2017-06-01394 : Makala Simon

SD 666. STABILITY OF STRUCTURES

ASSIGNMENT NO:2

Determine the critical load and Effective Lengths of the members of the Frame

Members I[cm4] E[kN/mm2 ] Length (m)

AB 30,000 205 4

BC 66,800 205 5

CD 14,300 205 5

SOLUTION
DATA GIVEN
Member AB EIAB 6.15E+07 Nm2
Member BC EIBC 1.37E+08 Nm2
Member CD EICD 2.93E+07 Nm2

Noted , Let P 1 kN
 (i) Determination of degree of indeterminacy

n=F- 3m
where F = reaction force
m = body member (number of free body member)

n=8- 6=2
Degree of indeterminacy =2

(ii) Release moment at A and at D, such that MAB =X1 and MDC = X2 and the structure will be
statically stable and determinant.

∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ;Ax+ Dx= 1 ………………….(1)

∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎;Ay +Dy= 5 ………………….(2)

∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎; 4*1 + 3*5 -8Dy = 0

Solving, we obtain the value of; Dy = 2.375kN

From equation (2) , we can obtain the value of Ay

Ay = 5 - 2.375 =2.625kN

At joint D, we can obtain the value of Dx.

𝐷𝑦 2.375
R = = = 2.96875kN
𝐶𝑜𝑠36.87 𝐶𝑜𝑠36.87

Dx= 2.9687 *Cos 53.13o=-1.781kN

From equation (1) we can solve the value of Ax

Ax = 1 - 1.781 = -0.781kN
 (iii) Apply the unit moment X 1 = 1 at A

∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ;Ax+ Dx= 0 ………………….(3)

∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ;Ay + Dy = 0 ………………….(4)

∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎; 1 + 8Dy = 0

Solving, we obtain the value of; Dy =-125N

From equation (4) , we can obtain the value of Ay

Ay = 125N
At joint D, we can obtain the value of Dx.

𝐷𝑦 −125
R = = = -156.25N
𝐶𝑜𝑠36.87 𝐶𝑜𝑠36.87

Dx= -156.25*Cos 53.13o=- 94N

From equation (3) we can solve the value of Ax

Ax = 94N

(iv) Apply the unit moment X 2 = 1 at D

∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ;Ax+ Dx= 0 ………………….(5)
∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ;Ay + Dy = 0 ………………….(6)

∑ 𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎; 1 -8Ay = 0

Solving, we obtain the value of; Ay = 125N

From equation (6) , we can obtain the value of Dy

Dy = -125N

At joint D, we can obtain the value of Dx.

𝐷𝑦 −125
Dx = = = -156.25N
𝐶𝑜𝑠36.87 𝐶𝑜𝑠36.87
Dx= - 156.25N

From equation (5) we can solve the value of Ax

Ax = 156N

(v) From the Flexibility analysis of the Released unknown.

𝜹𝟏𝟏𝑿𝟏 + 𝜹𝟏𝟐𝑿𝟐 = −𝑫𝟏𝟏

𝜹𝟏𝟐𝑿𝟏 + 𝜹𝟐𝟐𝑿𝟐 = −𝑫𝟐𝟐

In matrix form

𝜹𝟏𝟏𝑿𝟏 𝜹𝟏𝟐𝑿𝟐 𝒙𝟏 −𝑫𝟏𝟏

| || | = ⌊ ⌋
𝜹𝟏𝟐𝑿𝟏 𝜹𝟐𝟐𝑿𝟐 𝒙𝟐 −𝑫𝟐𝟐

𝟏 𝑳
𝜹𝟏𝟏 = ∫ 𝑴̅ 𝟏𝑴
̅ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝜹𝟏𝟏 = ( (𝟐 ∗ 𝟏 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 + 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟏) ∗ 𝟒 + ( ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟓)
𝑬𝑰 𝟔 𝟑

