Study of Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity of Pile in Layered Soil Under Varying Water Table Using Oasys Software

STUDY OF ULTIMATE LOAD
CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILE IN

LAYERED SOIL UNDER VARYING
WATER TABLE USING OASYS
SOFTWARE
YEDIDA V R A VISWANADH
REG NO: | 17MST0039
ABSTRACT
In this paper, comparison study has been carried out to understand the results
of ULTIMATE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILE IN LAYERED SOIL between
using OASYS software and numerical analysis and understands the variation of ultimate load
capacity under different positions of water table.
Properties and position of pile in layered soil as follows:
QS =? GROUND LEVEL
2M γ = 19 KN/M3
Ø =300
LOOSE SAND γSAT =22

KN/M3
6M
Ø =300
γsat =20
SOFT CLAY KN/M3
C=15 Kpa 6M
1.0 M
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS:
Step 1: Bored pile can be bored cast-in-situ pile or pre-cast concrete pile in pre bored hole. If
bored pile is cast-in-situ, then IS: 2911 Part I : Section 2 is used and if the bored pile is pre cast
concrete pile in pre bored hole, then, IS: 2911 Part I : Section 4 can be used.
Assuming that the pile is cast-in-situ, IS: 2911 Part I : Section 2 is used for this problem.
STEP 2: CALCULATION OF END BEARING CAPACITY OF THE PILE AT PILE TIP
(QB):
Since the soil strata adjacent to the pile tip is soft clay, for finding out Qb Clause B-2 of
Section 2 of Part I of IS: 2911 is used.
According to it,
(Qb)soft clay = ApCpNc
where,
Ap = Cross sectional area of pile tip in m2+
Cp = Average cohesion at pile tip in KN/m2
Nc = Bearing capacity factor which can be taken as 9
==> Ap = π/4 * (dia of pile )2 = π/4 * (1)2 = 0.785 m2
Cp = average cohesion at pile tip in KN/m2
= 15 KN/m2
Nc = 9
==> (Qb)stiff clay = 0.785*15*9 = 106.028 KN
STEP 3: CALCULATION OF SKIN FRICTION RESISTANCE FOR BOTTOM LAYER

(SOFT CLAY):
The first layer from the Ground level is soft clay,
According to Annex B of Section 2 of Part 1 of IS:2911 ;
(Qf)medium clay = αiCiAsi
Where,
αi = adhesion factor from figure 2 of Annexure B;
for Cu = 15KN/m2 ; αi = 1.0
Ci = average cohesion for ith layer in KN/m2
==> Ci = 15 KN/m2
and Asi = Surface area of pile shaft = πdl
==> Asi = π*1*6 = 18.84m2
==> Qsoft clay= 1*15*18.84=282.74 KN
Step 4: CALCULATION OF SKIN FRICTION FOR 1ST (LOOSE SAND) LAYER:
(Qf)loose sand = KiPDitan(δi)Asi

where,
Ki = coefficient of earth pressure applicable to ith layer
= 1.0
δi = angle of wall friction between pile and soil for the ith layer +++
= friction angle of pile = 300
Asi = surface area of pile shaft in ith layer in m2
==> Asi= πdl = π*1*6 = 18.84 m2
CASE I: WATER TABLE AT GROUND LEVEL (0 METERS):
PDi = effective overburden pressure for ith layer

= {(22-9.81)*3}
= 36.57 KN/m2
CASE II: WATER TABLE AT (2 METERS):

= {19*2} + {(22-9.81)*1}
= 50.19 KN/m2
CASE III: WATER TABLE AT (3 ,4, 6 METERS):

= {19*3} + {(22-9.81)*0}
= 57 KN/m2
SKIN FRICTION:
CASE I: WATER TABLE AT GROUND LEVEL(0 METERS):
(Qf)loose sand = 1.0*36.57*tan(300)*18.84

= 397.78 KN
(Qf)loose sand = 1.0*50.19*tan(300)*18.84

= 545.93 KN
CASE III: WATER TABLE AT (3, 4, 6 METERS):
(Qf)loose sand = 1.0*57*tan(300)*18.84

