Lq

-ll <,. ll -.-,

ll MET0DA COMPONENTELOR SIMETRICE

Calculul. regimurilor trifazate nesimetrice 1 prezinti importarti practicE

ln constructia qi exploatarea sistemelor electroeDergetice. Dimensionarea si
protejarea retelelor eLctrice trifazate necesitd calculul"unor regimuri de avarie
nesimetrice (scurtcircuite lntre o fazi gi pimint, scurtcfucuite intre dou6 faze
gi pdmint, intreruperea unei faze etc.). Regimuri nesimetrice se creeazi ureori
5i ln mod intentionat, de exemplu pentru pornirea sau reglarea turatiei la
motoarele asincrone trifazate.
Stuiliul acestor regimuri ncsimetrice intr-o retea cu un numir mare dc
linii, transformatoare electrice, generatoare si motJare elcctrice trifazate oon-
duce la necesitatea rezolvirii unui sistem de ecuatii cu un numir male de necu-
noscute. Rezolvarea unui astfel de sistem este ing'reuiati consiclerabil de faptul
ci. in prezenta cuplaielor magnetice, mai ales intle elementele mobile alc masi-
nilor_electrice, rclaliile dintrelensiuni 9i intensititile curenlilor sint complicaie.
Pentlu a simplifica aceste ecuatii gi schemcle electrice echivalentJ cores-
punzdtoare, electrotehuicienii au elaborat mctotle de calcul bazate pe utilizarca
unor noi necunoscute, auxiliare. Aceste rnirrimi necunoscute auxiliare sitt
numite eomponente (ale tetsiunilor, curentilor etc.). Prin trecerea la noile
nccuiloscute, sistcmul de ecuatii se simplifici. Schonelc electrice echivalonte
corcspuuzitoare se simpiifici gi elc. Ccle mai rispindite metode peiltru calculul
rcgimurilor trifazate nesimctricc ale unor cir.cuite liniare sint cele care utili-
zcrzi ca mirimi de calcul auxiliare^,,componentele simctrice", ,,cornponentcle e,
p, O" sau ,,conponentele d, q, A",In ccle cate urmeaz[ se exptrne lnetud,a com-
ponentelor sintebice, care este cea mai rispinditH,

1 ln ncr:rt curq, tertuenii sim.lric li nesimetuic se referd erclusiv la sistemele rrifazaic

ta nuirinti sinusoi.trl.o (tr,n:iuni, 3rrrenti etc.), respeciiv h. reginurile car.rctcrizate prin accste
rrririrrri; irrr L.rrrrrrrrii o./rili[rol ;i dezechilibrat se referir crclugiv ir e]eroe[tclc lxjfr\z^;e de rciea I
rrrr.t,l(,rr(!, ttr"rfnr Lr)l rr!, linii ctr', (adjcir la sistcmele dc inri)cdnulc),
 il li I r)l,l ( ()t\lt'()Nt N ll t()ti r,tIlt lt.t(,t, :t l;r

Nlrt0rl,r lrrrrlr'rrrr,rrrcl,'r ri r.rri,.f rf Lrrzr:!zii |,I rlr,rfirrrrlrrrrrrr.rrr si,lrrrrrr.lor rlo rrirrirrri

\..rrit. i:,,t.,,t,,t ,,,,ui !,.(i,,, rrir:r,,rr r r . .;. ;..,i,,,:;.

1,,,,,,,,r.
1,,
r,,,'r, .n'r I',,r1,i ;,,.,,,,,, ,.,r.,,ir,. rrt,;t,.
, , ,1 _ i , , , , . ; ,

".'.t,rlrt,r'fit,.,tr,.ir,.,rit. 1.,,.rt,.r,l,rl ,r tr.,.i llAirrrIri .jrrIjrri,r.tror".Irrrrz,rr,,rU,

