6.

WELL TEST
INTERPRETATION

GENERALITIES

Well parameters
Variation of well rate Well Pwf measurement
(at the surface)
+ versus time(at the bottom)
Reservoir properties

1
 GENERALITIES
Pressure Measurement in Wells:
» (at reservoir depth)
» Initially
» During production life
Gather data from:
WELL
» Production capacity of the well (PI)
» Well geometry

RESERVOIR
» Reservoir static pressure
» Transmissibility (k*h)
» Changes near the well bore (skin)
» Drainage radius
» Reservoir heterogeneities (Natural fractures, layering, permeability
changes,…)
» Boundaries (distance, shape)
» Nature of produced fluid properties
» Volume in place, drainage mechanism

GENERALITIES

PRODUCER
Pressure

open Draw Down

Débit

closed

Time Time

Build Up
Pressure

open
Débit

closed

Time Time

2
 GENERALITIES

INJECTOR
Time
closed

Pressure
Rate

injectio
open n

Time
Time

closed Pressure
Rate

Fall off
open Temps

Time

GENERALITIES

P(t) P(t) P
q(t)

Producing Observation r
Pi
well well

rd

Pressure profile

3
 FLOW AROUND A WELL

WELL TEST INTERPRETATION

• Assumptions:
– Constant temperature
– Rock compressibility negligible
– Fluid compressibility small & constant
– Fluid viscosity constant

• Fluid flow in porous media is calculated from the following

principle:
– Law of conservation of mass
– Darcy’s law
– Equation of state

DARCY’S LAW

ΔP
ΔP = q k ΔS
μ x

q
k
Mobilité
μ

q Débit Δx

S Section Vitesse de filtration : q

V=
S

La vitesse microscopique : V
φSo

4
 FLOW REGIMES

• TRANSIENT STATE - Infinite reservoir

- Initial pressure : Uniform Pi
- Well: Constant rate

• PSEUDO-STEADY-STATE - Limited reservoir

• STEADY-STATE - Constant pressure boundary

RADIAL FLOW

Constant pressure outer Infinite reservoir case

Boundary case
p Pi as r ∞
p = pi at r =re

rw

re

Bounded circular reservoir case

δp
at re =0
δr

5
 RADIAL FLOW

Pseudo steady-state
The pressure wave reaches the limit re

The flow is characterized by dp qµB

= = const ≠ 0
dt πre 2hφco

Flow equation is:

qµB ⎛ r 3⎞
p − pwf = ⎜ Ln e − ⎟
2πkh ⎜⎝ rw 4 ⎟⎠

p: Average static reservoir pressure in drainage area

RADIAL FLOW

Steady-state
Pressure support = pressure at re is constant

dp
=0
dt
Flow equation is:
qµB ⎛ r ⎞
p − pwf = ⎜⎜ Ln e ⎟⎟
2πkh ⎝ rw ⎠

6
 DRAW DOWN

(field units: US)

qBμ k
Pi - Pwf = 162.6 (Log t + Log - 3.23 + 0.87S)
kh ΦμCt rw2

162.6 qBµ
kh =
m

Pi-P1h k
S = 1.151( m - Log + 3.23)
ΦμCt rw2

BUILD UP

Δt
• t
tp

Pw
{ Pwf (t)
PwS (Δt)
•
Pwf Pws

t
Δt

7
 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

q
q2

q1

Pressure drop caused by

pwf Production at rate q1

Additional pressure drop caused by

Increasing production rate q2-q1

BUILD UP (superposition)

pws: well pressure after shut in

p i: initial pressure (psi)
tp: production time before shut in (hours)
162.6 qBμ t +Δt
Pi-PwS= Log p Δt: time elapsed from shut in (hours)

kh Δt q:
µ:
production rate before shut in (Bopd)
oil viscosity (cp)
k: effective permeability of oil (mD)
h: reservoir thickness (ft)
162.6 qBμ B: oil FVF
• kh =
m