= 620.04 KN
CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE VERTICAL COMPRESSIVE LOAD AND SAFE

VERTICAL COMPRESSIVE LOAD :

Qu = Qb softclay +(Qs)soft clay+ (Qs)loose sand
==> Qu = 106.028+282.74+397.78
==> Qu = 786.54KN ; QSAFE=786.45/2.5=314.58 KN

==> Qu = 106.028+282.74+545.93
==> Qu = 934.698 KN; QSAFE=934.698/2.5=373.792 KN
CASE III: WATER TABLE AT (3 ,4, 6 METERS):

==> Qu = 106.028+282.74+620.04
==> Qu = 1008.80 KN ; QSAFE=1008.8/2.5=403.52 KN
ANALYSIS USING OASYS :
Analysis Options
Design approach: IS 2911
Pile type: Bored cast insitu
Global factor of safety (Compression): 2.50
Global factor of safety (Tension): 3.00
Are partial factors enabled? No
Tension reduction factor for skin friction: 0.90
Critical depth specification: Absolute value
Critical depth[m]: 12.00
Are material factors enabled? Yes
Is excess weight of pile over the surrounding soil No
considered?
Density of pile[kN/m³]: 25.00
Is N-Gamma factor considered in end bearing computation? Yes
Is effective overburden pressure limited to the value at Yes
critical depth for skin friction calculations?
Datum type Depth based
Effective stress profile Calculated
Pile Properties
Pile type Solid
Pile cross-section Circular
Under-ream No
Calculation profile Single
Pile length 12.000 m
Cross-section Number of Top Second Second Third Third

cross Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter
sections location location
[m] [m] [m] [m] [m]
Cross-section 1 1 1.0000
Undrained Materials - General Data

No. Material Bulk Cu Top Cu Base Cu
description unit material
weight factor
[kN/m³] [kPa] [kPa]
1 clay 20.000 1.0000 15.000 15.000
Undrained Materials - Skin Friction Data

No. Material Skin friction Alpha qs qs,lim
description computation
Top Base Spec. Value
[kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
1 clay IS 2911 * NA NA No NA
Undrained Materials - End Bearing Data

No. Material End bearing Nc qb qb,lim
[kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
1 clay Nc specified 9.0000 NA NA No NA
Undrained Materials - Material Factors (Code Based)

No. Material Qs factors Nc factors Qb factors
description
M1 M1 M1
1 clay N.A. 1.0000 N.A.
Drained Materials - General Data
No. Material Bulk Tan()
weight factor
[kN/m³]
1 sand 19.000 NA
2 sand1 22.000 NA
Drained Materials - Friction Data

No. Material Skin friction Beta Delta Coefficient qs qs,lim
description computation () of earth
pressure K
[deg] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
1 sand Earth pressure NA 30.000 1.0000 NA NA No NA
2 sand1 Earth pressure NA 30.000 1.0000 NA NA No NA
Drained Materials - End Bearing Data

No. Material End bearing Nq Phi' PhiD Phicv' Ir qb qb,lim Nq-Phi
description computation curves
[deg] [deg] [deg] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
1 sand IS 2911 * 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA No NA Standard
2 sand1 IS 2911 * 0.0 NA NA NA NA NA No NA Standard
* - Will be calculated by the program.
STAGE SPECIFIC DATA
Stage 0 : Initial Stage
Groundwater
No. Level Pressure Unit weight
of water
[m] [kPa] [kN/m³]
1 0.0000 0.0 10.000
Soil Profiles
Soil Profile 1: Soil Profile 1

No. Depth Material description Contributes to
negative skin
friction
[m]
1 0.0 sand No
2 2.0000 sand1 No
3 6.0000 clay No
Soil Profile - Groundwater Map

No. Soil Profile Groundwater
1 Soil Profile 1 Groundwater Profile 1
CAPACITY RESULTS
Stress Profiles

