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Muscles of the Shoulder

Name Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Pectoralis Major - clavicular part - medial crest of the greater lateral + medial - adducts the arm
anterior clavicle tubercle (lat. ridge of pectorals (C5-T1) - medially rotates the arm
- sternal part - sternal and the bicipital groove) - can contribute to inspiration
costal cartilages II-VI

Pectoralis Minor 3rd - 5th ribs coracoid process medial pectoral (C8- - lowers and rotates the scapula
T1)

Deltoid - clavicular head - lateral deltoid tuberosity of axillary nerve (C5- - abducts the arm
1/3 of the clavicle the humerus C6) - clavicular head + 1/2 acromial fibres
- acromial head - flex the arm
acromium - spinal head + 1/2 acromial fibres
- spinal head - lower extend the arm
border of the scapular - SWINGS the arm
spine

Trapezius - descending part - - descending part - - accessory nerve - stabilizes the scapula and shoulder
superior nuchal line, lateral 1/3 of (CN XI) girdle
occipital protuberance, clavicle - trapezius branch - when active, pulls scapula towards
nuchal ligament - transverse part - (C2-C4) vertebral column
- transverse part - C7-T3 acromial end of - contributes to arm elevation (shrug)
(spinous processes, scapula, acromion,
supraspinous ligaments) scapular spine
- ascending part - T3-T12 - ascending part -
triangular portion of
scapular spine

Sternocleidomas - sternal head - mastoid process - accessory nerve insignificant role in shoulder girdle
toid - clavicular head - superior nuchal line (CN IX)
- cervical plexus (C1-
C2)

Latissimus Dorsi - vertebral part - T7-T12 lesser tubercle thoracodorsal nerve - lowers and abducts the raised arm
- costal part - 10th-12th (C6-C8) - medial rotation
ribs - forced expiration and coughing
- scapular part - inferior - pull shoulders backwards and
angle downwards
- thoracolumbar fascia

Rhomboid Minor C6-C7 spines


- presses the scapula on the thoracic
medial margin of the
wall
scapula (major
Rhomboid Major T1-T4 spines - can retract scapula towards
caudal to minor) dorsal scapular nerve
vertebral column
(C4-C5)

Levator C1-C4 (dorsal tubercles of superior angle of the - elevates the scapula
Scapulae transverse processes) scapula - rotates the inferior angle medially

Supraspinatus supraspinatus fossa upper facet of - holds humerus in socket


greater tubercle - tenses the capsule
- abducts the arm
suprascapular nerve
Infraspinatus - infraspinatus fossa middle fossa of (C4-C6) - reinforces the capsule of the
- scapular spine greater tubercle shoulder joint
- external rotation of the arm

Teres Minor lower facet of greater axillary nerve (C5- weak lateral rotator
lateral border of the tubercle C6)
scapula (minor superior to
Teres Major major) crest of lesser lower subscapular - extension of the arm toward midline
tubercle nerve (C6-C7) - helps in adduction

Serratus 1st-8th ribs entire medial margin long thoracic nerve - pulls the scapula forwards
Anterior of scapula (C5-C7) - allows lateral rotation +elevation of
the arm

Subscapularis subscapular fossa - lesser tubercle subscapular nerve - strong medial rotator of the arm
- proximal crest (C5-C8)

(rotator cuff muscles)


Muscles of the Arm
Name Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Coracobrachialis coracoid process medial surface of musculocutaneous - flexes the arm


humerus (C6-C7) - holds the humerus in its socket

Brachialis anterior surface of ulnar tuberosity, below musculocutaneous - flexes the elbow joint
humerus coronioid process (C6-C7)

Biceps Brachii - long head - - strong tendon - radial musculocutaneous - long head - abducts the arm,
supraglenoid tubercle tuberosity (C6-C7) rotating medially
- short head - coracoid - flattened tendon - - short head - abducts the arm
process bicipital aponeurosis; - flexes the shoulder joint
fascia of the forearm;
ulnar side

Triceps Brachii - long head - ulnar olecranon radial (C6-C8) - extensor of the elbow
infraglenoid tubercle - long head extends and adducts the
(extends between arm
teres major and minor)
- medial head - distal
from the radial groove,
dorsal surface of the
humerus
- lateral head - lateral
and proximal from the
radial groove

