Concise PT PDF

Concise Beam Technical Background (UNDER
DEVELOPMENT)
Table of Contents
• 1 General
• 1.1 Purpose
• 1.2 Technical Basis
• 1.3 Analysis Method
• 1.4 Design Standards And Codes
• 1.5 Units Of Measure
• 1.6 Verification Of Results And The Verification Suite
• 2 Beam Modelling
• 2.1 Beam Cross-Section
• 2.2 Beam Segments
• 2.3 Concrete Materials
• 2.4 Support Conditions
• 2.4.1 Support Layout
• 2.4.2 Support Details
• 2.4.3 Shoring
• 2.5 Simulating Continuity
• 2.6 Mild Reinforcing Steel
• 2.6.1 Material
• 2.6.2 Longitudinal Rebar
• 2.6.3 Transverse Rebar (Stirrups)
• 2.6.4 Transverse Interface Ties
• 2.7 Prestressing Tendons
• 2.7.1 Material
• 2.7.2 Tendon Profile
• 2.7.3 Prestress Loss
• 2.7.4 Transfer And Development Length
• 2.8 Design Parameters
• 2.8.1 Schedule
• 2.8.2 Service Environment
• 2.9 Calculation Options
• 3 Load Analysis
• 3.1 Analysis Effects
• 3.2 Analysis Stages
• 3.3. External Loading
• 3.3.1 Self-Weight
• 3.3.2 External Loads
• 3.3.3 Load Distributions
• 3.3.4 Load Cases
• 3.3.5 Load Combinations
• 3.3.6 Load Envelopes
• 3.4. Analysis Sections
• 3.5 Section Properties
• 3.5.1 Uncracked Properties
• 3.5.2 Cracked Properties
• 4 Design Checks
• 4.1 Serviceability Limit State
• 4.1.1 Concrete Stresses
• 4.1.2 Steel Stresses
• 4.1.3 Deflection Estimate
• 4.1.4 Crack Control And Crack Width Estimate
• 4.2 Fatigue Limit State
• 4.2.1 Steel Stresses
• 4.3 Ultimate Limit State
• 4.3.1 Flexural Strength
• 4.3.2 Vertical Shear Strength In Service
• 4.3.3 Longitudinal Torsion In Service
• 4.3.4 Horizontal Interface Shear In Service
• 4.4 Stability Checks
• 4.4.1 Lateral Stability During Lifting and Transportation
• 5 Technical References
• 5.1 Design Standards and Codes
• 5.2 Books and Manuals
• 5.3 Articles and Reports
1 General
1.1 Purpose
Concise Beam has been created as an aid for the design of simple span precast concrete beams for the
building industry. These beams may be prestressed and composite with a cast-in-place pour. The
program was designed to use a variety of national design codes, and Metric or US Customary units of
measure.
Concise Beam will not design the beam itself. It is primarily intended to be used by an qualified
structural engineer as an aid in checking code conformance. The user/designer is required to model the
beam in Concise Beam including all reinforcing details. Concise Beam can generate some levels of
reinforcing required but it ultimately up to the user/designer to complete the detailing in order to
perform a final design code check.
1.2 Technical Basis

Concise Beam was design to implement the applicable provisions of the supported design standard and
codes, including alternate methods. Where the formulae are not explicitly proscribed by the selected
design code Concise Beam will use standard engineering formulae and procedures outlined in
references such as the CPCI (Canada) Design Manual, PCI (USA) Design Handbook, and NPCAA
(Australia) Precast Concrete Handbook. Articles and reports referenced in the selected code are also
used. Newer research and procedures have also been incorporated into Concise Beam, typically as
calculation options. For ACI users the recommendations of the PCI Standard Design Practice, TR-7-05
(see the PCI Design Handbook) are also available as an option. A list of the references used by Concise
Beam is available at the end of this document.
Many of the techniques and examples illustrated in these publications are simplified to suit calculation
by hand for the critical sections only. Concise Beam takes advantage of the power of your computer to
perform calculations at many sections along the beam, regardless of whether or not they are critical.
Concise Beam also uses some techniques that are more sophisticated or involve a greater degree of
iteration than can reasonably be performed by hand calculations. Concise Beam is also designed to
handle far more generalized problems than are usually illustrated in over-simplified examples meant to
demonstrate a single concept. Therefore the answers Concise Beam gives may vary somewhat from the
answers given in the above publications. In order to compare the Concise Beam's output with
simplified hand calculations Concise Beam can be made to simplify it's calculations through
calculation options. For instance Concise Beam can be forced to used gross section properties or use
only midspan beam properties to calculate deflections.
1.3 Analysis Method

Concise Beam uses simple beam theory (i.e. plane sections remain plane) assuming the full length of
the beam is a B-Region and uses a statically determinate analysis. The program does not account for
stress concentrations at discontinuities in the beam such as at web openings (D-Regions). Shear design
is based on a truss model as defined by the relevant design code. The program does not support strut-
and-tie design at shear discontinuities (D regions like large web openings).
1.4 Design Standards And Codes

Concise Beam currently supports the following concrete design standards and codes from Canada, the
USA, Australia, and New Zealand.
• CSA-A23.3-94 (Canadian concrete design standard for buildings),
• CSA-A23.3-04 (Canadian concrete design standard for buildings),
• CAN/CSA-S-6-06 (Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code) - partially implemented,
• ACI 318-99 (American concrete design standard for buildings),
• AS 3600-2001 (Australian concrete design standard for buildings),
• AS 3600-2009 (Australian concrete design standard for buildings), and
• NZ 3101.1:05 (New Zealand concrete design standard for buildings)
You can also customize certain parameters of each of these codes (referred to as a Custom Code in
Concise Beam).
The optional PCI Standard Design Practice recommendations (ACI codes only) will override the code
values including the values saved to a custom code. They don't show up in the Custom Code report.
The PCI recommendations include changes to design factors and calculation methods. You should refer
to the "PCI Standard Design Practice, TR-7-05" document for more detail. You can find it in the PCI
Design Handbook or on the PCI web site.
1.5 Units Of Measure

Concise Beam supports two unit systems, Metric and US customary (Imperial). The user can switch
between the unit systems at any time independently of design code selected. Individual units of
measure (i.e. mm or m for length) can also be selected by the user.
1.6 Verification Of Results And The Verification Suite

Concise Beam installs a series of problem files, referred to as the Verification Suite, when you install
the program. You can find The Verification Suite directory in your Windows Public Documents
directory under the "Concise Beam V4.5 Files" directory. The Verification Suite includes problem files
that recreate examples in a number of reference documents including the PCI Design Handbook, the
PCI Hollow-core manual, PCA Notes, and a few key reference papers.
You should note that Concise Beam can not always reproduce the results of some of the examples. The
examples are intended for hand calculations and use various simplifications such as gross section
properties or full cracking through out the length of the beam. Concise Beam by default uses detailed
methods such as transformed/net section properties and the determination of cracked properties at each
point along the beam, to name just a few. The Calculation Options dialog under the Options menu
allows you to force Concise Beam to use some common simplifications in order to make it easier to
recreate example problems. These simplifications are not recommended for the final design check. The
example files in the Verification Suite use these options as required.
... back to Table of Contents
2 Beam Modelling
2.1 Beam Cross-Section
The cross-section of the beam is composed of the cross-section of the precast beam as well as an
optional composite cast-in-place pour. The precast section and the cast-in-place pour can use different
concretes. The precast section can be of any shape and Concise Beam does not know what kind of
shape it is (i.e. double tee or hollow-core) by it's shape alone. The user is able to tell Concise Beam
what a particular section type is so that Concise Beam can adjust it's calculations to suit the section
type. For instance hollow-core section have specialized calculations associated with them. Precast
section can be saved to and selected from library files or created by the user from scratch within the
problem file. A set of standard precast section libraries are installed with Concise Beam. The cast-in-
place pour is specified in the problem file using a predefined shape.
The cross-section can vary prismatically (i.e. not tapered) at any point along the beam (see beam
segments below). User-defined precast sections can be used to account for flange or web notches or
openings. Note that Concise Beam does not recognize or analyse D-Regions (where simple beam
theory does not apply) such as deep beams, dapped ends or large openings or changes in section.
By default all sections included in a beam will be aligned along their bottom and laterally centred on
their centroid. Sections can optionally be offset relative to adjacent sections vertically and horizontally.
The bottom of the lowest section is assumed to be the casting bed. Vertically offsetting sections
upwards towards midspan can be used to simulate an arched or haunched soffit.
2.2 Beam Segments

A composite cast-in-place (CIP) pour (e.g. a topping or deck slab) can be defined over each segment of
the beam.
2.3 Concrete Materials