Depth Density Undrained Nq Total Porewater Effective Effective
Cohesion vertical pressure vertical horizontal
stress stress stress*
[m] [kN/m³] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
0.0 19.000 0.0 N.A. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2.0000 19.000 0.0 N.A. 38.000 0.0 38.000 38.000
2.0000 22.000 0.0 N.A. 38.000 0.0 38.000 38.000
6.0000 22.000 0.0 N.A. 126.00 40.000 86.000 86.000
6.0000 20.000 15.000 N.A. 126.00 40.000 86.000 NA
12.000 20.000 15.000 N.A. 246.00 100.00 146.00 NA
* Effective horizontal stress not calculated for "Total Stress" materials and for Beta Method.
Cross-section 1 results:
Uniform pile with top shaft diameter = 1.00 m
Results - Compression

Depth Pile Ultimate Cumulative Negative Net Allowable Limiting
length base external skin ultimate capacity criterion
capacity Friction friction resistance #
(Qb) (Qs) (Qnsf)
[m] [m] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
12.000 12.000 106.03 656.49 0.0 762.75 314.58 1
Analysis Options
considered?
Pile Properties
Pile type Solid
Under-ream No
[m] [m] [m] [m] [m]

weight factor
1 clay 20.000 1.0000 15.000 15.000

[kPa] [kPa] [kPa]

[kPa] [kPa] [kPa]

description
M1 M1 M1
1 clay N.A. 1.0000 N.A.

weight factor
[kN/m³]
1 sand 19.000 NA
2 sand1 22.000 NA

pressure K


STAGE SPECIFIC DATA
Groundwater
of water
[m] [kPa] [kN/m³]
1 2.0000 0.0 10.000
Soil Profiles

negative skin
friction
[m]
1 0.0 sand No
2 2.0000 sand1 No
3 6.0000 clay No

CAPACITY RESULTS
Stress Profiles

0.0 19.000 0.0 N.A. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2.0000 19.000 0.0 N.A. 38.000 0.0 38.000 38.000
2.0000 22.000 0.0 N.A. 38.000 0.0 38.000 38.000
6.0000 22.000 0.0 N.A. 126.00 40.000 86.000 86.000
6.0000 20.000 15.000 N.A. 126.00 40.000 86.000 NA
12.000 20.000 15.000 N.A. 246.00 100.00 146.00 NA

(Qb) (Qs) (Qnsf)
[m] [m] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
12.000 12.000 106.03 801.49 0.0 907.52 363.01 1
CASE III: WATER TABLE AT (3, 4, 6 METERS):
Analysis Options
considered?
Pile Properties
Pile type Solid
Under-ream No

[m] [m] [m] [m] [m]

weight factor
1 clay 20.000 1.0000 15.000 15.000

[kPa] [kPa] [kPa]

[kPa] [kPa] [kPa]

description
M1 M1 M1
1 clay N.A. 1.0000 N.A.

weight factor
[kN/m³]
1 sand 19.000 NA
2 sand1 22.000 NA

pressure K

STAGE SPECIFIC DATA
Groundwater
of water
[m] [kPa] [kN/m³]
1 4.0000 0.0 10.000
Soil Profiles

negative skin
friction
[m]
1 0.0 sand No
2 2.0000 sand1 No
3 6.0000 clay No

CAPACITY RESULTS
Stress Profiles

0.0 19.000 0.0 N.A. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2.0000 19.000 0.0 N.A. 38.000 0.0 38.000 38.000
2.0000 22.000 0.0 N.A. 38.000 0.0 38.000 38.000
6.0000 22.000 0.0 N.A. 126.00 40.000 86.000 86.000
6.0000 20.000 15.000 N.A. 126.00 40.000 86.000 NA
12.000 20.000 15.000 N.A. 246.00 100.00 146.00 NA

(Qb) (Qs) (Qnsf)
[m] [m] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN]
12.000 12.000 106.03 866.49 0.0 972.75 389.52 1
COMPARISION OF RESULTS OF OASYS VS NUMERICAL ANALYSIS:
S.NO POSITON OF WATER TABLE OASYS `NUMERICAL

(FROM TOP) (KN) ANALYSIS(KN)
1. O METER LEVEL 305.2 314.58
2. 2 METER LEVEL 363.01 373.79
3. 3,4,6 METER LEVEL 389.52 403.52
DISCUSSION:
1. The rise of ground water level in the given soil profile causes decrease in capacity of
pile is observed.
2. The results of OASYS and numerical values of carrying capacity are reasonably
similar with 3-4 % of error.

