Student: Leòn Cruz Braulio Autonomous University of Querétaro

Homework #1 Faculty of Engineering

Date: August 10th of 2018 Microsystems

Definitions

Data: ​In simple words, data can be called like other form and its information that is processed and
stored in a memory. The “primordial” state of data is in binary code, this because as we know,
computers worked in this way, with zeros and ones. This binary information can be stored by the
computer in digital format, this allow to the information to be used in different ways in networks, files and
archives.

Control busses: ​This busses are one of the principal busses in a computer that allows the
devices inside the computer to communicate one each other. This networks can be able using physical
connections of wires and PCBs. This kind of bus are of type bidirectional, this means that the signals
that flows in this bus, flows in the two ways. Each connection permit a one channel signal, this signals
are able to activate reading/lecture signals, interrupt signals, etc.

Problems related to parallel busses.

Timing skew (Clock skew): ​A simple way to explain this phenomenon is that this problem is from
“Differences in clock signal arrival times across the chip are called clock skew”[1]. This phenomenon can
produce internal clock problems that in consequence produce functional problems, this because the
“logarithm” produce a time violation. Timing skew is produced by long paths, one of the solutions for this
problems is that the path between the clock and the pheriferial have to be the most direct possible.

Crosstalk: ​This phenomenon en a few words, is the obtention of a undesired signal instead the
right signal that is desired, this wrong signal can reach other parts of the circuit or channels. It's very
important that crosstalk inexistent in audio applications and inalambric dispositives. Crosstalk it´s
produced by a bad coupling of a capacitive, inductive or conductive channel.

Busses in microcontrollers.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect): ​This standard type of bus, is used to maintain in
contact the microcontroller and some external parts of the computer to the base plate of this. This
connections are able thanks to integrated circuits in the base plate.
 Fig. 1 PCI connector in the base plate of a computer.
PC/104: ​Is other of the standard busses in a embedded computer, but it has some differences
between the PCI bus, the PC/104 was specially designed for specifically applications like data
acquisition or industrial systems.

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture): ​This was one of the first busses that were produced for
the computers by IBM. This bus permit to work with a velocity of 4.77MHz. Whit the pass of the time the
necessities stimulated to create a new bus that was called​ EISA​, an older brother of ISA

Bibliography:
[1] Clock Skew and Short Paths Timing, Application Note AC198, Microsemi Corporation, 2012.