The user is able to specify the precast concrete density and strength at transfer, during initial lifting, and
in service (the 28 day strength). The density and 28 day concrete strength of a cast-in-place pour can
also be specified. The modulus of elasticity of the concrete is calculated in accordance with the selected
design code. The calculated value can be over-written by the user. The rupture strength and concrete
density factor λ, beta factor β, and alpha factor α, where required, are also calculated in accordance
with the selected design code.
Concise Beam classifies normal weight and lighter weights concretes based on the density specified by
the user.
For CSA A23.3, ACI 318, AS3600 and NZ3101.1
• Normal Weight Concrete: above 2350.0 kg/m3 (146.64 pcf) [λ = 1.0]
• Semi-Normal Weight Concrete: between 2150.0 kg/m3 (134.16 pcf) and 2350.0 kg/m3 (146.64
pcf) [0.85 < λ < 1.0]
• Semi-Low Weight Concrete: between 1850.0 kg/m3 (115.44 pcf) and 2150.0 kg/m3 (134.16 pcf)
[0.75 < λ < 0.85]
• Low Weight Concrete: below 1850.0 kg/m3 (115.44 pcf) [λ = 0.75]
For CSA S6
• Normal Weight Concrete: above 2150.0 kg/m3 (134.16 pcf) [λ = 1.0]
• Semi-Low Weight Concrete: between 1850.0 kg/m3 (115.44 pcf) and 2150.0 kg/m3 (134.16 pcf)
[λ = 0.85]
• Low Weight Concrete: below 1850.0 kg/m3 (115.44 pcf) [λ = 0.75]
These classifications are used to calculate the concrete density factor, λ. The following limits are used
for this classification. Concise calculates the lambda factor in accordance with ACI 318-08 clause 8.6.1
(11.2.1.2 in previous editions of the code). This clause provides for a linear interpolation from 1.0 at
normal density concrete down to 0.75 for light weight concrete (0.85 for semi-light weight). A density
of 118 lb/ft3 is used as the upper limit of light weight concrete and 147 lb/ft3 as the lower limit for
normal density. Therefore the user just has to specify the density.
The user can also specify whether the precast concrete is flowable (i.e. self-consolidating concrete) or
steel-fibre reinforced.
The concrete strength in compression at ultimate is taken to be the maximum defined by the selected
design code for use with an equivalent rectangular stress block for sections that reach the maximum
concrete compressive strain. For sections that do not reach the maximum concrete compressive strain,
due to strand or rebar slippage, the concrete strength is based on the ACI stress-strain curve as
published in PCI Notes on ACI318-02, page 6-10.
Hollow-Core Fill
For hollow-core slab the user has the option to fill some of the cores with a concrete fill. This option is
only available for sections with a "Hollow-Core" section type. The user can specify the strength of the
concrete fill though it is assumed to be normal weight. The weight of the fill is accounted for in the
load analysis but not considered to be composite with the section and does not carry any prestress or
add to the composite section. The fill is only considered effective in resisting transverse shear.
2.4 Support Conditions
2.4.1 Support Layout

Concise Beam currently allows two supports at each stage. The user can specify different support
locations at transfer, or stripping if not prestressed, and in service. While a prestressed beam is on the
precasting bed it will usually camber upwards at transfer and will be supports at it's ends. The user can
thus use the support locations at transfer to represent the blocking locations used when the beam is
transferred from the casting bed. For taller beams you can also define how the beam is supported
during transport with two support locations. The centre of each support is located from the left end of
the precast beam.
The user is also able to specify two lifting locations (i.e. lifting loops).
2.4.2 Support Details

In addition to a support location the user can specify the length of the support. This length is used to
determine the location of the face of the support.
2.4.3 Shoring
The cast-in-place pour (CIP pour) can be placed with the beam shored so that it's weight is carried by
the composite section. The weight of the beam can also be jacked so that it is also carried by the
composite section, as in thin slab construction.
The "Beam Shored During Cast-in-Place Pour" option has the effect of causing the weight of the cast-
in-place pour and the DL (before CIP) to be carried by the composite section. This would be the case if
shoring was placed tight to the underside of the erected beam without it carrying any of the beam's
weight. The additional "Shoring is Jacked or Wedges to Carry Beam Weight" option has the effect of
causing the beam's weight, as well as the CIP pour, to be carried by the composite section. The
eccentric effects of any prestressing are also restrained by the composite section. This additional option
is intended for thin-slab prestressed construction or non-prestressed beams which have a downward
deflection at erection if not shored (including the effect of any prestress camber). The shoring is
assumed to hold the erected beam in a neutral position (zero stress due to self-weight).
2.5 Simulating Continuity

You may be able to simulate continuous beams in Concise Beam using one of two approaches.
The first approach, which is appropriate for semi-continuous beams (continuity formed by a cast-in-
place deck), is to consider a single span and add fixed end moments to the continuous end. This
requires an external analysis to get the fixed end moments. You also need to anchor the continuity steel
at the end of the beam to avoid having a development length. The example file "Continuity Example -
Fixed End Moments.con" in your Problem Files directory quickly illustrates this approach.
The second approach, for continuous precast beams, is to apply interior prop loads (negative point
loads) where the interior supports would be. In each load case you will need to add prop loads of
sufficient magnitude to give an immediate deflection of zero at the support for that load case. You can
balance the prestress camber and beam weight together in the Beam Weight (additional) load case. You
find the prop load through iteration by guessing at the prop load, looking at the immediate deflections,
and then adjusting the prop load, etc. The long term deflections for prestress and beam weight will be a
bit off since each load has a different long-term deflection modifier. Also adding a prop load to the
Beam Weight load case will throw off the transfer and lifting stage results. You'll need a different
model for them. The example file "Continuity Example - Prop Load.con" in your Problem Files
directory quickly illustrates this method.
2.6 Mild Reinforcing Steel
2.6.1 Material
The rebar and wire size and grade are stored in library files from which they are selected during beam
definition. These properties can also be entered by the user without having to select them from a library
file. A set of standard library files based on the latest concrete design handbooks are supplied with
Concise Beam.
The strain and stress of each reinforcing steel group is determined individually. Compression of the
reinforcing steel due to long-term prestress losses is accounted for.
2.6.2 Longitudinal Rebar

Longitudinal reinforcing can be defined anywhere in the beam or cast-in-place pour over any length of
the beam. Either end of each bar group may be hooked, headed, or anchored (which assumes full
development). Each bar group may have different properties including being coated. Concise Beam
will check for slippage of partial length reinforcing bars that are not hooked. The reinforcing steel can
be a group of bars or a welded mesh.
Defining mesh as the longitudinal reinforcement is the same as rebar. Each wire (or all wires at a
certain height) must be input individually. The fields relating to mesh/spacing are used to calculate the
development length of the wires. The mesh acting as shear steel also needs to be detailed separately.
The development length of reinforcing bar groups or mesh are calculated in accordance with the
selected design code, with account for coating, cover and spacing.
2.6.3 Transverse Rebar (Stirrups)

The amount of transverse (shear) reinforcing steel can be determined by Concise Beam if not specified
by the user. The user can also specify the size and type of stirrup used and have the program determine
the required spacing. Lastly the user can specify the stirrup size and spacing and have the program
check the shear design against the code requirements.
Transverse reinforcing is assumed to be fully developed.
2.6.4 Transverse Interface Ties

Interface ties are assumed to be extensions of the transverse reinforcing steel and therefore use the
same stirrups material, form and size.
Transverse interface ties are assumed to be fully developed.
2.7 Prestressing Tendons
2.7.1 Material
The strand grade and sizes are stored in library files from which they are selected during beam
definition. These properties can also be entered by the user without having to select them from a library
file. A set of standard library files based on the latest concrete design handbooks are supplied with
Concise Beam.
Prestressing steel information is entered into the program in groups. The strain and stress of each strand
group is determined individually. The stress-strain curve for prestressing strand is based on the curves
published in the CPCI Manual or PCI Handbook as appropriate. If the CPCI curve is used the
maximum usable strand stress is limited to 0.98 fpu.
2.7.2 Tendon Profile

Pre-tensioned strands with an unlimited number of hold-downs or deflections. Strands may be
debonded at one or both ends. Strands may also be cut a certain distance from each end of the beam to
accommodate dapped ends, notches, openings, etc. Either end of strand may be anchored giving a
transfer and development length of zero (can be used to simulate a post-tensioning anchorage or multi-
span continuity). Each strand group may have different properties. Concise Beam will check for
slippage of debonded strands as required.
2.7.3 Prestress Loss

The calculation of the effective prestress force is dependent on which loss method you have chosen.
The CPCI Detailed Method is based on a paper by Neville, Dilger, and Brooks, "Creep of Plain and
Structural Concrete", Construction Press, London, New York, 1983. This is the method recommended
in the CPCI Design Manual and is the default method for the CSA A23.3 codes. The empirical data
tabulated in the CPCI Design Manual has been converted to an exponential form to permit interpolation
and the selection of intermediate values. The curves presented in fig. 3.4.3 and fig. 3.4.4 of the CPCI
manual have been converted to formulae in order to calculate ω, β and α. The formulae are valid for
both prestressed and partially-prestressed concrete.
The S6 Detailed Method is based on the method detailed in CAN/CSA S6-06.
The PCI/ACI Simplified Method of loss calculation is based on a paper by Zia, Preston, Scott, and
Workman, "Estimating Concrete Losses", Concrete International, V1, No. 6, June 1979. This is the
method recommended in the PCI Design Handbook, 7th Edition and is the default method for the ACI
318 codes.
The AS 3600 Detailed Method is based on the method detailed in the NPCAA Precast Concrete
Handbook 1st Edition. AS3600 provides the basic parameters for this method.
The losses and resulting effective prestress are determined for each strand group separately. Concise
Beam calculates the compressive force in each reinforcing bar group as well as the in the concrete due
to prestressing and long-term losses. The prestress losses are measured from the jacking force. The
percentage loss is 100% * (1.0 - (Pe / Pj)). The initial loss is calculated in the same way.
2.7.4 Transfer And Development Length