𝟏
= (𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒)
𝑬𝑰

𝟏
= (𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒)
𝑬𝑰
 𝟏
𝜹𝟏𝟏 = (𝟑. 𝟐𝟐) …………………………..(1*)
𝑬𝑰

𝟏 𝑳
𝜹𝟐𝟐 = ∫ 𝑴̅ 𝟐𝑴
̅ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝜹𝟐𝟐 = ( (𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐) ∗ 𝟒 + ( ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟓) +( ∗ 𝟏 ∗ 𝟏 ∗ 𝟒)
𝑬𝑰 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

𝟏
= 𝑬𝑰
(𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑)

𝟏
𝜹𝟐𝟐 = (𝟐. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟓) …………………………..(2*)
𝑬𝑰

𝟏 𝑳
𝜹𝟏𝟐 = 𝜹𝟐𝟏 = ∫ 𝑴̅ 𝟏𝑴
̅ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑬𝑰 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝜹𝟏𝟐 = 𝜹𝟐𝟏 = 𝑬𝑰 (𝟔 (𝟏 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐) ∗ 𝟒 + (𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟓)

𝟏
= 𝑬𝑰
(𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟓𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒)
 𝟏
𝜹𝟏𝟐 = 𝜹𝟐𝟏 = (𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟔) …………………………..(3*)
𝑬𝑰

𝟏 𝑳
𝑫𝟏𝟏 = − ̅ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝑴𝒑𝑴
𝑬𝑰 𝟎

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑫𝟏𝟏 = − ( (𝟑. 𝟏𝟐(𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 + 𝟏)) ∗ 𝟒 + ( ∗ 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟓)
𝑬𝑰 𝟔 𝟑

𝟏
=− 𝑬𝑰
(𝟒. 𝟔𝟓𝟗𝟐 + 𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟒)

𝟏
𝑫𝟏𝟏 = - 𝑬𝑰 (𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟐) …………………………..(4*)

𝟏 𝑳
𝑫𝟐𝟐 = − ̅ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝑴𝒑𝑴
𝑬𝑰 𝟎

𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟓
=− 𝑬𝑰 ∫𝟎 ( 3.12 0.62 dx + - 𝑬𝑰 ∫𝟎 ( 3.12 0.62 dx

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑫𝟐𝟐 = − ( (𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐) ∗ 𝟒 + ( ∗ 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐 ∗ 𝟓)
𝑬𝑰 𝟑 𝟑

𝟏
=− 𝑬𝑰
(𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟗𝟐 + 𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟒)

𝟏
𝑫𝟐𝟐 = - 𝑬𝑰 (𝟓. 𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟐) …………………………..(5*)
 We substitute the values in matrix form

𝟑. 𝟐𝟐 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 𝒙𝟏 −𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟐
| || | =- ⌊ ⌋
𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝟔 𝟐. 𝟒𝟖𝟔 𝒙𝟐 −𝟓. 𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟐

Solving we obtain the

𝑿𝟏 =1.896kNm
𝑿𝟏 =1.14kNm

REACTIONS AND MOMENTS

MAB = 1.9 kNm RAX= -0.781 kN
MBA -1.24 kNm RAy= 2.625 kN
MBC =-1.24 kNm RDy = 2.375 kN
RDx = -1.781kN
MCD=1.14 kNm
 Bending Moment Diagram (KNm)

NORMAL FORCES
NAB =-2P
NBC = 1P
NCD = -2.969P = -3P

These loads were then used for stability analysis of the frame.
3.0: DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL LOAD FOR PLANNAR FRAME.

3.01 Unknown joint displacements

Y1 = ϕ2
Y2= ϕ3=0
Y3 = ϑ1
Restraining force are introduced at joint displacement to prevent displacement of joint 2,
There are only one rotation at node B, let ϕ2 be rotation of node 2, and the bending moments caused
by applied load in the restrained structure
 Restraining forces Z11 are needed to ensure that node 2 not rotate due to the applied load.

