A. 2005. Safety and quality issues in fish processing. Woodhead
Publishing Ltd. Cambridge, England.
6. Hall, G.M. 2001. Fish processing technology, 2nd ed. Blackwell Pub Co,
Cambridge, England.

FST-Extrusion Technology 3(2-1)

Theory:
Extrusion: definition, introduction to extruders and their principles, importance,
types, functions, applications. Extruders in the food industry: History and Uses.
Factors affecting extrusion process. Single screw extruder: principle of working,
net flow, advantages, disadvantages, co-kneaders. Twin screw extruder: counter
rotating and co-rotating, advantages, disadvantages. Process characteristics of
twin screw extruder: feeding, screw design, screw speed, screw configurations, die
design, barrel temperature and heat transfer, energy balances, problems associated
with twin screw extruder. Preconditioners: characteristics, effect on extrusion.
Changes in food during extrusion: effect on starch, proteins, fats, dietary fiber,
vitamins. Applications in industry: textured vegetable protein, breakfast cereals,
direct expanded and third generation snacks. Value addition in food industry by-
products through extrusion.

Practical:
Quality assessment of raw material. Preparation operations of raw material.
Preparation of textured vegetable protein, breakfast cereals, flavor coated snacks,
third generation snacks. Effect of variation of ingredients, screw speed,
temperature, etc. on the protein, fat, fibre, vitamins and other quality
characteristics of end product.

Recommended Books:
1. Maskan, M. and Altan, A. 2012. Advances in food extrusion technology. CRC
Press Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, USA.
2. Riaz, M.N. 2003. Extruders in food applications. Technomic Pub. Co. Inc.,
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA.
3. Guy, R. 2001. Extrusion cooking technology and applications. Woodhead Pub.
Ltd, Abington, Cambridge, England.

FST-Milk and Meat Hygiene and Public Health 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Milk hygiene: scope, importance. Hygienic milk production and handling practices.
Preservation of milk: transportation, storage. Contamination: types, sources,
effects. Milk defects: off flavours, milk-borne diseases. Adulteration in milk:
current status, control methods. HACCP for hygienic milk production.

Meat hygiene: scope, importance, pre-slaughter handling and meat quality, anti-
mortem inspection. Slaughtering methods: modern, Islamic, meat hygiene practices,
post-mortem inspection, hygienic meat handling and storage. Nutrition: meat eating
and health. Quality control. Meat-borne diseases. HACCP for hygienic meat
production.

Practical:
Sampling of milk. Physical examination of milk for general appearance, consistency,
flavor and aroma. Testing of milk: clot on boiling, alcohol precipitate test, pH
value, acidity and specific gravity. Total viable count in milk. Methylene blue
reduction test. Somatic cell count. Detection of adulterants in milk. Detection of
preservatives in milk. Visit to dairy plant/milk chilling plant. Sampling of meat.
Visual examination of carcass. Post-mortem examination. Microbiological examination
of meat. Visit to slaughterhouse/ meat processing industries.

Recommended Books:
1. Kurwijila, L.R. 2006. Hygienic milk handling, processing and marketing:
reference guide for training and certification of small-scale milk traders in
Eastern Africa. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya.
2. MIF (Milk Industry Foundation of USA). 2005. Analysis of milk and its
products: a lab manual. Biotech Books, India.
3. Spreer, E. 2005. Milk and dairy products technology, 1st ed. CRC Press,
Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida.
4. Gracey, J.F., Collins, D.S. and Huey, R.J. 1999. Meat hygiene, 10th ed.
Bailli�re Tindall, London.

FST-Food Quality Management 3 (3-0)

Theory:
Food quality management: history, importance, systems. Compliance of different
quality systems in food production and supply chain. Aesthetic and microbial
quality of the food products, Principle of quality management, Quality control
tools, Good manufacturing practices (GMP): Pre requisite program, GMP, Hazard
analysis and critical control points (HACCP) system, Quality Management Systems;
ISO -9001, Food Safety Management Systems (FSMS) FSSC-22000. Codex Alimentarius
Commission (CAC) guidelines for food quality management, Quality control programs,
Laws relating to food quality management.

Recommended Books:
1. Medina, D. A. and Laine, A. M. 2011. Food quality: control, analysis and
consumer concerns. Nova publishers, USA.
2. CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission). 2007. Codex Alimentarius Commission �
Procedural manual, 17th ed. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme. FAO, Rome,
Italy.
3. ISO (International Standard Organization). 2005. Food safety management
systems � requirements for an organization in the food chain, 1st ed. Case Postale,
Geneva, Switzerland.
4. Lelieveld H.L.M., Mostert M.A and Holah J. 2005. Good manufacturing practices
in the food industry. In: Handbook of hygiene control in the food industry.
Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Abington, Cambridge, England.
5. Blanchfield, J.R. 1998. Good manufacturing practices. Institute of Food
Science and Technology, London.

FST-Internship and Report Writing 10 (0-10)

Every student will undertake practical training in an approved food industry or

research organization. The student will maintain a daily dairy duly signed by the
industrial/research supervisor. At the end of the internship, the student will
submit a written report. He/she will be evaluated by a committee on the basis of
his/her performance in the industry/research organization, final written report and
oral presentation.