Digital Assignment -1

Name: RVR ABHIRAM

Reg no: 17BEC0085
Subject: Engineering Physics PHY-1701

Q(1): Consider a particle trapped inside an infinite potential well.

Find the expectation value of the position for the following cases

(1): boundary wall at x=0,L/2

(2): boundary wall at x=-L/2,L/2

(1): To find the expectation value <x> we need to use the relation
∞

< 𝑥 >= ∫ 𝑥|⍦|²𝑑𝑥

−∞

Here the boundary condition is given as 0<x<L

𝐿
 <x>=∫0 𝑥|⍦|²𝑑𝑥

2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 Where ⍦=√𝐿 𝑆𝑖𝑛 ( 𝐿
)

 Substitute the value of ⍦ in the above equation

𝐿 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝐿 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 <x>=∫0 𝑥(√ 𝑆𝑖𝑛( ))²dx = ∫0 𝑥 ( ) ( 𝑆𝑖𝑛( ))²𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿

2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐿 (1−𝐶𝑜𝑠( ))
𝐿
 <x>=(2/L)∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [since Cos(2x)=1-
2
2Sin²(x)]

𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
 <x>=(1/L)∫0 𝑥 (1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐿
)) 𝑑𝑥

𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
 <x>=(1/L)∫0 (𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( )))𝑑𝑥
𝐿
 𝐿 𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
 <x>=(1/L)(∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 - ∫0 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑥)
𝐿

 <x>=(1/L)((x²/2)|0L-∫0 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 (
𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐿
) 𝑑𝑥 )

 Now

 Integrating by parts

2𝑛𝜋𝑥

|
𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛( 𝐿 ) 𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋

𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫0 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋
L0 -∫
0
𝑆𝑖𝑛(
𝐿
)/(
𝐿
)dx
𝐿

1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
 (((L)(Sin(2(1)(π)))/(2π/L)-0)+( 2𝑛𝜋 2
) (𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐿
)) |0L
( )
𝐿

1
 Sin(2π)+( 2𝑛𝜋 2
) (𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝜋) − 𝐶𝑜𝑠(0))
( )
𝐿

1
 0+( 2𝑛𝜋 2
) (1 − 1)
( )
𝐿

 0

 Therefore ,

𝐿 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
 ∫0 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐿
) 𝑑𝑥 =0

1 𝐿2 𝐿
 Now ( ) ( ) =
𝐿 2 2

 Therefore the expectation value <x> when in the range 0<x<L is at

𝐿
 X=
2

𝐿 𝐿
(2): Finding expectation value in the range – 2 < 𝑥 < 2

𝐿/2
 Now <x>= ∫−𝐿/2 𝑥|⍦|²𝑑𝑥

𝑛𝜋𝑥
 ⍦=(√2/𝐿)𝑆𝑖𝑛( 𝐿
)
 Substitute in the above equation

𝐿/2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 <x>=∫−𝐿/2 𝑥(√𝐿 𝑆𝑖𝑛( 𝐿
))²dx

𝐿/2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 <x>=∫−𝐿/2 𝑥 (𝐿) ( 𝑆𝑖𝑛( 𝐿
))²𝑑𝑥

2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐿/2 (1−𝐶𝑜𝑠( ))
𝐿
 <x>=(2/L)∫−𝐿/2 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 [since Cos(2x)=1-2Sin²(x)]

𝐿
2𝑛𝜋𝑥
 <x>=(1/L)∫2𝐿 𝑥 (1 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐿
)) 𝑑𝑥
−
2

𝐿/2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
 <x>=(1/L)∫−𝐿/2 (𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 (𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐿
))) 𝑑𝑥

𝐿/2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
 <x>=(1/L)((x²/2)|-L/2L/2- ∫−𝐿/2 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐿
) 𝑑𝑥)

𝐿2 𝐿2 1 𝐿/2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
 <x>=(1/L)( 4 − 4 )- (𝐿) ∫−𝐿/2 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐿
) 𝑑𝑥

1 𝐿/2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
 <x>=(0)- (𝐿) ∫−𝐿/2 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐿
) 𝑑𝑥