'tt" trtrtri,t rlirrlrIr'l': rr.i Nirtcn!, sil',..rri,1 ,1',it'o,rr,,r'.). r';;,t','lul .,gi,,","if,i,.,;,,,i,r.i,. tii,,,l
,-,1,a'l',1 r'.rirrrrrrir,'r' rri,".. ,,,,,,,.i ,.,,,,r ,,,,,,,,,,,,r
""'r,'rrrrl'lr'l','r
!r'.7,1 r'rtrt'Irt.. c 'rc-ir',, "r,,r,'r'r', ',".rl,r,'i,',;;;
t:,1i .t,. rrrrrrr:rrrrl rln oll.,Iflrtr (.r.hitilrflrt,!.
r rr'l ,.,.nirrrt. rr,ti.r "r'r: ,,,1;,,,. ,,,.,_ini .t,,crric... ,,,rr,,,1,, .,,,,1",,,.i,r,.t,," .i,,,.rri,T . ii,,.
f',,., t,, r,' ,IIIL/j,r''Li. ,t.,,rrr{',.c ,.,.,Irljili:
tj rr. rrL: rrr,r;irriL,r
s,.tr,.,n,1,. {l,a.tri,1: er.l,i\:,l
r,'t,rrrr,,,'! r,rrrlt rrrnr:,irrr1,lu;',,rrrnr n,rlj",rrelt,.t,.:irr,.trir..,t,,.ir p.r,r",,..1_r,.,,,,.t,.,,,*i,,,.r.i,.",.
.) -1.,,) c,r rrui r.r,.ner:,ri,, .c Lr,,luL.jrz,,ro. ,.,r i,,,rt,tlllt,, illr,.,r,,. r ,,lf.
,,,'r','ll:"
:l.lli,:,""1,1 r'r .", , rr *,'nri ,'.,''-' !,'rcirli dc f:rzti :i,',crri,i (t. or,-erv,,li. /, rrc r, ,,,..
"rr'r"r'|
ll. I t, /,) ',rr. 1rrr.

4,it.l. I )r'rcorrr prr n<:rcl umri sistern trifazat ilc mirimi

rr tr'..i Hirtr.ln. ('oltport(.!ttc f"ifr^t"
"i*"t.i"a

'lll.l.l. 'lixrrr.'u hri I'rtaBr:uc. La baza mctodci coml,oncnLclof, citn.t r.i(,*

"t,r i,l.in rLr$c.rrl,rul.r'ii unui sistcr. trifazat, ordonat tle^ rni-rrirni sirrr*r.irlrrr.
i''r'r"{rrir') irr l.ri sigt.r*c rlq rnirrimi sinusoidalo trifaz.tc siu.rrrir:., rrrrirrri
lr "r,l iI
rr r r I
r i cgrrl: rsi dcfazajc rolativc ega1e, dc valo4re
1
, I rrr i rr
1 lI, __ ! "n,, 1y,
ll'lf lr'i^iHr,r.r('so r'rrr(:s(:: sist,nul de succcsi'ric ilirccti srll
"i"r.,uri,l,r,ri.n,rt
, ,., ti,,,,.,' rlirrr'r' rrri'irrri c rlerirzati irruinroa r.r'r.i r-arc ii srr.,.,.,r,,,,,,
f,"
I
frl.
rrrtr,rlrs irr P:rrugr.lirl ll9.l; sist.rnul tle s.cccsiunc invcrsii sar*i*r"rru, irrrlr/r.
{,r' ,,,t, ti'.,.,'t,. rlirrtrr' rrurrirrri c rlcfazati ln rrrrna ccler ,.rrrc ii su,,,.,.,1,, 1,,},
I "rr
rrrtr,,,lrrr'. ,l'. rr.rr''r'1, irr I11r.;1-1;1f,,1 J0.1 ; sistnrnrrl onopolnr,,,u.,,,. ,,,,
,",1"",'t 'll rrr,rrirrri r.rr lrn|lit_rrrlini r.g:rL: .i irr lirzii, "i*i',.,,,
'.irrrrsoi,IIrL.,
lrr Iilirrrrr.t,ll.l c Ir'r,zrrrrtatir sirtrLrrlic acr,:rstir dcscorrr|urrt.rr., licc rr: lrr rr,Irr.-
/' rrlrr'" fir'r'rrr' rri(il, rislrrrrrrrl ..r.r'a.:.rrcsirrrcrri. (a) aic ri,c.^r firz'r .gni ,.rr
"rrrr,r lrrrrrrilr,r lrrr.r:rprrrrziitori ai unui sistcrn urr,,,1,ulo" (n), tlirccf(r), qi inv'r:rs(r/1.
l)i.,rr.rrrrrlr rr rrcr.:r ullti 6i$t(..rn ordonat l.rifizat trcs.imctric
(Vr V!, l..t) i,
di!l' t".,h rrrrlr. r'rrrrr1rorrr.rrIo sirrrr:lricr: cstc rl:liniti-r ln cornllt:x rlr: urrrrirtolrllc
Lrl|l l|lt|' rrrrrlirrrilr: l|(.r.:trrr sittr.r r.:
l/r - I't,, l' l',1, I l/ ir t
l',,. l/ t,!. 1 l,,t" 1 l: ,tl (4 r. r)
l"r l'l,.r I l"/1 | l,.l