To avoid cyclic behaviour the value of the effective and ultimate prestress is determined at the end of
the transfer length (i.e. the break-point between the transfer and development length in the bilinear
curve) for use in the determination of the development length. This way, Concise Beam obtains a single
value for the development length. The stresses and development length are determined separately for
each strand group. To calculate the development length of a strand the effective prestress force at the
end of the transfer length of that strand is used. This location is estimated to be 50 strand diameters
from the point where the strand becomes bonded.
If required by the selected code the transfer and development length is doubled if the strand is
debonded and tension exists within the development length at service loads. Concise Beam triggers the
doubling of the transfer and development length if the beam is in tension in service within the
development length (before doubling) of the debonded strand at the height of the strand. This check is
based on the uncracked analysis. There was some debate on this check (ACI 318-05, 12.9.3) a decade
ago among my users regarding whether the tension check should be at the height of the strand or just at
the extremity (or even anywhere along the beam, i.e. midspan). It was recognized that if a crack did
occur due to sufficient tension at the extremity the crack would extend further into the section than the
uncracked tensile stresses. We decided at the time to maintain the status quo of checking the uncracked
tension at the height of the strand.
Slippage based calculations, option 2, are based on a formula suggested by Robert Mast and detailed by
Brooks, Gerstle and Logan in "Effect of Initial Strand Slip on the Strength of Hollow-Core Slabs", PCI
Journal, January-February 1988, V33, N1. The total development length is now calculated by the
equation in the currently selected design code prorated for the transfer length as demonstrated in the
above paper.
2.8 Design Parameters
2.8.1 Schedule
A construction can be specified in days relative the placement of the precast concrete (day 0). Schedule
milestones include transfer/stripping, initial lifting, erection, cast-in-place pour, start of composite
action, and completion of construction. The schedule is accounted for by some of the loss calculation
methods and for long-term deflection multipliers, if calculated by Concise Beam.
2.8.2 Service Environment

The user can specify the average annual humidity and ambient temperature (in Celsius) which is used
by some of the loss calculation methods.
2.9 Calculation Options

Concise Beam has many options to alter the calculations performed.
• Use Transformed Steel Area in Uncracked Section Properties (net transformed area for
prestress): If this option is ON the transformed area of all rebar and strand groups will be
included in the uncracked section properties. The area of steel is transformed to the stiffness of
the precast concrete. These properties will be used for prestress loss calculations and the stress
analysis of external loads. For the stress analysis of prestress forces the area of prestressing
strand will be deducted from the cross-section resulting in a net concrete and transformed rebar
only area. Turning this option OFF allows you to force the program to ignore the transformed
steel area, resulting in gross section properties which better match traditional hand calculations.
The default setting for this option is ON. This option setting can be saved on your computer as
the default and will be recalled each time you start Concise Beam. The setting of this option will
also be saved with the problem file.
• Use PCI Standard Design Practice, TR-7-05 (ACI codes only): If this option is ON the code
changes recommended by PCI in their Standard Design Practice, TR-7-05 document and their
Design Handbook will be used by Concise Beam instead of those proscribed in ACI 318.
Turning this option ON will also turn OFF the "Assume that slipped strands cannot carry any
load and will be discounted" option under the "Flexure" tab. The reverse is true when this
option is turned OFF. Turning this option OFF makes Concise Beam use the stress limits in ACI
318. The default setting for this option is ON. This option setting can be saved on your
computer as the default and will be recalled each time you start Concise Beam. The setting of
this option will also be saved with the problem file.
• Vary User Defined Losses Along Beam:If this option is ON the user defined losses will be
used as the minimum losses along the beam. The level of prestress will vary from that minimum
along the beam depending on the level of concrete stress in the beam. Turning this option OFF
allows you to force the program to apply the user-defined losses along the full length of the
beam. The only exception is the reduction in level of stress in the transfer length of each strand.
The default setting for this option is ON. This option setting can be saved on your computer as
the default and will be recalled each time you start Concise Beam. The setting of this option will
• Check Minimum Strength at Critical Sections Only: This option, when ON, allows you to
force the program to only check the minimum resistance/strength of the beam (based on the
cracking moment, 1.2Mcr < Mr or ��Mn < 1.2Mcr) at points of maximum and minimum
moment. CSA requires a check of all sections, but ACI is silent on how often this check needs to
be done (PCA recommends every section). AS3600 requires this check at critical sections (i.e.
maximum and minimum moment) only. It's the convention of many engineers to only perform
this check at the points of maximum and minimum moment. By default this option is OFF and
the program will check every section along the beam. Use this new option to restrict the check
to the points of maximum and minimum moment. This option setting can be saved on your
• Vary the Strength Reduction Factor, ��, Linearly In the Development Length Under
ACI 318-02: ACI 318-02 requires that the strength reduction factor for flexure, ��, be
reduced to 0.75 within the development length of strand. This causes a sudden drop (step) in the
flexural resistance at the end of the development length. ACI has proposed correcting this
sudden drop by varying the strength reduction factor from 0.75 at the start of the development
length to 0.90 at the end of the development length. Turning this option ON will allow the
variation of �� in the development length under ACI 318-02 as in ACI 318-05. The default
setting for this option is OFF. This option setting can be saved on your computer as the default
and will be recalled each time you start Concise Beam. The setting of this option will also be
saved with the problem file.
• Use ACI 318-99 Appendix B: ACI 318-99 allows an alternate method for calculation of the
flexural strength of a section as defined in Appendix B. Turning this option ON will cause
Concise Beam to use Appendix B under ACI 318-99. The default setting for this option is OFF.
This option setting can be saved on your computer as the default and will be recalled each time
you start Concise Beam. The setting of this option will also be saved with the problem file.
• Limit fps To 0.98 fpu Under the ACI Codes: Concise Beam uses stress-strain curves for
prestressing strand published in the following manuals: CSA code - CPCI Design Manual, ACI
codes - PCI Design Handbook, AS code - NPCAA Design Handbook. The CPCI and NPCAA
curves limit the maximum value for strand stress, fps, to 98% of fpu, the ultimate strength of the
strand. The PCI curve does not limit fps to 0.98 fpu. The user can use this option to force
Concise Beam to limit the strand stress to 0.98 fpu when using the ACI codes. This option has
no effect when used with the CSA or AS codes. This option setting can be saved on your
• Assume that slipped strands cannot carry any load and will be discounted: Concise Beam
uses strain-compatibility to calculate the flexural strength of the beam. This is particularly
important in calculating the steel strain within the development length of partial length (cut or
debonded) strand and reinforcing. The strain compatibility analysis may find that some partial
length strand are not able to meet develop the required strain within their development length.
These strand are assumed to have slipped relative to the surrounding concrete. When this option
is selected (the default) Concise Beam will assume that any partial length strand that have
slipped cannot carry any tensile load and will not contribute to the flexural strength (this will
always be the case for rebar). When this option is NOT selected Concise Beam will assume that
slipped strand can still develop a tensile force prorated to the amount that the strand is
developed. While this will break strain compatibility it is the recommended setting by PCI. This
option will automatically be turned off if the user turns on the "PCI Standard Design Practice"
option under the "General" tab. Please see the Technical Background section of the Concise
Beam Help file (F1 key) for further discussion. This option setting can be saved on your
• Use strain compatibility in the development length of fully bonded strands: Concise Beam
uses strain-compatibility to calculate the flexural strength of the beam. This is particularly
important in calculating the steel strain within the development length of cut and debonded
strands. When this option is selected strain-compatibility is used to calculate the steel strain in
the development length of fully bonded strands. If this option is NOT selected the steel strain is
linearly interpolated within the development length of fully bonded strands. This option setting
can be saved on your computer as the default and will be recalled each time you start Concise
Beam. The setting of this option will also be saved with the problem file.
• Use the Simplified Shear Method if Applicable: Some design codes, such as ACI 318, have
both a simplified method of calculating the shear strength of the concrete as well as a detailed
method, if applicable. Concise Beam will only use the simplified method, if applicable, if this
option is turned ON. If the simplified method is not applicable or supported by the selected
design code then the detailed or general method will be used. The default setting for this option
is OFF. This option setting can be saved on your computer as the default and will be recalled
each time you start Concise Beam. The setting of this option will also be saved with the
problem file.
• Take the Best of the Detailed and Simplified Method: Some design codes, such as ACI 318,
have both a detailed method of calculating the shear strength of the concrete as well as a
simplified method, if applicable. If this option is ON, the concrete shear strength will be based
on the greater of the simplified method, if applicable, and the detailed method at each section
along the beam. If this option is OFF, the concrete shear strength will be based on the only the
simplified method, if checked, otherwise only the detailed method. The default setting for this
option is ON. This option setting can be saved on your computer as the default and will be
recalled each time you start Concise Beam. The setting of this option will also be saved with the
problem file.
• Calculate s_z at the mid-height of the section (A23.3-04 and S6 only): This option is only
applicable to CSA A23.3-04 (clause 11.3.6.3c) and CSA S6-06 (clause 8.9.3.6) and relates to the
calculation of the effective shear crack spacing, s_ze. These design codes allow the effective
shear crack spacing to be based on the largest spacing between layers of horizontal crack control
steel in the absence of shear stirrups. Most engineers interpret this requirement as being the
largest spacing of the horizontal steel within the depth of the beam. Some engineers interpret
this requirement as being the largest spacing of the horizontal steel at the mid-height of the
beam where the shear crack spacing, s_z, is assumed to be measured (see the CAC Concrete
Design Handbook, section 4.2). If this option is OFF, the spacing will be the maximum within
the depth of the beam. If this option is ON, the spacing will be the maximum of the mid-height
of the beam. Measuring the spacing at the mid-height of the beam can cause a sudden decrease
in s_ze when harped strand groups reach the mid-height of the beam near the beam ends. The
default setting for this option is OFF. This option setting can be saved on your computer as the
default and will be recalled each time you start Concise Beam. The setting of this option will
• Use the Ultimate Section Capacity for Horizontal Shear (Moment Region Check):
Checking the horizontal interface shear between the beam and the cast-in-place pour involves
calculating the maximum compression or tension force (Design Force) at the point of maximum
moment on either side of the interface. This Design Force can be the actual force developed
from the applied loading, as required by most codes, or more conservatively, the full capacity of
the section above or below the interface. If this option is OFF, the Design Force will be the
actual force developed from the applied loading. If this option is ON, the Design Force will be
the full section capacity unless the actual force is less than 1/2 the ultimate capacity. This avoids
having to design small moment areas such as the negative moment over a short cantilever with
the full section capacity. The default setting for this option is ON. This option setting can be
saved on your computer as the default and will be recalled each time you start Concise Beam.
The setting of this option will also be saved with the problem file.
• Use the Zia/Hsu Method for Torsion Design as recommended in the PCI Standard Practice
guidelines (ACI Codes Only): The torsion design provisions proscribed by ACI 318 are
generally intended for compact cast-in-place sections with rigid torsional fixity. PCI in their
Standard Practice guidelines and Design Handbook recommends a method developed by Zia
and McGee, and later updated by Zia and Hsu, which better analyses more slender statically-
determinate precast sections. See the Help file (F1) for further information and a reference to
Zia and Hsu's paper. If this option is OFF, the torsional design provisions of the selected design
code will be used. If this option is ON, and an ACI 318 code has been selected, the Zia and Hsu
method will be used. The user will be required to provide the appropriate section and
reinforcing parameters for this method (see the Torsion Parameters dialog). The default setting
for this option is OFF. This option setting can be saved on your computer as the default and will
be recalled each time you start Concise Beam. The setting of this option will also be saved with
the problem file.
• Show the Shear and Torsion Values Within Short Cantilevers: Concise Beam will normally
zero the shear and torsion values between the critical shear section and the bearing in the
cantilevers. The shear and torsion values are of no consequence in these areas and it can make
the graph a bit cleaner. If this option is OFF, Concise Beam will zero the shear and torsion
values within the critical shear section in the cantilevers, if possible. If this option is ON,
Concise Beam will retain the shear and torsion values within the critical shear section in the
cantilevers. The default setting for this option is OFF. This option setting can be saved on your
• Use Cracked Properties Near Midspan For Full Length of Beam: When this option is ON
the beam properties and cracking conditions near midspan will be used for deflections over the
length of the beam. The program will search for the most cracked section near midspan (0.3L to
0.7L). For instance the most cracking may occur at 0.4L if strands are harped (held-down) at
that point. The beam curvature will then correspond to the beam stiffness, including ratio of
cracked to uncracked, at midspan. When this option is OFF the stiffness and curvature of the
beam is calculated at each station along the beam. This option allows you to check the results of
the program against hand calculations (or reference examples) that have used midspan
properties for the deflection. This option setting is reset to "OFF" each time you start the
program. The setting of this option will be saved with the problem file.
• Summary Report At Midspan / Tip Of Cantilevers: When this option is ON the Summary
Report will report deflections at midspan and at the ends of the cantilevers, if appropriate. These
deflections may not be the maximum deflections if the maximum is not at midspan. When this
option is OFF the Summary Report will report the maximum and minimum deflection/camber
found anywhere along the beam. The location of the maximum and minimum deflections is
determined at the Final load stage. This option setting can be saved on your computer as the
default and will be recalled each time you start Concise Beam. The setting of this option will
• Have Concise Beam calculate the long-term deflection multipliers for prestressed Beams:
When this option is ON Concise Beam will calculate the long-term deflection multipliers for
prestressed beams in accordance with the PCI recommended multipliers. Concise Beam will
account for the actual beam stiffness, prestress level, and construction schedule. When this
option is OFF the Concise Beam will use the predefined multipliers either recommended by PCI
or as overwritten by the user. This option setting can be saved on your computer as the default
and will be recalled each time you start Concise Beam. The setting of this option will also be
saved with the problem file.
3 Load Analysis
Concise Beam models only two supports and therefore performs a simple statically determinate
analysis.
3.1 Analysis Effects