3.02 WORKS ON THE STANDARD BEAM ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE STRUCTURAL

SYSTEM
The standard beam element found in the structural system given in the task.

Standard beam element found in the structural system

Refer the stiffness matrix of the standard beam found in this task

𝑀𝑖 𝛼 𝛽 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝜃𝑖
𝐸𝐼
[ 𝑀𝑗 ] = 𝐿 [ 𝛽 𝛼 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) ] [𝜃𝑗 ]
∆
𝐿𝑄𝑖 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) −(𝛼 + 𝛽) 2(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 𝜀 2
𝐿

The standard beam element found in the structural system

 Standard beam element found in the structural system

Refer the stiffness matrix of the standard beam also found in this task

𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝛾 −𝛾 𝜃𝑖
| 𝑖 | =𝐿 [ ] [ ∆]
𝐿𝑄𝑖 −𝛾 𝛾 − 𝜀2
𝐿

Where;

𝑃𝑖 𝜀[sin 𝜀−𝜀 cos 𝜀] 𝜀[𝜀−sin 𝜀]

𝜀𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖 √ ,𝛼 = , 𝛽=
𝐸𝐼𝑖 [2−2 cos 𝜀−𝜀 sin 𝜀] [2−2 cos 𝜀−𝜀 sin 𝜀]

𝜀 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜀
And 𝛾=
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜀−𝜀𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜀)

Again
𝜀 2𝑛 𝜀 2𝑛+1
cos 𝜀 = ∑𝑛𝑖=0(−1)𝑛 and sin 𝜀 = ∑𝑛𝑖=0(−1)𝑛
2𝑛! (2𝑛+1)!

Obtain the restraining forces due to the induced displacements at the given degrees of freedom.
 First Degree of freedom. Consider the unit displacement

𝑌1 = 1, 𝑌2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌3 = 0
Basic member for AB

Refer the stiffness matrix of the standard beam

𝑀𝑖 𝛼 𝛽 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝜃𝑖
𝐸𝐼
[ 𝑀𝑗 ] = 𝐿 [ 𝛽 𝛼 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) ] [𝜃𝑗 ]
∆
𝐿𝑄𝑖𝑘 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) −(𝛼 + 𝛽) 2(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 𝜀 2
𝐿

𝜃𝑖
0
𝜃𝑗
Where ⌈ ⌉ =⌈1⌉
∆
0
𝐿

𝑀12 𝛼 𝛽 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) 0
𝐸𝐼
[ 𝑀21 ] = 𝐿 [ 𝛽 𝛼 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) ] [1]
𝐿𝑄21 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) −(𝛼 + 𝛽) 2(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 𝜀 2 0

𝑀12 𝐸𝐼1
𝛽1
[ 𝑀21 ] = [ 𝛼1 ]
𝐿1
𝐿𝑄21 −(𝛼1 + 𝛽1 )
Basic member for BC 2 to 3

The standard beam element found in the structural system

Standard beam element found in the structural system

Refer the stiffness matrix of the standard beam also found in this task

𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝛾 −𝛾 𝜃𝑖
| 𝑖 | =𝐿 [ 2] [ ∆ ]
𝐿𝑄𝑖𝑘 −𝛾 𝛾−𝜀
𝐿

𝜃𝑖
1
Where [ ∆ ] = [ ]
0
𝐿

𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝛾2 −𝛾2 1
| 23 | = 𝐿 2 [ ][ ]
𝐿𝑄23 2 −𝛾2 𝛾2 − 𝜀 2 2 0

𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝛾2
| 23 | = 𝐿 2 [−𝛾 ]
𝐿𝑄23 2 2

Determination of required restraining forces

  We consider the equilibrium equation at the joint 2.