' lr,ll,rl', r, t(rtrr ,,',lut'll,l' t,','!ito ,l( h ;r rtil,r i11irrr r,i (

, , t , , , , , , , , 1, , 1r, ,
.
 Lq
-ll <,. ll -.-,
ll MET0DA COMPONENTELOR SIMETRICE

Calculul. regimurilor trifazate nesimetrice 1 prezinti importarti practicE

ln constructia qi exploatarea sistemelor electroelergetice. Dimensionarea si
protejarea retelelor eLctrice trifazate neceoitd calculul"unor regimuri de avarie
nesimetrice (scurtcircuite intre o fazi gi pimint, scurtcfucuite intre dou6 faze
gi pdmint, intreruperea unei faze etc.). Regimuri nesimetrice se creeazi uneori
5i ln mod intentionat, de exemplu pentru pornirea sau reglarea turatiei la
motoarele asincrone trifazate.
Stuiliul acestor regimuri ncsimetrice intr-o rctea cu un aumir mare dc
linii, transformatoare electrice, generatoare si motJare elcctrice trifazate oon-
duce la necesitatea rezolvirii unui sistem de ecuatii cu un numir male de necu-
noscute. Rezolvarea unui astfel de sistem este ing'reuiati consiclerabil de faptul
ci. in prezenta cuplaielor magnetice, mai ales intle elementele mobile alc masi-
nilor_electrice, rclaliile dintrelensiuni 9i intensititile curenlilor sint complicaie.
Pentru a simplifica ace.ete ecuatii gi schernele electrice echivalentJ cores-
punzdtoare, electrotehuicienii au elaborat mctotle de calcul bazate pe utilizarca
unor noi necunoscute, auxiliare. Aceste rnirrimi necunoscute auxiliare sitt
numite eomponente (ale terrsiunilor, curentilor etc.). Prin trecerea la noile
nccuiloscute, sistcmul de ecuatii se simplifici. Schonele electrice echivalonte
corcspuuzitoare se simpiifici gi elc. Ccle mai rispindite metode peiltru calculul
rcgimurilor trifazate nesimctricc ale unor cir.cuite liniare sint cele care utili-
zcrzi ca mirimi de calcul auxiliare^,,componentele simctrice", ,,cornponentcle e,
p, O" sau ,,conponentele d, q, A", In ccle cate urmeaz[ se exprne lnetod,a com-
ponentelor sintebice, care este cea mai rispinditH,

1 ln ncr:rt curq, tertuenii sim.lric li nesimetuic se referd erclusiv la sijtemele rrifazaic

ta nuirinti sinusoi.trl.o (tr,n:iuni, 3rrrenti etc.), respeciiv h. reginurile car.lctcrizate prin accrte
rrririrrri; irrr L.rrrrrrrrii o./rili[rol ;i dezechilibrat se referir crcluEiv ir e]eroe[tclc lxjfr\z^;e de rciea I
rrrr.t,l(,rr(!, ttr"rfnr Lr)l rr!, linii ctr', (adjcir la sistcmele dc inri)cdnulc),
 il li I r)l,l ( ()t\lt'()Nt N ll t()ti r,tIlt lt.t(,t, :t l;r

Nlrt0rl,r lrrrr1r,rrIIrrcL'I ri r.rri,.f rf L]rzr:!zii |,I rlr,rc,rrrrlrrrrrrr.rrr si,lrerrrr.lor rlo rrirrirrri

\..rrit. i:,,t..,,t,,t ,,,,ui !,.(i,,, rrir:r,,rr r r . .;. ;..,i,,,:;.

