John Shia
Faculty of Pharmacy
UiTM Selangor
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lecture, the students will be able to:
3
Why (or purpose):
To help my body warm up,
shivering generates heat bla
bla bla……
4
Physiology is the study of the functions of living things (how
the human/animal body works).
5
Physiological Subdisciplines
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
Func%ons of cells
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Structural Protection
support Secretion
Absorption
Support
Movement For communication
coordination
control
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5. Body System Level
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Why does the human body have so many organ systems?
Self-replica%on Self-organiza%on
Support &
Self -regula%on
movement
Why does the human body have so many organ systems?
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• Conformers or regulators – each strategy has its benefits
and costs.
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• Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal constancy or the
maintenance of internal conditions in the face of environmental
pertubations.
• Homeo (the same) + stasis (to stand or to stay) does not imply that
there is no change in the organism but the animal initiates specific
responses to control or regulate a particular variable.
maintained by
is essential for
make up survival of
CELLS
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External environment – the surrounding environment in
which an organism lives.
Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Blood
vessel
Plasma
cells
Extracellular fluid
DYNAMIC
STEADY
STATE
• CO2 concentra7on
v 10-13 kPa
• Body temperature
v 36-38 °C
• Blood pH
v pH 7.35 - 7.45
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-
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• The circulatory system – transports materials (nutrients,
O2, CO2, wastes, electrolytes, hormones).
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• The nervous system – controls and coordinates body
activities that require swift responses.
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Homeostatic control system is a functionally interconnected
network of body components that operate to maintain a
given factor in the internal environment relatively constant
around an optimal level.
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To maintain homeostasis, the homeostatic control system
must be able to:
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Homeostatic control system can be grouped into two classes:
Integrator
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Negative feedback – a reaction in which the system responds to
reverse the direction of change.
eg. Body temperature regulation To
restore
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Fall in body temperature below set point
+
Temperature control center Set Point
+
Skeletal muscles
(and other effectors)
Nega%ve feedback
Contrac%ons
Mother’s hypothalamus enhanced
Pituitary gland
Oxytocin secreted
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Physiology Study the func7ons and ac7vi7es of various
parts of an organism; how they work together
Set point
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Maintained by Controlled by
Nervous
Body systems Homeostasis
& Endocrine
system
is essen+al for
survival of
Make
up
Cells Feedback
system
Negative Positive
Feedback Feedback
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TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Consider a husband and wife sharing a bed, with each one having
an electric blanket. Their controls become switched. When the
husband feels cold, he turns up the control. This warms out his
wife, who turns down her control. This chills the husband who
turns up his control even more. The process continues. For both
the wife and husband, this would be an example of:
A. negative feedback
B. positive feedback.
C. homeostasis.
D. regulated change.
E. integrated control.
TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Describe the interrelationship among cells, body system and
homeostasis.
Discuss the relationship between the internal environment and the ECF.