Chapter 1 Ahmed Galal

THERMODYNAMICS AG2010
0122183696
CHAPTER 1
Introduction and Basic Concepts
 Thermodynamics Definition :
It is the science of heat energy and entropy. It deals with heat and work and how to
convert one to the other.
 Applications of thermodynamics:
 Thermodynamic system:
A thermodynamic system, or simply system, is defined as a quantity of matter or a
region in space chosen for study.
The region outside the system is called the surroundings.
The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings is
called the boundary.
The boundary of a system may be fixed or movable.
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 Type of systems:
Systems may be considered to be closed or open, depending on whether a fixed
mass or a fixed volume in space is chosen for study.
o A closed system consists of a fixed amount
of mass and no mass may cross the system

boundary. However, energy in the form of
heat and work may cross the boundaries of a
closed system.
The closed system boundary may move.
Examples of closed systems are sealed tanks
and piston cylinder devices (note the volume
does not have to be fixed).
o An open system, or control volume, has mass as well
as energy crossing the boundary, called a control surface.

Examples of open systems are pumps, compressors,
turbines, valves, and heat exchangers.
o An isolated system is a general system of fixed mass where no heat or work
may cross the boundaries. An isolated system is a closed system with no

energy crossing the boundaries and is normally a collection of a main system
and its surroundings that are exchanging mass and energy among themselves
and no other system.

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 Properties of the system:

Any characteristic of a system in equilibrium is called a property.
Properties may be intensive or extensive.
o Extensive properties are those that vary directly with size--or extent--of the
system.
Some Extensive Properties
a. mass
b. volume
c. total energy
d. mass dependent property
o Intensive properties are those that are independent of size. Some Intensive
Properties :
a. temperature
b. pressure
c. age
d. color
e. Any mass independent property
 Specific volume:

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 Density:
 State, Equilibrium, Process and Cycle:

o State : condition of the system described by a set of known properties
oEquilibrium:
A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if it maintains thermal
(uniform temperature), mechanical (uniform pressure), phase (the mass of two
phases, e.g., ice and liquid water, in equilibrium) and chemical equilibrium.
oProcess:
Change from state to another state.
oCycle:

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A process (or a series of connected processes) with identical end states is called
a cycle.
 Pressure:
Force per unit area is called pressure, and its unit is the pascal, N/m2, in the SI
system.
 Temperature:
It is hotness or coldness of a body when it is touched. Or measure of the energy
content in the body.
oTemperature scales:

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F = (9 / 5)C + 32
 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:

If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other. This simple fact is known as the Zeroth law of
thermodynamics.
 Energy:
Consider the system shown below moving with a velocity, at an elevation Z
relative to the reference plane.

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1- The Internal Energy: "U" it is the some of kinetic energy and potential
energy of the molecules of the system. It is associated with the molecules

activity of the system.
2- The Kinetic Energy: "K.E" the kinetic energy of the system is defined by
3- The Potential Energy: "P.E" the potential energy of the system is defined
by
The total Energy E of the system is the sum of all forms of energies;
Or per unit mass;
 Ideal Gas:
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 Specific Heats:
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 Specific heat ratio
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 Relations among Cp, Cv, R, γ :
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 The Change in Internal Energy :
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 Work and P-V Diagram:

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Consider a cylinder filled with gas and equipped with a movable piston as shown in fig
below
fig - Force exerted by a system during small expansion.

Suppose,
A - Cross Sectional area of cylinder
P - Pressure exerted by piston at the piston face.
PA - Force exerted by the system.
If piston moves out by a distance dx then work done by this force is dW given by
dW = PA.dx
dW = PdV
V2
W = ∫ P.dV
V1
Graphically this relationship is shown below
Work done not only depends on initial and

final states but also on the intermediate
states i.e., on the path.
Learning:Work done in a process is given

by area under the process on the PV
diagram

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 Calculation Of Work for several Processes:

1- Constant Volume Process: "Isochoric Process"
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2- Constant Pressure Process: "Isobaric Process"
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3- Const Temperature Process: "Isothermal Process"
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4- Isentropic (Adiabatic) Process:
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5- Polytropic process Process:
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Chapter 1 Ahmed Galal

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Chapter 1 Ahmed Galal

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Format Tersedia

THERMODYNAMICS AG2010

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

of mass and no mass may cross the system

o An open system, or control volume, has mass as well

as energy crossing the boundary, called a control surface.

o An isolated system is a general system of fixed mass where no heat or work

may cross the boundaries. An isolated system is a closed system with no

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

 Properties of the system:

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

 State, Equilibrium, Process and Cycle:

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

energy of the molecules of the system. It is associated with the molecules

Or per unit mass;

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

 Work and P-V Diagram:

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

fig - Force exerted by a system during small expansion.

Graphically this relationship is shown below

Work done not only depends on initial and

Learning:Work done in a process is given

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

 Calculation Of Work for several Processes:

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

Enjoy only with AG CHAPTER 1

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