• Prestress Force (axial and eccentric components),
• Longitudinal Moment,
• Longitudinal Shear,
• Longitudinal Torsion,
• Horizontal Interface Shear between the beam and cast-in-place pour
3.2 Analysis Stages

Analysis Stage Design Checks
Concrete Stress, Concrete Tension Control, Deflection, Axial/Bending
Transfer
Strength (AS3600 only)
Initial Lifting Concrete Stress, Lateral Stability
Transport Concrete Stress, Lateral Stability
Erection Concrete Stress, Deflection, Lateral Stability
Cast-in-Place Pour Deflection
Completion of
Deflection
Construction
In Service (ultimate Concrete Stress, Crack Control, Deflection, Flexural Strength, Shear/Torsion
condition) Strength, Interface Shear Strength
3.3. External Loading
3.3.1 Self-Weight
The linear self-weight of the beam and cast-in-place pour is calculated by Concise Beam using the
concrete densities specified by the user.
3.3.2 External Loads

Concise Beam's loading model consists of a series of pre-defined load cases that organize the applied
loads by their type, time of application, duration and probability of occurrence as defined in the
relevant design code. Within each load case you can specify any number of loads of the following
Load Types;
• Point Load a vertical point load applied anywhere along the beam, downwards when positive
acting through the centroid of the section.
• Line Load a vertical load of linearly varying load distributed along any portion of the beam,
downwards when positive acting through the centroid of the section.
• Point Moment an external moment applied anywhere along the beam, about the centroid of the
beam.
• Point Torsion an external torsion applied anywhere along the beam, about the centroid of the
beam.
• Line Torsion an external linearly varying torsion distributed along any portion of the beam,
about the centroid of the beam.
Lateral and axial forces (other than prestressing) are not supported. Each load can have a load
distribution assigned to it. You can learn more about load distribution below.
3.3.3 Load Distributions

Point and line loads applied to the beam may be partly carried by adjacent beams through load
distribution resulting from a mechanism such as shear keying or transverse flexural stiffness. In order
to model load distribution Concise Beam uses the concept of effective loaded width as described in the
PCI handbook, section 5.12.2 (or the CPCI Design Manual section 3.10.1). In Concise Beam the
effective width can vary linearly over the length of the beam. The variation in the effective width
describes a distribution area and is defined by a series of position/width pairs. The position value is the
distance from the left end of the beam. Internally this is recorded as a ratio of the beam length (not
span). The width value is the effective width, either centred on the beam for interior beams, or lined up
with the extreme edge of the beam or cast-in-place pour and extending across the beam for exterior or
edge beams. Internally the effective width is stored as a ratio of the beam spacing (maximum
beam/topping width by default). The Load Distribution Editor allows the user to view or edit these
position/width pairs in a variety of ways, either as ratios or actual dimensions.
A unique load distribution can be defined for each load effect (shear, moment, torsion) for each applied
load. By default each load uses a special load distribution named "No Load Distribution" where the
effective width equals the beam spacing, resulting in no load distribution to adjacent beams. The user
can define a load distribution and select it for any applicable applied loads, such a point or line loads,
where the effective width varies relative to the beam spacing.
A distribution will usually contain effective widths greater than the beam spacing meaning that the
applied load for which the distribution is applied is partly shared with adjacent beams. The effect of
this distribution is that the load effects will be reduced by the ratio of beam spacing over the effective
width at each section along the beam. The effective width is linearly interpolated from the distribution
area at each section along the beam. A distribution may also contain effective widths which are less that
the beam spacing meaning that due to stress concentration only part of the beam width is effective in
resisting the load. Since Concise Beam can only analyse the full beam section this distribution would
lead to an amplification of the load effect on the entire beam section.
Concise Beam automatically pre-defines a number of load distributions, including PCI's recommended
distribution for hollow-core slabs for interior loads (on interior beams) and for edge loads (on exterior
beams). The PCI distributions are derived from section 5.12.2 (and example 5.12.2.1) of the PCI
Handbook (7th ed.) and the somewhat lengthier discussion in the old PCI Manual For the Design of
Hollow Core Slabs (2nd ed., section 3.2). The distributions are based on determining an effective width
meant to predict the peak effects along a hollow core slab. The method is simplified by combining
flexural and shear distributions into a single effective width pattern. The effect of this pattern is that
moments at midspan are resisted by a greater effective width which usually distributes this effect to
adjacent slabs. Whereas shear near the ends is concentrated into a small width, usually within a single
slab. This concentration is a peaking of the shear due to torsion applied to the slab through the shear
keys. This is particularly pronounced at the edge of an exterior hollow core slab.
The PCI example determines the load effects (moment and shear) along the beam of the point/line
loads. They then divide these load effects by the effective width at each point along the beam to get the
peak load effect per unit width. When combined with uniformly applied load effects you get the design
load effect per unit width. This design end shear effect can be higher than the undistributed effect. They
then check a unit width of the slab for this design effect. Concise Beam uses the same approach with
the addition that the design effect per unit width is multiplied by the slab width to get a design effect
for the whole slab width. This is done because Concise Beam can only check the strength of the full
width of the slab.
Concise Beam also applies the distribution to the reactions to match the shear. The PCI distributions are
applicable to certain conditions such as the total floor/roof width being greater than the span. Under
different conditions a modified distribution pattern may need to be created.
The purpose of the adjacent beam parameter is to account for loads placed on adjacent beams that are
distributed to the beam being designed. Note that the load effects (shears, moments, etc) are distributed,
not the loads themselves. A load placed anywhere along the beam (or adjacent beam) will generally
cause moments and shears along the full length of the beam. Let's consider midspan where the
distribution width is say 84" while the plank width is 48". If the load is placed on the beam being
designed then the distributed effect would be 48/84 times the full (undistributed) load. If the load is
applied to the adjacent beam then the distributed effect would be 18/84 times the full load (84"-48" / 2
= 18" = the width of the distribution on the adjacent beam). Nearing the beam ends where the
distribution width approaches 48" the effect of a load on the adjacent beam will be approach zero.
3.3.4 Load Cases