Anconius dorsal surface of lateral proximal 1/4 of the radial (C7-C8) - assists triceps in extension
epichondyle dorsal ulna

(anterior compartment)

(posterior compartment)
Superficial Anterior Forearm Muscles
Name Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Pronator Teres lateral surface of the - pronates the forearm


humerus - flexes the elbow joint

Flexor Carpi - weak flexor and pronator of the


Radialis elbow joint
- palmar flexion of the wrist
median nerve - radial abduction
medial epichondyle of
Palmaris Longus radiates into palmar - flexes the hand toward palm
the humerus
aponeurosis - tenses the palmar aponeurosis

Flexor Digitorum middle phalanges of - strong flexor of the wrist and finger
Superficialis 2nd-5th fingers joints

Flexor Carpi - pisiform bone ulnar nerve - palmar flexion


Ulnaris - hamate - ulnar adduction of the hand
- 5th metacarpal

Deep Anterior Forearm Muscles


Name Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Pronator distal ulna distal radius - pronation


Quadratus

Flexor Digitorum proximal 2/3 of the base of the terminal flexor of wrist, midcarpal,
Profundis palmar surface of the phalanges of the 2nd anterior interosseous metacarpophalangeal,
ulna and interosseous to 5th fingers nerve (medial 1/2 of interphalangeal joints
membrane flexor digitorum
profundis supplied by
Flexor Pollicis - anterior surface of the terminal phalanx of the ulnar nerve) - flexor of terminal phalanx of thumb
Longus radius (distal to radial thumb - abducts terminal phalanx of thumb
tuberosity) in the radial direction
- interosseous
membrane

Lateral Forearm Muscles


Name Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Extensor Carpi - common head of base of the 3rd - weak flexor of the elbow joint
Radialis Brevis lateral epichondyle of metacarpal - brings the forearm to the mid-
the humerus position from ulnar adduction and
- lateral collateral extends it
ligament
- annular radial ligament

Extensor Carpi suprachondylar ridge of base of the 2nd - weak flexor of the elbow joint
radial nerve
Radialis Longus the humerus metacarpal - supinator is the forearm is extended
- produces dorsiflexion and radial
abduction at the radiocarpal and
mid-carpal joints

Brachioradialis suprachondylar ridge of radial surface of the - elbow flexor


the humerus styloid process of the - brings arm to mid-position between
radius pronation and supination
Superficial Extensor Forearm Muscles
Name Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Extensor - forms the dorsal aponeurosis of - extends and spreads the fingers
Digitorum the 2nd-5th fingers - strong dorsiflexor of wrist and
- slips of the tendons run to the midcarpal joints
bases of the proximal - ulnar adductor
phalanges and to the capsules
of the metacarpophalangeal
lateral epichondyle joints
of the humerus - intertendinous connections deep branch of
(ulnaris also from between 3rd, 4th and 5th the radial nerve
the ulna) fingers

Extensor Digiti dorsal aponeurosis of the 5th - extends the 5th digit
Minimi finger - helps in dorsiflexion and adduction
of the hand

Extensor Carpi base of the 5th metacarpal - strong ulnar adductor


Ulnaris

Deep Extensor Forearm Muscles


Name Origin Insertion Innervation Function

Supinator - supinator crest of the radius - supinates the forearm (in every
ulna position of flexion and extension)
- lateral epicondyle of
the humerus

Abductor - dorsal surface of the base of 1st metacarpal - flexes hand towards palm
Pollicis Longus ulna (distal to the bone - abducts it radially
supinator crest) - extension of the thumb
- interosseous
membrane
- dorsal surface of the
radius deep branch of
the radial nerve
Extensor Pollicis radius (distal to base of proximal phalanx of - extends the thumb
Brevis abductor pollicis thumb
longus)

Extensor Pollicis dorsal surface of the base of distal phalanx of - extends the thumb
Longus ulna thumb - at the wrist, dorsiflexes and abducts
the hand radially

Extensor Indicis distal 1/3 of dorsal dorsal aponeurosis of index - extends index finger
surface of ulna finger (2nd finger) - participates in dorsiflexion at the
wrist and midcarpal joints

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