1,,,,,,,,r.
1,,
r,,,'r, .n'r I',,r1,i ;,,.,,,,,, ,.,r.,,ir,. rrt,;t,.
, , ,1 _ i , , , , . ; ,

".'.t,rlrt,r'fit,.,tr,.ir,.,rit. 1.,,.rt,.r,l,rl ,r tr.,.i llAirrrIri .jrrIjrri,r.trorr.Irrrrz,rr,,rU,

'tt" trtrtri,r rlirrlrIr'l': rr.i Nirtcn!, sil',..rri,1 ,1',it'o,rr,,r'.). r';;,t','lul .,gi,,","if,i,.,;,,,i,r.i,. tii,,,l
,-,1,a'l',1 r'.rirrrrrrir,'r' rri,"..
""'r,'rrrrl'lr'l','r
!r'.7,1 r'rtrt'Irt.. c 'rc-ir',, "r,,r,'r'r', ',".rl,r,'i,',;;; ,,,,,,,.i ,.,,,,r ,,,,,,,,,,,,r
t:,1i .t,. rrrrrrr:rrrrl rln oll.,Iflrtr (.r.hitilrflrt,!.
( , "r'r:
,,,1;,,,. ,,,.,_ini .t,,crric... ,,rr,,,1,, .,,,,1",,,.i,r,.t,," .i,,,.rri,T . ii,,.
r. r,'",.trir,'t..rd,ti,,r
',',1
f','.' t,, ,IIIL/j,I''Li. ,t.,'rrr{',.c tj ,.,.,Irljili: rr. rrL: rrr,r;irriL,r
s,.tr,.,n,1,. {l,a.tri,1: er.l,i\:,l
r,'t,rrrr,,, r,rrrlt rrrnr:,irrr1,lu;',,rrrnr n,rlj",rrelt,.t,.:irr,.trir..,t,,.ir p.r,r",,..1_r,.,,,,.t,.,,,*i,,,.r.i,.",.
.) .", -1.,,) c,r rrui r.r,.r,er:,ri,, .c Lr,,luL.jrz,,ro. ,.,r i,,,rt,tlllt,, illr,.,r,,. r ,,lf. ,,,..
,,,'r','ll:"
:l.lli,:,""1,1 r'r
',rr. rr *,'nri ,'.,''-' !,'rcirli dc f:rzti :i,',crri,i (t. or,-erv,,li. /, rrc r, 1rrr.
,
"rr'!r"r'|
ll. I t, /,)

4,it.l. I n<:rcl rrmri sistern trifazat ilc mirimi

)r'rcorrr prr
rr tr'..i Hirtr.ln. ('oltport(.!ttc f"ifr^t"
"i*"t.i"a

'lll.l.l. 'lixrrr.'u hri I'rtaBr:uc. La baza mctodci com'oncnLclor citn.t r.i(,*

"t,r i,l.in rLr$c.rrl,rul.r'ii unui sistcr. trifazat, ordonat tle^ rni-rrirni sirrr*r.irlrrr.
i''r'r"{rrir') irr l.ri sigt.r*c rlq rnirrimi sinusoidalo trifaz.tc siu.rrrir:., rrrrirrri
lr "r,l iI
rr r r I
r i cgrrl: rsi dcfazajc rolativc ega1e, dc valo4re
1
, I rrr i rr
1 lI, __ ! "n,, 1y,
ll'lf lr'i^iHr,r.r('so r'rrr(:s(:: sist,nul de succcsi'ric ilirccti srll
"i"r.,uri,l,r,ri.n,rt
, ,., ti,,,,.,' rlirrr'r' rrri'irrri c derirzati irruinroa r.r'r.i r-arc ii srr.,.,.,r,,,,,,
f,"
I
frl.
rrrtr,rlrs irr P:rrugr.lirl ll9.l; sist.rnul tle s.cccsiunc invcrsii sar*i*r"rru, irrrlr/r.
{,r' ,,,t, ti'.,.,'t,. rlirrtrr' rrurrirrri c rlcfazati ln rrrrna ccler ,.rrrc ii su,,,.,.,1,, 1,,},
I "rr
rrrtr,,,lrrr'. ,l'. rr.rr''r'1, irr I11r.;1-1;1f,,1 J0.1 ; sistnrnrrl onopolnr,,,u.,,,. ,,,,
,",1"",'t 'll rrr,rrirrri r.rr lrn|lit_rrrlini r.g:rL: .i irr lirzii, "i*i',.,,,
'.irrrrsoi,IIrL.,
lrr Iilirrrrr.t,ll.l c Ir'r,zrrrrtatir sirtrLrrlic acr,:rstir dcscorrr|urrt.rr., licc rr: lrr rr,Irr.-
/' rrlrr'" fir'r'rrr' rri(il, rislrrrrrrrl ..r.r'a.:.rrcsirrrcrri. (a) aic ri,c.^r firz'r .gni ,.rr
"rrrr,r lrrrrrrilr,r lrrr.r:rprrrrziitori ai unui sistcrn urr,,,1,ulo" (n), tlirccf(r), qi inv'r:rs(r/1.
l)i.,rr.rrrrrlr rr rrcr.:r ullti 6i$t(..rn ordonat l.rifizat trcs.imctric
(Vr V!, l..t) i,
di!l' t".,h rrrrlr. r'rrrrr1rorrr.rrIo sirrrr:lricr: cstc rl:liniti-r ln cornllt:x rlr: urrrrirtolrllc
l,rlrl lrrtrl rrrrrlirrrilr: rr(.r.:trrr sittr.r r.:
l/r - I't,, l' l',1, I l/ ir t
l',,. l/ t,!. 1 l,,t" 1 l: ,tl (4 r. r)
l"r l'l,.r I l"/1 | l,.l