Concise Beam pre-defines the following Load Cases;
• Beam Weight includes the self-weight of the beam, calculated by Concise Beam, as well as any
additional permanent (dead) loads specified by the user. The user can also elect to not include
the self-weight of the beam as determined by Concise Beam, but instead to specify a different
self-weight.
• Dead Load (before cast-in-place pour) includes all permanent (dead) loads applied to the
beam before a topping becomes composite.
• Cast-in-Place Pour Weight includes the self-weight of the cast-in-place pour, calculated by
Concise Beam, as well as any addition loads specified by the user. The user can also elect to not
include the self-weight of the cast-in-place pour as determined by Concise Beam, but instead to
specify a different self-weight.
• Dead Load (after cast-in-place pour) includes all permanent (dead) loads applied to the beam
after a cast-in-place pour is composite.
• Sustained Live Load [or Asphalt] includes all transient (live) loads applied to the beam after
completion of construction that are sustained for a long duration. This load case is renamed to
Asphalt when a bridge design code such as S6-00 is used.
• Live Load includes all transient (live) loads applied to the beam after completion of
construction for a short duration.
• Roof Load (Snow, Rain, LL Roof) includes all transient (live) loads applied to a roof after
completion of construction for a short duration.
• Fluid Weight includes all fluid weights applied to the beam after completion of construction for
a short duration.
• Vertical Wind includes the vertical component of any wind load on the beam after completion
of construction for a short duration.
• Seismic includes the vertical component of any static seismic load on the beam after completion
of construction for a short duration.
• Cast-in-Place Pour Construction LL includes the construction live load applied to the non-
composite beam during placement of the cast-in-place pour.
3.3.5 Load Combinations
Up to ten predefined load combinations are composed of the above load cases using the load factors
specified by each design code. Not all combinations are used by each code. A custom code can include
user defined load combinations. By default the custom combinations will match the combinations of
the design code that the custom code is based on.
When using AS 3600-2001 you should note that Concise Beam does not currently support short and
long-term load factors. These factors will have to be built into the loads entered or the load factors if
appropriate.
3.3.6 Load Envelopes

For the design checks a worst-case set of load effects must be determined at each point along the beam
from the load combination effects. This set of worst-case load effects forms a design envelope over the
length of the beam. An envelope is created at each relevant stage for the following cases;
• Maximum Dead Load Effect
• Minimum Dead Load Effect
• Maximum Sustained Load Effect (includes sustained live load)
• Minimum Sustained Load Effect (includes sustained live load)
• Maximum Total Load Effect
• Minimum Total Load Effect
3.4. Analysis Sections

Concise Beam breaks the beam into the number of divisions given in the Load Analysis dialog
(Solution menu). You can choose from 100 to 500 divisions. For the load analysis and design check a
section is placed between each division as well as at the centre of each support location (for each
stage), the face of each bearing, midspan, the start and end of each beam segment, and at all load
offsets. Concise Beam performs the load analysis and design check at left and right side of each of
these sections. To see all of these locations in the text reports you need to select "every section". The
results for the left and right side are only displayed separately if they are different. Graphs always show
every section.
Additional Sections
You can add additional points of interest by applying a dummy point load of zero intensity at those
locations. You may need to select "every section" to see the results at those points.
3.5 Section Properties

The following uncracked and cracked section properties are calculated at each point along the beam.
3.5.1 Uncracked Properties

Uncracked section properties used for stress and deflection calculations include the transformed area of
the bonded rebar and strand at each section by default. Concise Beam includes an option to use the
gross concrete section properties without the transformed area of the steel for stress and deflection
calculations. This option is provided to allow the output from Concise Beam to match simplified hand
calculations and examples. This option is not recommended for a final design check. All
transformations are to the stiffness of the precast concrete.
• the gross section properties of the uncracked precast beam alone at transfer and initial lifting,
• the net transformed section properties of the uncracked precast beam alone at transfer and initial
lifting,
• the transformed section properties of the uncracked precast beam alone at transfer and initial
lifting,
• the gross section properties of the uncracked transformed composite section in final service,
• the net transformed section properties of the uncracked transformed composite section in final
service,
• the transformed section properties of the uncracked transformed composite section in final
service,
The net section properties include the transformed area of bonded non-prestressed reinforcing steel but
deduct the actual area of prestressed steel. Net properties are used to calculate the concrete stress due to
internal prestressing forces which have been reduced for elastic shortening loss. The transformed
section properties are used for graviry and external loads.
3.5.2 Cracked Properties

The cracked section analysis is based on the technique detailed in "Analysis of Cracked Prestressed
Concrete Sections: A Practical Approach", R.F. Mast, PCI Journal, July-August 1998. The compressive
stress developed through long-term losses in any reinforcing steel present is accounted for. The
decompression stress of each strand group is equal to the effective prestress with the elastic shortening
losses added back in. Concise Beam sums the decompression force of each stand group and the
compressive force induced by creep and shrinkage in each reinforcing steel group for use with the
above method. The compressive force induced in each rebar group is calculated from the ultimate
shrinkage and creep strain of the concrete at the level of each group.
Cracked section properties used for all stress, deflection, cracking and strength calculations include the
transformed properties of the bonded rebar and strand at each section. All transformations are to the
stiffness of the precast concrete.
The following cracked section properties are calculated;
• the transformed composite properties at the serviceability limit state (SLS) under the total load
• the transformed composite properties at the fatigue limit state (FLS) under the total load (S6
only)
• the transformed composite properties at the fatigue limit state (FLS) under the sustained load
(S6 only)
4 Design Checks
4.1 Serviceability Limit State
4.1.1 Concrete Stresses

By default Concise Beam uses transformed or net section properties. Net section properties (the area of
the prestressing strand is removed from the section) are used in conjunction with the initial or effective
prestress force after elastic shortening loss has been removed. Transformed section properties (area of
steel or CIP pour is transformed to the stiffness of the precast concrete, e.g. multiplied by Es/Ec) is
used for self-weight and external loads. If the beam cracks then cracked properties will be accounted
for.
Concrete stresses are calculated at transfer, during lifting and transportation, and at full service
conditions for the following load conditions:
At Transfer
• Due to the initial prestressing force, including eccentricity, after immediate losses.
• Due to self weight of the beam.
During Initial Lifting

• Due to the initial prestressing force, including eccentricity, after immediate losses.
• Due to self weight of the beam, including an allowance for dynamic effects and suction.
During Transportation And Erection

• Due to the prestressing force, including eccentricity, after half the long-term losses.
• Due to self weight of the beam, including an allowance for dynamic effects and suction.
In Service
• Due to the effective prestressing force, including eccentricity, after all losses.
• Due to self weight of the beam
• Due to dead loads applied before cast-in-place pour
• Due to self weight of the cast-in-place pour
• Due to dead loads applied after cast-in-place pour
• Due to all live loads
4.1.2 Steel Stresses
At Transfer
Additional Rebar At Transfer
4.1.3 Deflection Estimate
Camber
The prestress camber values are derived from a direct integration of the internal moments derived from
the eccentricity of the prestressing force in the section at transfer (initial prestress) and in service
(effective prestress).
Immediate Deflections
Concise Beam uses a numerical integration technique to calculate the curvature of the beam from the
applied moments at each section along the beam. Cracked section properties are taken into account
with a bilinear calculation (uncracked properties up to the point of cracking, cracked properties
afterwards). Once the correct curvature is established, a second integration procedure is used to
calculate the deflection values.
Concise Beam uses cracked section properties for deflections after cracking. It uses the bilinear method
shown in section 5.8.3 of the PCI Design Handbook (7th ed.). The point of cracking is determined by
the uncracked stress analysis. It checks for cracking on a load case by load case basis and the deflection
for the load case that causes cracking is prorated between uncracked and cracked properties. The
"Deflection Parameter" report will show you the bilinear analysis results.
Cambers and deflections are summarized at four stages;
• at transfer: instantaneous deflection due to prestress and beam self-weight,
• at erection: deflection due to prestress and beam self-weight multiplied by the appropriate
multiplier for growth, plus the instantaneous deflection due to dead load applied before the cast-
in-place pour. The instantaneous deflection of the weight of the cast-in-place pour itself is not
included.�� The instantaneous deflection due to the weight of the cast-in-place pour is shown
in the deflection report for this stage separately.
• at completion: deflection due to prestress, beam self-weight, dead load applied before the
topping the weight of the cast-in-place pour itself and all remaining dead load (applied after the
cast-in-place pour) multiplied by the appropriate multiplier for growth,
• at final: deflection due to prestress, and all dead loads multiplied by the appropriate multiplier
for growth, with and without the instantaneous deflection due to live load.
The difference between the final dead load deflection and the deflection at completion plus the live
load deflection is also summarized to determine the amount of deflection growth since the completion
of construction that needs to be accommodated by non-structural fittings supported by the structure.
By default Concise Beam uses transformed or net section properties. Net section properties (the area of
the prestressing strand is removed from the section) is used in conjunction with the initial or effective
prestress force after elastic shortening loss has been removed. Transformed section properties (area of
steel or CIP pour is transformed to the stiffness of the precast concrete, e.g. multiplied by Es/Ec) is
used for self-weight and external loads. You can get these properties from the "Uncracked Section
Properties ..." reports. If the beam cracks then cracked properties will be accounted for.
Hand calculations typically assume the same section properties (usually at midspan) throughout the
length of the beam while Concise Beam will use the section properties calculated at each section. This
is usually only significant if the beam cracks.
Long-Term Deflection Growth