 Now

Integrating by parts

2𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐿/2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑥𝑆𝑖𝑛( ) 𝐿/2 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋
 ∫−𝐿/2 𝑥𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐿
) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋
𝐿
|
L/2-L/2 -∫−𝐿/2 𝑆𝑖𝑛( 𝐿
)/( 𝐿 )dx
𝐿

 (((L/2)(Sin(2(1)(π/2)))/(2π/L)+(- L/2)(Sin(2(1)(-π/2)))/(2π/L
1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
+( 2𝑛𝜋 2
) (𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( 𝐿
)) |-L/2L /2
( )
𝐿

𝐿 𝐿
1 1 ( )(sin(𝜋)) ( )(sin(−𝜋)) 1
 (𝐿) (0) − (𝐿) [ 2 2𝜋 + 2
2𝜋 ]+( 2𝜋 2
) [cos(𝜋) − cos(−𝜋)]
𝐿 𝐿 ( )
𝐿

1 1
 0-( ) (0) + ( 2𝜋 2
) (0)
𝐿 ( )
𝐿
  0

 Therefore <x>=0

𝐿 𝐿
 This means the expectation value of n=1 between – < 𝑥 < 𝑖𝑠 0
2 2

Explanation:-
Expectation value is the average value between the initial position and the final
position
(0+𝐿)
In case(1) the average value is =L/2
2

𝐿 𝐿
− +
In case(2) the average value is 2 2
2
=0

Q(2): Show that the percentage of loss of the incident

photon energy in a Compton scattering process is
Fractional loss in energy
ℎ𝑐(∆𝜆)
𝜆(𝜆+Δ𝜆) Δ𝜆
K/E= ℎ𝑐 =
𝜆+Δ𝜆
𝜆

Using this relation show that for visible light photon with
𝜆 = 550𝑛𝑚 K/E<0.001%.Now explain why it is not possible
to see Compton effect using visible light photons?
Ans:

Consider a photon colliding an electron elastically with momentum P0 wavelength 𝜆

and energy E0. The electron is initially at rest

Total energy before collision:-

Photon:

Before collision: E0+m0c² after collision:E+ m0c²+K

E0+m0c²=E+ m0c²+K

E0-E=K; that implies c(p0-p)=K

ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
= +𝐾
𝜆 𝜆1

ℎ𝑐
=(ℎ𝑐/𝜆 + Δ𝜆)+K
𝜆

ℎ𝑐(Δ𝜆)
K=
𝜆+Δ𝜆

Now,
fraction of energy is

Δ𝜆
=(K/E)
𝜆+Δ𝜆

Given angle 𝜃 = 900

ℎ
Now Compton shift is ∆𝜆 = 𝜆1 − 𝜆 = (
𝑚𝑐
) (1 − cos(𝜃))
ℎ
Δ𝜆 = (𝑚𝑐) (1) = 2.42 ∗ 10-12

(K/E)=((2.42*10-12)/(5.5*10-9))(100)

Therefore the percentage in loss of energy is=4.39*10-4%<<0.001%

Explanation:
The loss in energy for the photon is almost negligible so the Δ𝜆 value is small which
cannot be identified by the instruments

Q(3): A particle is known to be in the ground state of an

infinite square well with length L. calculate the probability
that this particle will be found in the middle half of the well
, that is between x=L/4 and x=3L/4
Sol.

Probability between x=L/4 and x=3L/4 is

3𝐿/4
=∫ |𝜑|2 𝑑𝑥
𝐿/4

3𝐿/4
2 2 𝑛𝑥𝜋
= ∫ sin ( )𝑑𝑥
𝐿 2
𝐿/4

n=1
3𝐿/4 𝜋𝑥
= 2/L∫𝐿/4 sin2 ( 𝐿
) 𝑑𝑥

3𝐿/4
1 2𝜋𝑥
= ∫ (1 − cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 2
𝐿/4

2 3𝐿 𝐿 2𝜋𝑥 3𝐿
= [𝑥] 𝑙4 − [sin ( ))𝐿4
𝐿 4 2 𝐿 4

2
2 𝑙 [−1 − 1]
= ∗ − 2𝜋
𝑙 2 2
1 1
= 2 + 𝜋=0.8183