Study of Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity of Pile in Layered Soil Under Varying Water Table Using Oasys Software

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Study of Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity of Pile in Layered Soil Under Varying Water Table Using Oasys Software

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STUDY OF ULTIMATE LOAD

CARRYING CAPACITY OF PILE IN

Properties and position of pile in layered soil as follows:

LOOSE SAND γSAT =22

STEP 3: CALCULATION OF SKIN FRICTION RESISTANCE FOR BOTTOM LAYER

Step 4: CALCULATION OF SKIN FRICTION FOR 1ST (LOOSE SAND) LAYER:

(Qf)loose sand = KiPDitan(δi)Asi

PDi = effective overburden pressure for ith layer

CASE II: WATER TABLE AT (2 METERS):

PDi = effective overburden pressure for ith layer

CASE III: WATER TABLE AT (3 ,4, 6 METERS):

PDi = effective overburden pressure for ith layer

CASE I: WATER TABLE AT GROUND LEVEL(0 METERS):

(Qf)loose sand = 1.0*36.57*tan(300)*18.84

(Qf)loose sand = 1.0*50.19*tan(300)*18.84

(Qf)loose sand = 1.0*57*tan(300)*18.84

CALCULATION OF ULTIMATE VERTICAL COMPRESSIVE LOAD AND SAFE

CASE I: WATER TABLE AT GROUND LEVEL(0 METERS):

CASE II: WATER TABLE AT (2 METERS):

CASE III: WATER TABLE AT (3 ,4, 6 METERS):

Cross-section Number of Top Second Second Third Third

Undrained Materials - General Data

Undrained Materials - Skin Friction Data

Undrained Materials - End Bearing Data

Undrained Materials - Material Factors (Code Based)

Drained Materials - Friction Data

Drained Materials - End Bearing Data

* - Will be calculated by the program.

STAGE SPECIFIC DATA

Stage 0 : Initial Stage

Soil Profile 1: Soil Profile 1

Soil Profile - Groundwater Map

Soil Profile 1: Soil Profile 1

Soil Profile 1: Soil Profile 1

CASE II: WATER TABLE AT (2 METERS):

Undrained Materials - General Data

Undrained Materials - Skin Friction Data

Undrained Materials - End Bearing Data

Undrained Materials - Material Factors (Code Based)

Drained Materials - General Data

Drained Materials - Friction Data

Drained Materials - End Bearing Data

* - Will be calculated by the program.

Stage 0 : Initial Stage

Soil Profile 1: Soil Profile 1

Soil Profile - Groundwater Map

Soil Profile 1: Soil Profile 1

Soil Profile 1: Soil Profile 1

Cross-section Number of Top Second Second Third Third

Undrained Materials - General Data

Undrained Materials - Skin Friction Data

Undrained Materials - End Bearing Data

Undrained Materials - Material Factors (Code Based)

Drained Materials - General Data

Drained Materials - Friction Data

Drained Materials - End Bearing Data

* - Will be calculated by the program.

STAGE SPECIFIC DATA

Stage 0 : Initial Stage

Soil Profile 1: Soil Profile 1

Soil Profile - Groundwater Map

Soil Profile 1: Soil Profile 1

Soil Profile 1: Soil Profile 1

(Qf)loose sand = 1.036.57tan(300)*18.84

(Qf)loose sand = 1.050.19tan(300)*18.84

(Qf)loose sand = 1.057tan(300)*18.84