• pws p* when Δt
8

Δt=0)
P1h-Pws( tp +1 k
• S = 1.151( + Log - Log + 3.23)
m tp ΦμCt rw2

8
 HORNER PLOT

HORNER PLOT
p*
1700

1600
Pressure (psi) 1 hr

welbore damage
1500

distortion due to

and
after production
1400

1300

1200
1 10 100 1000
(t+dt)/dt

Flowing time t is approximated as:

cumulative fluid produced / production rate just before closing in

AVERAGE RPESSURE

{
P* INFINITE RESERVOIR Pi = P*
HORNER,
SUPERPOSITION
LIMITED RESERVOIR P

9
 PRESSURE BUILDUP ANALYSIS

Skin effect

Drilling mud Mud cake + mud filtrate

Partial plugging of invaded zone

Permeability reduction skin

s>0 damaged zone

s=0 no damage

s<0 permeability improvement

mechanical skin: partial penetration

translation: an additional pressure loss near the bore hole

SKIN

INFINITESIMAL SKIN AT WELL BORE

P
Initial pressure

Pressure profile in the reservoir

ΔPs

Pwf

rw r
qBμ
Δ Ps = 141.2 S
kh

10
 SKIN

S = Sp + Sc + Sd + Spp

{
SKIN

WELL BORE STORAGE

P(t) q(t)

- ΔV
C=
ΔP

Initial production due to the decompression of the fluid in site the well

11
 WELL BORE STORAGE

Well closed at the bottom10-4 à 10-3 m3/bar (4 10-5 à 4 10-4 bbl/psi)

Well closed at the surface 10-2 à 10-1 m3/bar (4 10-3 à 4 10-2 bbl/psi)

Pumping well
0,1 à 1 m3/bar (4 10-2 à 4 10-1 bbl/psi)

HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIR

1980/12/13-0600 : OIL
400. 420. 440. 460. 480. 500.
pressure BARS

0. 50. 100.
300.
rates M3/D
100. 0.

0. 50. 100.
T Decimal Hours
Exemple réservoir homogène

Data starts at 1980-12-11 04:00:00 Static-Data and Constants

Data ends at 1980-12-17 10:00:00 Volume-Factor = 1.600 vol/vol
Number of rates = 2 Thickness = 33.00 METRE
Cum. Production = 729.2 M3 Viscosity = 2.000 CP
Total Compress = .9720E-04 1/BAR
Rate = 350.0 M3/D
Storivity = .0004811 METRE/BAR
Diffusivity = N/A METRE^2/HR
Gauge Depth = N/A METRE
Perf. Depth = N/A METRE
Datum Depth = N/A METRE

12
 HOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIR
1980/12/13-0600 : OIL

SLOPE

480.
460.
P BARS
440. 420.
400.

100 101 102 103

(T + DT)/DT
Exemple réservoir homogène

slope of the line = -7.86312 BARS/cycle Static-Data and Constants

extrapolated pressure = 500.1 BARS Volume-Factor = 1.600 vol/vol
R(inv) at 20.87 hr = 303. METRE Thickness = 33.00 METRE
R(inv) at 60.11 hr = 514. METRE Viscosity = 2.000 CP
Total Compress = .9720E-04 1/BAR
Rate
prod. time=50.00 hr at rate=350.0000 M3/D = 350.0 M3/D
Storivity = .0004811 METRE/BAR
skin = 4.08 Diffusivity = 1130. METRE^2/HR
permeability = 92.8 MD Gauge Depth = N/A METRE
Perm-Thickness = 3060. MD-METRE Perf. Depth = N/A METRE
Datum Depth = N/A METRE

PRODUCTIVITY INDEX

Qo
PI actual =
p ∗ − pwf

TRANSIENT

kh 1
PI = •

162.6 Bμ (Log t + Log k -3.23 + 0.87S)

ΦμCt rw 2
STEADY-STATE
kh 1
PI= •
162.6 Bμ (Log A + Log2.2458 + 0.87S)
rw2 CA

QO PI actual
PIideal = Δpskin = 0.87 * s * m Flow efficiency =
P∗ − Pwf − Δpskin PI ideal

13
 PRODUCTIVITY INDEX

Qo
PI actual = SI units
p ∗ − pwf
2πkk ro h( pr − pwf )
qo =
PIideal = ∗
QO ⎡ ⎛r ⎞ ⎤
P − Pwf − Δpskin µo Bo ⎢ Ln⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ + s ⎥
⎣ ⎝ rw ⎠ ⎦

PI actual
Flow efficiency =
PI ideal Field units

0.00708 π kk ro h ( p r − p wf )
qo =
Δpskin = 0.87 * s * m ⎡ ⎛r ⎞ ⎤
µo Bo ⎢log ⎜⎜ e ⎟⎟ + s ⎥
⎣ ⎝ rw ⎠ ⎦

DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETERS

(FIELD UNITS: U.S.)

kh ΔP
• Pressure PD =
141.2 qBμ

• Time tD = 0.0002642k Δt
ΦμCt rw

0.89 C
• Well bore Storage CD =
ΦCt h rw2

14
 TYPE CURVES

Dimensionless time group

kh ΔT
tD/CD = 0.00095 μ C

Dimensionless curve group

CD e2S = 0.8936 C e2S

ΦCt h rw2

TYPE CURVES

15
 DERIVATIVE

PD
Well bore
storage effect Transition Semi log straight line

10 1
Hump function of
CDe2S
Slope 1

Straight line 0,5

10 0

10-1 -1
10 100 101 102 103 104
TD/CD

DERIVATIVE

16
BARRIERS TO FLOW

SEALING FAULT

1. Radial flow
2. Hemi-radial flow

17
 SEALING FAULT

1981/01/01-0000 : OIL

340.

SLOPE
335.
P BARS

Homogeneous Reservoir
slope of the line = -.46E-02 BARS/cycle
extrapolated pressure = 341.2 BARS
extrapolated pressure (2) = 342.8 BARS
330.

R(inv) at 5.001 hr = 228. METRE

R(inv) at 13.07 hr = 369. METRE
prod. time=500.0 hr at rate=79.49378 M3/D
skin = -1.37
permeability = 49.2 MD
Perm-Thickness = 1230. MD-METRE
+x Interface = 378. METRE
325.

56. HR 5.1 HR .50 HR .050 HR

0. 500. 1000. 1500. 2000.

SUPERPOSITION
Faille

SEALING FAULT

1981/01/01-0000 : OIL

Homogeneous Reservoir
** Simulation Data **
well. storage = .0600 M3/BAR
skin = -1.10
permeability = 51.2 MD
Perm-Thickness = 1280. MD-METRE
+x Distance = 381. METRE (1.00)
Smoothing Coef = 0.,0.
DP + DERIVATIVE (BARS/M3/D)
-1
10

PD=1/2
-2
10
-3
10

10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2
DT (HR)
Fault

18
 CHANNELS

L
d

1• Radial Flow
2• Linear flow: when both infinite limits are reached

CHANNELS
199.
198.

101
P (BARS)
197.

••
PD
196.

pente mL
100
195.

•
194.

10 -1

0. 5. 10. 15.
100 101 102 103 104
t TD/CD

19
 CHANNELS

1981/01/01-0000 : OIL

END PBU
Homogeneous Reservoir
** Simulation Data **
well. storage = .0602 M3/BAR
skin = -1.03
permeability = 52.4 MD
Perm-Thickness = 1310. MD-METRE
+x boundary = 120. METRE (1.00)
-x boundary = 533. METRE (1.00)
DP + DERIVATIVE (BARS/M3/D)
-1

Smoothing Coef = 0.,0.

10

PD=1/2
10 -2

120m

533m
10 -3

10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2
DT (HR)

2 Faults

PSEUDO STEADY STATE

CLOS ED RES ERVOIR

200.

pression moyenne
10 0
199.
P BARS

PD
198.

10 -1
197.

10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4
10 -2

(T+DT)/DT
10-1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3
TD /CD

20
 PSEUDO STEADY STATE

1990/02/27-2228 : OIL

CLOS ED RES ERVOIR

DP + DERIVATIVE (BARS/M3/D)
10 -2

PD=1/2
10 -3

555m
10 -4

10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101

DT (HR)
ATTALA NORTH 101 115m 555m
Homogeneous Reservoir
** Simulation Data ** Static-Data and Constants
well. storage = .00346
skin = 5.40
M3/BAR Volume-Factor = 1.500 vol/vol
Thickness = 6.000 METRE
270m
permeability = 665. MD Viscosity = .6000 CP
Perm-Thickness = 3990. MD-METRE Total Compress = .0001610 1/BAR
+x boundary = 115. METRE (1.00) Rate = 655.0 M3/D
-x boundary = 555. METRE (1.00) Storivity = .0001178 METRE/BAR
+y boundary = 270. METRE (1.00) Diffusivity = 20050. METRE^2/HR
-y boundary = 555. METRE (1.00) Gauge Depth = N/A METRE
Smoothing Coef = 0.,0. Perf. Depth = N/A METRE
Datum Depth = N/A METRE