' lr,ll,rl', r, t(rtrr ,,',lut'll,l' t,','!ito ,l( h ;r rtil,r i11irrr r,i (

, , t , , , , , , , , 1, , 1r, ,
.
F-.-'

V, =rt2v

\t!ir="!'
+ I r,=o
=""!a

Fig. 42.1
 Lq
-ll <,. ll -.-,
ll MET0DA COMPONENTELOR SIMETRICE

Calculul. regimurilor trifazate nesimetrice 1 prezinti importarti practicE

ln constructia qi exploatarea sistemelor electroeDergetice. Dimensionarea si
protejarea retelelor eLctrice trifazate necesitd calculul"unor regimuri de avarie
nesimetrice (scurtcircuite lntre o fazi gi pimint, scurtcfucuite intre dou6 faze
gi pdmint, intreruperea unei faze etc.). Regimuri nesimetrice se creeazi ureori
5i ln mod intentionat, de exemplu pentru pornirea sau reglarea turatiei la
motoarele asincrone trifazate.
Stuiliul acestor regimuri ncsimetrice intr-o retea cu un numir mare dc
linii, transformatoare electrice, generatoare si motJare elcctrice trifazate oon-
duce la necesitatea rezolvirii unui sistem de ecuatii cu un numir male de necu-
noscute. Rezolvarea unui astfel de sistem este ing'reuiati consiclerabil de faptul
ci. in prezenta cuplaielor magnetice, mai ales intle elementele mobile alc masi-
nilor_electrice, rclaliile dintrelensiuni 9i intensititile curenlilor sint complicaie.
Pentlu a simplifica aceste ecuatii gi schemcle electrice echivalentJ cores-
punzdtoare, electrotehuicienii au elaborat mctotle de calcul bazate pe utilizarca
unor noi necunoscute, auxiliare. Aceste rnirrimi necunoscute auxiliare sitt
numite eomponente (ale tetsiunilor, curentilor etc.). Prin trecerea la noile
nccuiloscute, sistcmul de ecuatii se simplifici. Schonelc electrice echivalonte
corcspuuzitoare se simpiifici gi elc. Ccle mai rispindite metode peiltru calculul
rcgimurilor trifazate nesimctricc ale unor cir.cuite liniare sint cele care utili-
zcrzi ca mirimi de calcul auxiliare^,,componentele simctrice", ,,cornponentcle e,
p, O" sau ,,conponentele d, q, A",In ccle cate urmeaz[ se exptrne lnetud,a com-
ponentelor sintebice, care este cea mai rispinditH,