Concise Beam estimates the long-term deflections of by multiplying the immediate deflections under
load by a long-term growth multiplier. These multipliers are specific to the load case and the stage that
the deflections are calculated for. For non-prestressed beams these multipliers are calculated in
accordance with the design code that you are using. For prestressed beams the basic multipliers are, by
default, calculated using a method recommended by PCI and presented in the paper "Rational Method
for Estimating Camber and Deflection of Precast Prestressed Members", L.D. Martin, PCI Journal, Vol.
22, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1977. This paper recommends a predefined set of multipliers based on average beam
characteristics. These predefined basic multipliers are published in the PCI Design Handbook and are
used as the default predefined multipliers for prestressed beams in Concise Beam at the Erection and
Final stages. For the Completion stage additional parameters were developed for Concise Beam based
on the PCI method and assumed beam characteristics. Concise Beam allows the user to use these
predefined basic multipliers, provide customized multipliers, or have Concise Beam calculate the
multipliers, as per the above paper, based on the actual beam characteristics. The final multiplier used
by Concise Beam is the basic multiplier adjusted for the presence of reinforcing steel as per the
relevant design code.
Long-term deflections calculated by Concise Beam, or by any other method, are only rough estimates.
The measured camber of a prestressed beam can vary by as much as 50% from one unit to another,
even if manufactured and stored in near identical conditions. This wide variation discourages efforts to
use more precision in the calculations. The following paper may be of interest, "Precast, prestressed
girder camber variability", Maher K. Tadros, Faten Fawzy, and Kromel E. Hanna, PCI Journal, Winter
2011.
4.1.4 Crack Control And Crack Width Estimate

Please note that crack width results can never be considered more than estimates.
Reinforced Concrete
The maximum crack width at the extreme tension fiber is estimated using the Gergely-Lutz equation:
w = k1 x fs x h2 / h1 x (dc x A)3 x coating factor (if used)
where
k1 = 11 x 10-6 in Metric or 7.6 x 10-5 in US units.
fs = stress in the steel closest to the tensile face based on a cracked section analysis.
h2 = distance from the neutral axis to the tension face (limited to a maximum clear cover of 50 mm
(2")).
h1 = distance from the neutral axis to the centroid of the extreme tensile steel closest to the tensile face.
dc = distance from the centroid of the extreme tensile steel to the tensile face (limited to a maximum
clear cover of 50 mm (2")).
A = area of concrete in tension centred on each steel bar. If there are multiple layers and/or differing bar
sizes then the total area of concrete in tension centred on the centroid of all of the steel is divided by the
average number of bars. The averaged number of bars is the total steel area divided by the area of the
largest bar (may not be a whole number). Any excess concrete clear cover greater than 50 mm (2") is
discounted from A.
Crack width limits (or z limits) are based on a 50 mm (2") clear cover. The resulting estimate is
assumed to be the crack width at a maximum of 50 mm (2") from the face of the extreme tensile steel.
If you have a clear cover greater than 50 mm (2") then the estimated crack width at the tensile face of
the concrete will be wider.
This equation is described in Sect. 3.4.2, page 3-26 of the CPCI Design Manual, Fourth Edition, and
Sect.4.2.2.1 page 4-21 of the PCI Design Handbook, Edition 5. You should note that in the CPCI
Manual (4th Ed.) figure 3.4.1 incorrectly illustrates A as the total area in tension centred on all of the
steel instead of around a single bar.
Partially Prestressed Concrete

Crack calculations are based on recommendations from a paper by K.M. Suri and W.H. Dilger, "Steel
Stresses in Partially Prestressed Concrete Members", PCI Journal, May/June 1986.
w = k1 x fs x dc x sqrt(At / Ast) x coating factor (if used)
where
k1 = 3 x 10-6 in Metric or 20 x 10-6 in US units.
fs = stress in the steel closest to the tensile face after decompression. The steel stress is determined by a
cracked section analysis using a technique described in a paper by R.F. Mast; "Analysis of Cracked
Prestressed Concrete Sections: A Practical Approach", PCI Journal, July-August 1998, Vol. 43, No. 4.
dc = distance from the centroid of the extreme tensile steel to the tensile face.
At = total area of concrete in tension.
Ast = total area of steel in tension.
4.2 Fatigue Limit State
4.2.1 Steel Stresses

The change in steel stress for prestressed steel reported is from the point of decompression which is
equivalent to an unloaded beam. Since this change in stress is relative to the concrete being unstressed
they can be used to estimate crack width or detail steel placement (i.e. spacing). Using the FLS report
these stresses can also be used to determine the tensile fatigue range. For rebar this change in stress is
the actual stress since the bars are also unstressed when the surrounding concrete is unstressed. For
prestressing the total stress can be estimated by adding this change in stress to the effective stress of the
strand. This is an estimate since the effective prestress is based on uncracked properties and includes
the uncracked bending stress from external loads. The total stress in the strand isn't generally checked
after initial stressing.
4.3 Ultimate Limit State
4.3.1 Flexural Strength
At Transfer
In Service
Concise Beam uses strain compatibility to determine the flexural resistance of each section in the beam.
A binary search method is used to solve for the depth in compression, c, by summing axial forces. The
sum of the forces on the concrete section in compression and the sum of the forces in the reinforcing
bars and the prestressing strands are balanced to a point where the error in c is less than a minimum
limit.
Where all tensile steel is fully developed the maximum strain in the concrete is taken to be as specified
in the relevant design code (i.e. ε = 0.003 for ACI-318, and ε = 0.0035 for CSA-A23.3). In this case a
rectangular concrete stress distribution is used. The beta factor β, and alpha factor α, where required,
are calculated in accordance with the selected design code. To calculate the concrete forces, the cross
section is divided into strips. The concrete strip forces are calculated and summed to obtain the total
force due to the concrete stress block in compression. Due to the piece-wise integration, a slight error
(1% to 2%) may be expected for certain geometrical shapes.
Within the development length of each rebar or strand group the program checks whether each bar or
strand is capable of developing the force determined by strain compatibility analysis. For each bar or
strand that is found to have insufficient development (resulting in a possible slip) a two-pronged
approach is taken to determine a reduced flexural resistance. The first approach is to discount the bar or
strand and recalculate the flexural resistance assuming full maximum concrete strain. By default
Concise Beam assumes that a slipped strand or rebar will carry no load. The second approach is to
reduce the maximum concrete strain (and curvature) to a point where the bar or strand is capable of
developing the resulting reduced strain and force. The stress-strain relationship used for the concrete
where the maximum strain is less than the ultimate is the curve adopted by PCA as detailed in “Notes
on ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete”, PCA, 2002, pp. 6-10.
The above procedure is repeated for each bar or strand that may slip at each section. The larger flexural
resistance determined from each of the two approaches is taken as the final flexural resistance of the
section. The above method is based on the following paper as reference in ACI 318-02: “Strength of
Prestressed Concrete Members at Sections Where Strands Are Not Fully Developed”, L.D. Martin, W.J.
Korkosz, PCI Journal, Sept.-Oct. 1995, pp 58-66.
PCI had recently (2011) chosen to allow the assumption that slipped prestressing strand can carry a
load equal to the fully developed load determined from strain compatibility prorated (reduced) for for
the position within the bilinear strand development curve. See the PCI Design Handbook, 7th edition
and errata, section 5.2.3. Concise Beam includes a calculation option that allows for this choice. [I
currently have some doubts about this method and have chosen not to make it the default method for
slipped strands]
By default Concise Beam checks the minimum strength at all sections. PCI recommends checking the
minimum strength at the critical section only. If you want to check the critical point only then you can
select the "Check Minimum Strength at Critical Sections Only" option in the Calculation Options
(Flexure tab) dialog under the Options menu. I recommend using the default setting of checking all
sections.
The Minimum Strength Required curve is a representation of the minimum reinforcing requirement in
terms of bending strength. For non-prestressed beams this would be the requirement of ACI318-08
clause 10.5. Clause 10.5 requires a minimum amount of steel assuming the reinforcing is all placed at
the effective depth, unless 4/3Mu <= phiMn. This requirement is based on 1.2Mcr. In order to
generalize the reinforcing layout and to provide a limit in terms of bending strength, Concise Beam
uses the 1.2Mcr formulation. Therefore the Minimum Strength Required curve for non-prestressed
beams is the lesser of either 1.2Mcr or 4/3Mu as determined at each section of the beam. For
prestressed beams it would be clause 18.8.1 (1.2Mcr, unless 2Mu <= phiMn). The minimum
reinforcement requirement is intended to prevent flexural failure when the beam first cracks. In other
words the cracked strength of the beam needs to be greater than it's uncracked strength, unless there is a
large excess of capacity.
4.3.2 Vertical Shear Strength In Service
Shear Width
The shear width, bw, is estimated by Concise Beam when you create or edit a section. The user then
must confirm or edit the estimated value since they may have a more accurate value based on the actual
cross-section instead of the modelled cross-section. They may also want to account for the concrete in
the key between planks if it wasn't modelled as part of the section.
When estimating bw the approach detailed in 11.2.10.4 is used in all cases. The section properties
estimated by Concise are not code dependent. ACI defines bw as the web width, not necessarily the
minimum width. For instance you wouldn't use the width of the bottom of the stems in a double tee.
Concise Beam does implement CSA A23.3-04 clause 11.2.10.4 which averages the web width of a
tapered web of up to 20 degrees from vertical. Note that this calculation in Concise uses the 16 sided
circular void used to simulate an actual circle in Concise Beam. The web width calculation in Concise
is an approximation and needs to be confirmed by the user (the program will warn you of this when
you edit a section).
Limited Shear At Supports
Transverse Shear and Steel Design