Z11 = MBA + MBC

EI1 EI2
Z11 = α1 + γ2 ……………………………(1*)
L1 L2
𝑍31 𝐸𝐼1
= 𝐿𝑄21 = 𝑍31 = −(𝛼1 + 𝛽1 )
𝐿1 𝐿1

Obtain the restraining forces due to the induced displacements at the given degrees of freedom.
  second degree of freedom ,Consider the unit displacement

𝑌1 = 0, 𝑌2 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌3 = 1

The displacement caused by 𝑌3 = 1 ; ∆ =1

𝑢
𝜐3 = = (rotation of member 3)
𝑙3
4
𝜐3 == =1
4
3∗𝑙1 3∗4
𝜐2 = =- = -0.75 (rotation of member 2)
4∗𝑙2 4∗5

2
Consider member AB 1 to

Refer the stiffness matrix of the standard beam

𝑀𝑖 𝛼 𝛽 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) 𝜃𝑖
𝐸𝐼
[ 𝑀𝑗 ] = 𝐿 [ 𝛽 𝛼 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) ] [𝜃𝑗 ]
∆
𝐿𝑄𝑖𝑘 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) −(𝛼 + 𝛽) 2(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 𝜀 2
𝐿

𝜃𝑖
0
𝜃𝑗
Where ⌈ ⌉ =⌈0⌉
∆
1
𝐿

𝑀12 𝛼 𝛽 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) 0
𝐸𝐼
[ 𝑀21 ] = [ 𝛽 𝛼 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) ] [0]
𝐿
𝐿𝑄21 −(𝛼 + 𝛽) −(𝛼 + 𝛽) 2(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 𝜀 2 1

𝑀12 𝐸𝐼1
−(𝛼 + 𝛽)
[ 𝑀21 ] = [ −(𝛼 + 𝛽) ]
𝐿1
𝐿𝑄21 2(𝛼 + 𝛽) − 𝜀 2 )

For the Basic member for BC 2 3to

The standard beam element found in the structural system

 Standard beam element found in the structural system

Refer the stiffness matrix of the standard beam also found in this task

𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝛾 −𝛾 𝜃𝑖
| 𝑖 | =𝐿 [ ] [ ∆]
𝐿𝑄𝑖𝑘 −𝛾 𝛾 − 𝜀2
𝐿

𝜃𝑖
0
Where [ ∆ ] = [ ]
0.75
𝐿

𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝛾2 −𝛾2 0
| 23 | = 𝐿 2 [ ][ ]
𝐿𝑄23 2 −𝛾2 𝛾2 − 𝜀 2 2 −0.75

𝑀 𝐸𝐼 −𝛾2
| 23 | = −0.75 𝐿 2 [ ]
𝐿𝑄23 2 𝛾2 − 𝜀 2 2

4
For the member CD 3 to
The standard beam element found in the structural system
 Standard beam element found in the structural system

Refer the stiffness matrix of the standard beam also found in this task

𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝛾 −𝛾 𝜃𝑖
| 𝑖 | =𝐿 [ ] [ ∆]
𝐿𝑄𝑖𝑘 −𝛾 𝛾 − 𝜀2
𝐿

𝜃𝑖
0
Where [ ∆ ] = [ ]
1
𝐿

𝑀 𝐸𝐼3 𝛾3 −𝛾3 0
| 43 | = [ ][ ]
𝐿𝑄43 𝐿3 −𝛾3 𝛾3 − 𝜀 2 3 1
𝑀 𝐸𝐼3 −𝛾3
| 23 | = [ ]
𝐿𝑄23 𝐿3 𝛾3 − 𝜀 2 3

 Determination of required restraining Forces

 Equilibrium equation at joint B

 Z13 = MBA + MBC

EI1 EI2
Z13 = −(𝛼1 + 𝛽1 ) + −0.75γ2 ……………..(2*)
L1 L2
𝑍33
∗ 𝐿1 + 𝑁1 𝐿1 + (𝑀𝐴𝐵 + 𝑀𝐴𝐵 ) − 0.75𝑁2 𝐿2 + (𝑀𝐵𝐶 + 𝑀𝐶𝐵 ) + 𝑁3 𝐿3
𝐿1