CONSTANT PRESSURE BOUNDARY

GAZ
d

HUILE
CONSTANT PRESSURE BOUNDARY

EAU

21
 CONSTANT PRESSURE BOUNDARY

1980/12/14-0700 : OIL

DP + DERIVATIVE (BARS/M3/D)
10 -1
10 -2

PD=1/2

PRESSION CONSTANTE
10 -3

10 -2 10-1 100 101

DT (HR)
Exemple réservoir homogène
Homogeneous Reservoir
** Simulation Data ** Static-Data and Constants
well. storage = .0500 M3/BAR Volume-Factor = 1.600 vol/vol
skin = 5.00 Thickness = 33.00 METRE
permeability = 100. MD Viscosity = 2.000 CP
Perm-Thickness = 3300. MD-METRE Total Compress = .9720E-04 1/BAR
+x Distance = 150. METRE (-1.00) Rate = 500.0 M3/D
Smoothing Coef = 0.,0. Storivity = .0004811 METRE/BAR
Diffusivity = 1219. METRE^2/HR
Gauge Depth = N/A METRE
Perf. Depth = N/A METRE
Datum Depth = N/A METRE

PARTIAL PENETRATION MODEL

hp ht

22
 PARTIAL PENETRATION MODEL

gas
oil

water oil

Net thickness(ho)
Perforated
interval(hp)
Reservoir

Permeability barriers

PARTIAL PENETRATION MODEL

100

perforation radial flow

Spherical flow
10-1

global radial flow

10 -2

10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 DT (HR) 10 0 101

23
PARTIAL PENETRATION MODEL

Radial flow at Perforations

• Change of pressure as a function of Log t

• k h hp kh
• Skin well, Sc

Transition : spherical flow

• Change of pressure as a function of 1/ t
k v ( ks ) 3
• k s = ( k h2 k v) 1/3 =
kh kh

PARTIAL PENETRATION MODEL

Global radial flow in the reservoir

• Change of pressure as a function of Log t

• kh ht kh
ht
• Global Skin, S' S'=Spp + Sc
hp
k
• Spp = f ( hp , v )
ht kh

• p*

24
 PARTIAL PENETRATION MODEL
1985/06/16-0206 : OIL

PD=1/2

10 -2
DP + DERIVATIVE (PSI/STB/D)
10 -3
10 -4

10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0

DT (HR)
PL207T
Partial Penetration Well No-Flux and Dual-Por.(P.S.S.)
** Simulation Data ** Type-Curve Model Static-Data
well. storage = .0291 BBLS/PSI Perf. Interval = 43.0 FEET
Skin(perf.) = 1.20 Perf Location = 108. FEET
permeability = 801. MD
omega = .400 Static-Data and Constants
lambda = .100E-06 Volume-Factor = 1.670 vol/vol
Kv/Kh = .01000 Thickness = 216.5 FEET
Eff. Thickness = 478. FEET Viscosity = .3100 CP
Skin(Global) = 83.2 Total Compress = .2486E-04 1/PSI
Hp/Heff = .0899 Rate = 5975. STB/D
Smoothing Coef = .030,0. Storivity = .0006030 FEET/PSI
Diffusivity = N/A FEET^2/HR
Gauge Depth = 0. FEET
Perf. Depth = 0. FEET
Datum Depth = 0. FEET

FRACTURED RESERVOIR MODEL

cubes

matches

slabs

25
 FRACTURED RESERVOIRS MODEL

1980/12/14-0700

Flow of fractures Fractures to matrix transition Homogeneous flow

matrix + fractures
PD + DERIVATIVE (BARS/M3/D)
10 -1
10 -2
10 -3

10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1

Dual porosity behavior

HORIZONTAL WELL MODEL

Zw L
h rw

26
 HORIZONTAL WELL MODEL

EARLY TIME INTERMEDIATE TIME LATE TIME

Horizontal
Vertical pseudo-radial flow
radial flow Linear flow

HORIZONTAL WELL MODEL

1980/12/19-1552 : OIL

END PBU
10 -1
DP + DERIVATIVE (BARS/M3/D)

Horizontal
pseudo-radial flow
10 -2

Vertical Linear flow

radial flow
h KH
0.5
L KV
10 -3

10-2 10-1 100 101

DT (HR)

27