Concise Beam calculates the shear capacity in accordance with the selected design code using a fixed
or variable angle truss model. The program assumes that the full length of the beam is a B-Region
(plane sections remaining plane under flexure). D-Regions where beam theory and the truss model is
not appropriate for local strength are not supported by Concise Beam. The user is required to perform
additional shear calculations, such as strut and tie, within D-Regions. For instance you will need to
perform a beam and strut analysis around large web openings, dapped end or for deep (short) shear
spans. For more information on designing for opening or the strut-and-tie method you should refer to
the following documents and their listed references;
• CPCI Design Manual, 4th Edition, section 3.10.3 (simple rules without strut-and-tie).
• PCI Design Handbook, 6th Edition, section 4.10.3
• NPCAA Precast Concrete Handbook, section 7.10
• CSA A23.3-04 clause 11.5
• CAN/CSA S6-06 clause8-10
• ACI318-02/05/08 Appendix A
• AS3600-01 clause 12.1.2
• NZS3101 Appendix A
• ACI publication SP-208 "Examples for the Design of Structural Concrete with Strut-and-Tie
Models"
Concise Beam does not account for any axial tension due to restrained creep or shrinkage, or the effect,
positive or negative, of inclined forces due to a variable depth member.
Specifying the stirrups is a two-step, or even three-step, process. You would normally leave the stirrup
spacing, or even leg size/number, blank and let Concise calculate what's required. You can then fill in
those details to let Concise give you a find capacity check.
The reduction in the shear strength is to avoid the need for minimum stirrups to satisfy 11.4.6.1.
11.4.6.1 essential requires that the factor of safety against failure be doubled if minimum stirrups aren't
provided no matter how the shear strength is calculated. If the shear strength is based on the minimum
concrete shear strength is would still need to satisfy the minimum stirrup requirements or have double
the factor of safety (or safety index).
If your beam is loading from the top and supported from below so that the beam is in compression over
the support you can select the "Support Regions in Compression" option in the Shear Reinforcing
dialog. This will cause the critical shear section, and critical torsion section, to move away from the
face of the bearing.
The report table will show note 5 for all sections within the critical shear section where the design shear
has been limited to the value at the critical section. Concise Beam calculates the critical shear location
and interpolates the applied shear at that point. This shear is the limiting design shear that is then used
for all sections between the critical shear location and the centre of the support. A section is not created
at the critical shear location since it's calculated after the load analysis. The graph displays the critical
shear location at the closest station.
The Section Type parameter is fairly new to Concise Beam and allows for the correct code provisions
being applied to the modelled beam. For instance ACI 318-08 has particular minimum shear steel
requirements for hollow-core slab. This parameter will also be used to apply special checks or design
facilities to particular section types. The use of this parameter hasn't yet been fully exploited in the
program. It is not currently used to locate the critical shear section. Using the section type to calculate
the critical shear section for IT or ledger beams is a good example of where it can be used.
The critical shear/torsion section isn't always dependent on the section type (e.g. a beam supporting a
crane rail below). Concise Beam relies on the user setting the "Support Regions in Vertical
Compression (i.e. loaded above and supported below)" option in the Shear Reinforcing dialog. This
option is selected by default giving a critical section at h/2 (or d) unless a point load occurs near the
support. Turning this option off will take the critical shear section at the face of the support.
ACI 318-08 introduced a new requirement for minimum shear steel in hollow-core (non-solid) deep
slabs/beams. Clause 11.4.6.1(b) requires minimum shear steel for hollow-core deeper than 320 mm
(non-composite depth) unless Vu is not greater than 0.5 phi Vcw (or Vc). Previous versions (before
version 4.58) of Concise Beam calculated the full concrete strength of the slab and warned if minimum
shear steel was required. Recent discussions within the CPCI Technical Committee, of which I'm a
member, as well as among some users, highlighted the unconservative concrete strength calculated by
ACI if shear steel is not provided. It was felt that the value of Vc calculated by Concise could not be
counted on unless shear steel was provided and it may lead some users to rely on that strength without
providing shear steel. In that situation I decided to reduce the concrete shear strength to 0.5 phi Vcw (or
0.5 phi Vc) unless minimum shear steel was actually specified, or the program was allowed to calculate
it to avoid an unconservative design.
Hollow-Core Fill Design

The Fill Strength is the compressive strength of the concrete fill or grout placed in the core voids. If
the same concrete used to precast the hollow-core plank is used for the fill it is usually watered down to
make it workable which will reduce it's strength. The fill is assume to be of normal density.
The method used to calculate the additional shear strength obtained by filling voids is not currently
addressed by the design codes supported in Concise Beam. In North America the most authoritative
method is "Web Shear Strength of Prestressed Concrete Members", R.G. Anderson, Concrete
Technology Associates, Technical Bulletin 85B1, Mar 1987. This method assumes that the additional
shear strength of the fill is added to the shear strength of the unfilled precast hollow-core plank (as
defined in the design code) and is based on the additional concrete area of the filled cores. The shear
strength equation is Vcore = (phi C 2 sqrt(f'c) Acore) [US CUSTOMARY UNITS], or Vcore = (phi C
1/6 sqrt(f'c) Acore) [METRIC] where Acore is the total area of the filled cores. The value of phi will be
dependent on the design code selected, being either a strength reduction factor or material resistance
factor.
A more recent method is defined in Eurocode Standard EN 1168:2005+A1:2008, "Precast Concrete
Products - Hollow Core Slabs", Annex F. This method also assumes that the additional shear strength of
the fill is added to the shear strength of the unfilled precast hollow-core plank (as defined in the design
code) and is based on the additional shear width of the filled cores and the shear depth. While this
method is designed to be used with Eurocode 2 it has been extended in Concise Beam to work with any
design code. The shear strength equation is Vcore = (phi C 2/3 bcore dv fctd), where bcore is the total
shear width of the filled cores and dv is the shear depth. The design tensile strength of the concrete, fctd
is defined in EuroCode 2 as,
• fctd = fctk,0.05 = 0.7 fctm
• where fctm = 0.30 (f'c)2/3 for f'c <= 50 MPa, or 2.12 ln(1 + (fcm / 10)) otherwise
• where fcm = f'c + 8.0 MPa
• where f'c is the 28 day concrete strength specified by the user.
The Anderson method is more conservative and is selected by default. The Calculation Method
control allows you to use either the Anderson or Eurocode method. The method is illustrated by the
Filled Core Strength Equation which calculates the additional shear strength provided by the concrete
fill. Since these methods are not proscribed by any of the design codes supported by Concise Beam an
additional user-defined factor C has been added to the strength equation. This allows the user to
customize the result of the selected equation. For instance an engineer may believe that the fill should
be treated as unreinforced plain concrete (i.e. ACI 318 section 22) which gives a shear strength of 4/3
sqrt(f'c) b h. In that case this engineer may use a value of 0.667 for C.
Concise Beams assumes that all segments of the beam are derived from the same basic hollow-core
section. A particular segment along the beam may use a reduced width section such as at an cut-out.
The reduced segment must be derived from the same basic section. Concise Beam will determine the
which segment uses the most full version of the basic section and use that as the reference section. The
reference section will be displayed in the section view of the dialog and the cores will be numbered in
relation to that reference section (the cores are numbered in the order they are defined in the section).
Concise Beam will automatically account for any sections which are reduced from the basic section
and the impact on the number of cores available to be filled at that reduced section. For instance you
may use a hollow-core plank with four cores (the full basic section and the reference section) and
specify that all cores are filled for the first 2 m from the left end. Your beam may then included a
reduced width version of the basic section from 1 to 3 m from the left end. The reduced section only
contains three cores. Concise Beam will automatically know that from 0 to 1 m the plank has four filled
cores, from 1 to 2m the plank has three filled cores, from 2 to 3 m the plank has three empty cores, and
for the remainder of it's length the plank has four empty cores.
Longitudinal Steel Check
4.3.3 Longitudinal Torsion In Service

Concise Beam assumes that only the precast section is reinforced against torsion in determining the
average prestress. Extending the torsional section to the composite section is difficult since there is
currently no way to model how much of the slab is enclosed within, or near, the torsional steel.
The torsional cracking moment, like the flexural cracking moment, is not dependent on the torsional
steel layout - just the gross section, accounting for effective widths.
The threshold torsion used in ACI 318, and elsewhere, is based on an idealized square tube. The value
used for fpc is intended to match that particular model. The code is quite specific that fpc is the axial
compression at the centroid of the composite section. From ACI 318-08, "fpc = compressive stress in
concrete (after allowance for all prestress losses) at centroid of cross section resisting externally applied
loads or at junction of web and flange when the centroid lies within the flange, psi. (In a composite
member, fpc is the resultant compressive stress at centroid of composite section, or at junction of web
and flange when the centroid lies within the flange, due to both prestress and moments resisted by
precast member acting alone), Chapter 11".
The definition for Acp is, "Acp = area enclosed by outside perimeter of concrete cross section, in.2, see
11.5.1, Chapter 11". I take that to be a geometric property which shouldn't be altered by transformation
in the same way that the beam depth isn't changed when transforming the composite section properties
for vertical bending (we conceptualize the section as being narrower but not shallower). While fpc is
calculated using the centroid of the transformed composite section I think this is a minor inconsistency
with the above definition where Acp is not transformed.
Concise Beam allows the user to select the compression strut angle for design where it's supported by
the selected design code.
Concise Beam also supports the Zia/Hsu torsion method, as an option, as recommended by PCI.
Limited Shear And Torsion At Supports
4.3.4 Horizontal Interface Shear In Service