-(𝑀𝐶𝐷 + 𝑀𝐷𝐶 )
 𝑃𝑖
From ;𝜀𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖 √
𝐸𝐼𝑖

𝐸𝐼1 𝐸𝐼1 𝐸𝐼2 𝐸𝐼2 2 𝐸𝐼3 𝐸𝐼

𝑍133 = −𝜀 21 + 2 ((𝛼1 + 𝛽1 ) ) + 0.75𝜀 2 2 − 0.75𝛾2 −𝜀 3 + 𝛾3 3
𝐿1 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿3

The stiffness matrix of the system is given as

𝑍11 𝑍13
𝐾=| |
𝑍31 𝑍33

EI1 EI EI1 EI
α1 + γ2 2 −(𝛼1 + 𝛽1 ) + −0.75γ2 2
L1 L2 L1 L2
𝐾=
𝐸𝐼
−(𝛼1 + 𝛽1 ) 1 Z33
[ 𝐿1 ]

K =
EI1 EI2 EI1 EI2
α1 + γ2 −(𝛼1 + 𝛽1 ) + −0.75γ2
L1 L2 L1 L2
𝐸𝐼1 𝐸𝐼
− (𝜀 21 + 2(𝛼1 + 𝛽1 ) + 0.75 (𝛾2 − 𝜀 2 2 )
2

𝐸𝐼1 𝐿1 𝐿2
−(𝛼1 + 𝛽1 ) 𝐸𝐼3
𝐿1 + (𝛾3 − 𝜀2 3 )
𝐿3
K = 106
15.375α1 + 27.4γ2 20.55γ2 − 15.375(𝛼1 + 𝛽1 )
| |
−15.375(𝛼1 + 𝛽1 −15.375𝜀2 1 + 30.75(𝛼1 + 𝛽1 ) + 20.55(𝜀2 2 − 𝛾2 ) − 7.813(𝛾3 − 𝜀2
3

Equation 1 is the stiffness matrix of the frame under consideration.

Where;

𝑃𝑖 𝜀[sin 𝜀−𝜀 cos 𝜀] 𝜀[𝜀−sin 𝜀]

𝜀𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖 √ ,𝛼 = and 𝛽=
𝐸𝐼𝑖 [2−2 cos 𝜀−𝜀 sin 𝜀] [2−2 cos 𝜀−𝜀 sin 𝜀]

Again
𝜀 2𝑛 𝜀 2𝑛+1
cos 𝜀 = ∑𝑛𝑖=0(−1)𝑛 andsin 𝜀 = ∑𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=0(−1) (2𝑛+1)!
2𝑛!

The engineer have opted for the sine and cosine functions because the accuracy of the Maclaurian’s series
expansion of the trigonometric functions is not good. It have been seen from analysis that all the
members have the axial loads then the trigonometrical function will hold.

1. MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS INTERPRETATION

The problem on hand is stability in nature, to do an analysis of such a problem the singularity of the
stiffness matrix have been studied by varying the magnitudes of axial loads. Mathematically the
singularity of the matrix is attained if the determinant is zero.
Looking at the stiffness matrix in equation 1, the plot of determinants of stiffness matrix and load factors
(λ) gives the best way of determining the critical load.

1.1. MATLAB ROUTINE FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

The stiffness matrix is a function of the factor that relates the applied load and the member properties
given in equation 2.

𝑃𝑖
𝜀𝑖 = 𝐿𝑖 √ ………….2
𝐸𝐼𝑖

To simplify the matrix calculation, the Epsilon (𝜀𝑖 ) matrix was developed to be of the order n by jwhere;
n = varying axial loads factors to the extent that gives a better visualization of the determinants
j = is the number of elements in the structure
The storage of data in the form of the matrix gives simplification when calling the values of Epsilon
required to form the stability functions and the stiffness matrix as well.