Chapter 3: Euclidean Vector Spaces

Concept Review Chapter 3.1. Vectors in 2-Space, 3-Space, and n-Space

• Geometric vector
• Direction
• Length
• Initial point
• Terminal point
• Equivalent vectors
• Zero vector
• Vector addition: parallelogram rule and triangle rule
• Vector subtraction
• Negative of a vector
• Scalar multiplication
• Collinear (i.e., parallel) vectors
• Components of a vector
• Coordinates of a point
• n -tuple
• n -space
• Vector operations in n-space: addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication
• Linear combination of vectors

Skills in Chapter 3.1

• Perform geometric operations on vectors: addition, subtraction, and scalar

multiplication.
• Perform algebraic operations on vectors: addition, subtraction, and scalar
multiplication.
• Determine whether two vectors are equivalent.
• Determine whether two vectors are collinear.
• Sketch vectors whose initial and terminal points are given.
• Find components of a vector whose initial and terminal points are given.
• Prove basic algebraic properties of vectors (Theorems 3.1.1 and 3.1.2).

Latihan:
 Concept Review in Chapter 3.2. Norm, Dot Product, and Distance in R n
• Norm (or length or magnitude) of a vector
• Unit vector
• Normalized vector
• Standard unit vectors
• Distance between points in R n
• Angle between two vectors in R n
• Dot product (or Euclidean inner product ) of two vectors in R n
• Cauchy-Schwarz inequality
• Triangle inequality
• Parallelogram equation for vectors
Skills in Chapter 3.2
• Compute the norm of a vector in R n .
• Determine whether a given vector in R n is a unit vector.
• Normalize a nonzero vector in R n .
• Determine the distance between two vectors in R n .
• Compute the dot product of two vectors in R n .
• Compute the angle between two nonzero vectors in R n .
• Prove basic properties pertaining to norms and dot products (Theorems 3.2.1–3.2.3
and 3.2.5–3.2.7).
 Concept Review Chapter 3.3. Orthogonality
• Orthogonal (perpendicular) vectors
• Orthogonal set of vectors
• Normal to a line
• Normal to a plane
• Point-normal equations
• Vector form of a line
• Vector form of a plane
• Orthogonal projection of u on a
• Vector component of u along a
• Vector component of u orthogonal to a
• Theorem of Pythagoras
Skills in Chapter 3.3
• Determine whether two vectors are orthogonal.
• Determine whether a given set of vectors forms an orthogonal set.
• Find equations for lines (or planes) by using a normal vector and a point on the line
(or plane).
• Find the vector form of a line or plane through the origin.
• Compute the vector component of u along a and orthogonal to a.
• Find the distance between a point and a line in or .
• Find the distance between two parallel planes in .
• Find the distance between a point and a plane.
 Concept Review 3.4. The Geometry of Linear Systems

• Parameters
• Parametric equations of lines
• Parametric equations of planes
• Two-point vector equations of a line
• Vector equation of a line
• Vector equation of a plane
Skills
• Express the equations of lines in and using either vector or parametric equations.
• Express the equations of planes in using either vector or parametric equations.
• Express the equation of a line containing two given points in or using either vector
or parametric equations.
• Find equations of a line and a line segment.
• Verify the orthogonality of the row vectors of a linear system of equations and a
solution vector.
• Use a specific solution to the nonhomogeneous linear system and the general
solution of the corresponding linear system to obtain the general solution to .
 Concept Review Chapter 3.5. Cross Product
• Cross product of two vectors
• Determinant form of cross product
• Scalar triple product
[Skills
• Compute the cross product of two vectors u and v in R 3 .
• Know the geometric relationship between to u and v.
• Know the properties of the cross product (listed in Theorem 3.5.2).
• Compute the scalar triple product of three vectors in 3-space.
• Know the geometric interpretation of the scalar triple product.
• Compute the areas of triangles and parallelograms determined by two vectors or
three points in 2-space or 3-space.
• Use the scalar triple product to determine whether three given vectors in 3-space are
collinear.
 Chapter 4. General Vector Spaces

Concept Review 4.1. Real Vector Spaces

• Vector space
• Closure under addition
• Closure under scalar multiplication
• Examples of vector spaces
Skills
• Determine whether a given set with two operations is a vector space.
• Show that a set with two operations is not a vector space by demonstrating that at
least one of the vector space axioms
fails.
 Concept Review 4.2. Subspaces
• Subspace
• Zero subspace
• Examples of subspaces
• Linear combination
• Span
• Solution space
Skills
• Determine whether a subset of a vector space is a subspace.
• Show that a subset of a vector space is a subspace.
• Show that a nonempty subset of a vector space is not a subspace by demonstrating
that the set is
either not closed under addition or not closed under scalar multiplication.
• Given a set S of vectors in and a vector v in , determine whether v is a linear
combination of
the vectors in S.
• Given a set S of vectors in , determine whether the vectors in S span .
• Determine whether two nonempty sets of vectors in a vector space V span the same
subspace of V.
 Concept Review 4.3. Linear Independence

• Trivial solution
• Linearly independent set
• Linearly dependent set
• Wronskian
Skills
• Determine whether a set of vectors is linearly independent or linearly dependent.
• Express one vector in a linearly dependent set as a linear combination of the other
vectors in the set.
• Use the Wronskian to show that a set of functions is linearly independent.