1 ln ncr:rt curq, tertuenii sim.lric li nesimetuic se referd erclusiv la sistemele rrifazaic

ta nuirinti sinusoi.trl.o (tr,n:iuni, 3rrrenti etc.), respeciiv h. reginurile car.rctcrizate prin accste
rrririrrri; irrr L.rrrrrrrrii o./rili[rol ;i dezechilibrat se referir crclugiv ir e]eroe[tclc lxjfr\z^;e de rciea I
rrrr.t,l(,rr(!, ttr"rfnr Lr)l rr!, linii ctr', (adjcir la sistcmele dc inri)cdnulc),
 lllr j()l)A (:()Ml'l JNIiN I l:1,()ll r,lIll,l lil(lli 2|;

l,,rr.ilrilitut0u 0Llirrr,rii urrui sisl.r:rrr rlr: rririllri trilitzilL rr(riilrrr'.1I I'rirr

ir: rr)rrr-
Iurr'r'r'n t lt(:i fii$l{)ltrr, {rrtllll,ollclll'o !iirlrcl'ric(: r:str: iltlslratir lrr ligura 4'2'2" itr
i,;'; r)p.rrrriil': ir:tli'i .rrrr''prrrrz:tto:rrr: rcl:rliilrrr (4: l)'
"" ',',;;,,r1,,i,i
i:, f,: i,:,,i ,,,,i,.ii,ti ,,i,, li,.,ii.r,i,r Jirrtrc si.l.rrrtlt'(,,IIIIttIIII IIII: r'irrr.lrir:rr 'r'
': ''l
,.,rt,r'irrrrr sirrrplrr. tt iitltr)rllI
( ol){lrittoYlllui .. - ..l firnclir: tlr' trtiritttrrir r:ttrcs-
- in
i17xi | 11_8i'l1r:rrrrllui rt ipr'cliv, rrurrritir ,r,ir, irrr,:'lunrlarnr:rrL:tll-r rt sis'
1',,',,2,,t,,rrr,:
tr'rrrrlltri:
Ir,r: lt ; ltr: !t'i It,z: Yt (4,?.2)

V,, - V ,; V. - aa''l .ti I'.r., = all'l (42.3)

. (4!.4)
!t- Vi) !n: aI;t 24,: azL;.
olllo-
[lirrimilc fundarn a\Lalc Uh Va, !, "" numcsc resP.cctiv componcnta
,,,'l,,.ii;';',,;';;,;;."1a dirc.'li 9i'"o-po"""tt invcrsit I iistcmului '1" rrri.irrri tri-
iir',,t ,,,.sirr,ctrjc Jat (V r, V", V").
| )cscorrtpuncroa ;;ili-siticni de mirimi trifazat
in tici sistemc corn l)('n(j tt l'o
('f i.r) t" eraPdmi cu ajutorul componerrtelor simatricc cul' Ibrnrrr :
"i,,,,'t.i,t"-
Y'': Yn* V':* Vt
Vz: .f't' -f
I I aY; a2l/ (4 !.r)
Vu: !t,l
o!,t * a2!;.
I)r'orrrrrcc tlctcrrniuuntul sistemrrlui de ccualii (42'5) cstc
rrll
I a, u l:31/5.i,
l.r r'?l
rlili rit rlr, zolo, rezrrlt.-! cit sc poaLrl rlctermina inl'otilcannl un sist(:lrr' 1i
rrtrrrriri
,,,,,,1. ,l,t u,,1,,.i 15, I/6 V a circ sii satisftr:ir accstc ccuatii'
( i,, ,,r,,t,t.,,'
'ii
,,",iur.1t.t,"",," oritlitnti sisLcrn tri{azitt orrLrrrat rlr: rrriililrri
nirrrrsoirlrrk: lIl lrrfi sish)lno comlonentc sirrrr:tri('c, nrntl omrlrr'lltr'
tttrrrl rlirr'r'l-
irrv.rs" rrslrr rtttici 'ci 1-otilouurla lrosiLilir ('frxrtemu lui li'olt t:srrtrr:' l()lll)'
"it rrrrrrl
.iil.i.,i. i:,,f.,,i,,i ",,,"pn^"ntcl'r sirnt'iricr,, Calirulul .or n1,,rrr.rr t.1rr girr*,l.i.r',
lrrtzt
,,,,, r,,,,,rr,,,,,,,',, ,,,,,,i ,i"i,,,', rlat c rnirirli tril'Llzlt ncsilnctric' srl {irrx: pr:
,, trr1iil,', (4:.1.r'). \r', stc rclalii:

t',,'-= I [a'. -l' !, -l !',)

2.6)
.t',, -,, I (r', -l- a-z- -l- r'9l/.)
(4

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I
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