Concise Beam supports two methods for horizontal shear that are quite different and can give different
results. You'll see a table for each in the Summary report as well as separate detailed reports. It is
personal preference which method you may want to follow thought it is prudent to satisfy both.
For either method Concise Beam will first check the interface for unreinforced strength and then with
minimum reinforcing. If the interface is still insufficient Concise Beam will then go on to determine the
amount of reinforcing across the interface is required using shear friction. When using shear friction
Concise Beam will account for the weight of the cast-in-place pour and any dead load applied after the
CIP has been placed.
The Sectional Design Method
The section design method (ACI 318 - 17.5.3 or A23.3 - 17.5.3) designs for the applied shear at a
section and assumes little slippage along the interface. The resulting tie distribution is directly related
to the applied shear distribution. This method designs for the actual vertical shear at each section where
the vertical shear stress is roughly equal to the horizontal shear stress. The use of V/bd to calculate the
stress partly accounts for the non-linearity of the shear stress (using VQ/Ib would be for fully linear
shear).
Only the results of the section method are shown in the graphs. I find the moment region method to be
less useful and am considering turning it off by default in the Summary Report to avoid confusion
between the differing results.
The Moment Region Development Method
The moment development method (ACI 318 - 17.5.4 or A23.3 - 17.5.4) designs for the transfer of the
axial force into the cast-in-place pour on either side of the point of maximum moment (maximum axial
force in the CIP pour). This force is transferred into the topping over a long length and assumes
sufficient slippage along the interface to mobilize all of the ties. Since this method considers the entire
interface it does not provide any guidance on the distribution of the ties directly. Instead some codes
(e.g. ACI 318 - 17.5.4.1) requires the ties to be distributed to reflect the shear force.
In the moment development method you could design the interface to develop either the full axial
capacity of the CIP pour or the axial force in the CIP pour derived from the applied moment. In positive
bending this force will be the portion of the axial compressive force, C, at the point of maximum
moment that's above the interface. If the depth of compression is less that the topping thickness then it's
the full compressive force. Some engineers prefer to design for the full capacity of the topping
regardless of the actual loading. By default Concise Beam uses the full axial capacity which makes this
method more conservative that the section method. You could optionally have Concise Beam use the
actual applied force/moment by deselecting the "Use the Ultimate Section Capacity for Horizontal
Shear (Moment Region Check)" option under the Shear tab of the Calculation Options dialog (Options
menu). This will give you the most similar results from the two methods.
I believe the second method was developed for composite steel construction where there is sufficient
slippage along the interface to mobilize all of the ties (usually studs). In that case the distribution of the
ties didn't matter much since all studs are stressed equally. In composite precast construction there is
little slippage along the interface therefore the ties are not stressed equally. This is the reason for clause
17.5.4.1. Where there are no ties the pre-cracked stress distribution would still not be even along the
interface. This isn't accounted for by ACI therefore I don't consider this method appropriate for
unreinforced interfaces.
Loov's method
4.4 Stability Checks
4.4.1 Lateral Stability During Lifting and Transportation

By default Concise Beam will use the standard PCI tolerance for sweep (1/8" per 10' = 0.001). You can
input any other value that you feel appropriate. Since the PCI tolerance accounts for long term creep (at
least until erection when it's made composite) only half of the input value for sweep is used at initial
lifting. The full value is used during transport and erection.
The dynamic effect accounts for impact, vibration, suction, etc. For the stress check (see stress at lifting
report) the dynamic effect is taken to be vertical (+/-). For lateral stability it's taken to be horizontal
which magnifies Mlat. Figure 3.9.2 of the CPCI Manual gives typical dynamic factors. You input the
dynamic effect as a percentage of the total weight (i.e. 20%) which is then converted into a multiplying
factor (i.e. +/-1.20).
By default Concise Beam will not perform the lateral stability test, saving users from having to provide
the required input if not needed. To perform the lateral stability test you have to check either or both of
the two options (lifting and truck transport) in the Handling dialog.
5 Technical References
5.1 Design Standards and Codes
• A1. CSA-A23.3-94 (Canadian concrete design standard for buildings)
• A2. CSA-A23.3-04 (Canadian concrete design standard for buildings)
• A3. CAN/CSA-S-6-06 (Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code)
• A4. ACI318-99 (American concrete design standard for buildings)
• A9. AS3600-2001 (Australian concrete design standard for buildings)
• A10. AS3600-2009 (Australian concrete design standard for buildings)
• A11. NZ3101.1:05 (New Zealand concrete design standard for buildings)
• A12. Eurocode Standard EN 1168:2005+A1:2008, "Precast Concrete Products - Hollow Core
Slabs", Annex F
5.2 Books and Manuals

• B1. "CAC Concrete Design Handbook, 3rd Edition", Concrete Association of Canada
• B2. "CPCI Design Manual, 3rd Edition", Canadian Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
• B3. "CPCI Design Manual, 4th Edition", Canadian Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
• B4. "PCI Design Handbook, 5th Edition", Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
• B7. "PCI Hollow Core Slabs Manual, 2nd Edition", Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute
• B8. "PCA Notes on ACI 318-08", Portland Cement Association
• B9. "NPCAA Precast Concrete Handbook, 1st Edition", National Precast Concrete Association
of Australia
• B10. "Creep of Plain and Structural Concrete", Neville, Dilger, and Brooks, Construction Press,
London, New York, 1983
• B11. "Prestressed Concrete Analysis and Design, Second Edition", A.E. Naaman, Techno Press
3000
• B12. "Reinforced & Prestressed Concrete, Analysis and Design with emphasis on application of
AS 3600-2009", Y-C Loo & S H Chowdhury, Cambridge
• B13. "Concrete Structures, Stresses and Deformations, Third Edition", A Ghali, R. Favre & M.
Elbadry, Spon Press
5.3 Articles and Reports

• C1. "Effect of Initial Strand Slip on the Strength of HollowCore Slabs", M.D. Brooks, K.H.
Gerstle, D.R. Logan, PCI Journal, Vol. 33, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1988, pp 90-111
• C2. "A Review of Strand Development Length for Pretensioned Concrete Members", C.D.
Buckner, PCI Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2, March-April 1995, pp 84-105
• C3. "Time-Dependent Stresses in Prestressed Concrete Sections of General Shape", M.
Kawakami, A. Ghali, PCI Journal, Vol. 41, No. 3, May-Jun 1996, pp 96-105
• C4. "Cracking, Ultimate Strength and Deformations of Prestressed Concrete Sections of
General Shape", M. Kawakami, A. Ghali, PCI Journal, Vol. 41, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1996, pp 114-
122
• C5. "Acceptance Criteria for Bond Quality of Strand for Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete
Applications", D.R. Logan, PCI Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2, Mar-Apr 1997, pp 52-90
• C6. "Strength of Prestressed Concrete Members at Sections Where Strands Are Not Fully
Developed", L.D. Martin, W.J. Korkosz, PCI Journal, Vol. 40, No. 5, Sep-Oct 1995, pp 58-66
• C7. "Analysis of Cracked Prestressed Concrete Sections: A Practical Approach", R. Mast, PCI
Journal, Vol. 43, No. 4, Jul-Aug 1998, pp 80-91
• C8. "Realistic Evaluation of Transfer Lengths in Pretensioned, Prestressed Concrete Members",
B.H. Oh, E.S. Kim, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 97, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2000, pp 821-830
• C9. "The Effects of As-Cast Depth and Concrete Fluidity on Strand Bond", R.J. Peterman, PCI
Journal, Vol. 52, No. 3, May-Jun 2007, pp 72-101
• C10. "Crack Width of Partially Prestressed Concrete Members", K.M. Suri, W.H. Dilger, ACI
Journal, Vol. 83, No. 5, Sep-Oct 1986, pp 784-797
• C11. "Steel Stresses in Partially Prestressed Concrete Members", K.M. Suri, W.H. Dilger, PCI
Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3, May-Jun 1986, pp 88-112
• C12. "Design for Torsion and Shear in Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members", P. Zia, T.T.C.
Hsu, PCI Journal, Vol. 49, No. 3, May-Jun 2004, pp 34-42 (discussion Vol. 49, No. 6)
• C13. "Shear Resistance of PHC Slabs Supported on Beams I : Tests", M. Pajari, H. Koukkari,
ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, Sep 1998, pp 1050-1061
• C14. "Shear Resistance of PHC Slabs Supported on Beams II : Analysis", M. Pajari, ASCE
Journal of Structural Engineering, Sep 1998, pp 1062-1073
• C15. "Resistance of Prestressed Hollow-Core Slabs Against Web Shear Failure", M. Pajari,
Espoo 2005, VTT Research Notes 2292
• C16. "Web Shear Strength of Prestressed Concrete Members", R.G. Anderson, Concrete
Technology Associates, Technical Bulletin 85B1, Mar 1987, 36 pages
• C17. "Shear Strength of Hollow-Core Slabs", N.M. Hawkins, S.K. Ghosh, PCI Journal, Vol. 51,
No. 1, Jan-Feb 2006, pp 110-114
• C18. "Experimental Investigation of the Web-Shear Strength of Deep Hollow-Core Units", K.D.
Palmer, A.E. Schultz, PCI Journal, Vol. 56, No. 4, Fall 2011, pp 83-104 (discussion Vol. 57, No.
3)
• C19. "Factors Affecting Web-Shear Capacity of Deep Hollow-Core Units", K.D. Palmer, A.E.
Schultz, PCI Journal, Vol. 55, No. 2, Spring 2010, pp 123-146
• C20. "Lateral Instability of Long-Span Prestressed Concrete Beams on Flexible Bearings", C.J.
Burgoyne, T.J. Stratford, The Structural Engineer, Vol. 79, No. 6, 20 March 2001, pp 23-26
• C21. "Stability of Precast Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders Considering Sweep and Thermal
Effects", A-H Zureick et al, Georgia DOT, GDOT Project No. 05-15, June 15, 2009
• C22. "Handling and Shipping of Long Span Bridge Beams", G, Laszlo, R.R. Imper, PCI
Journal, Vol. 32, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1987, pp 86-101
• C23. "Lateral Stability of Long Prestressed Concrete Beams, Part 1", R. Mast, PCI Journal, Vol.
34, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1989, pp 34-53
• C24. "Lateral Stability of Long Prestressed Concrete Beams, Part 2", R. Mast, PCI Journal, Vol.
38, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1993, pp 70-88 (discussion Vol. 39, No. 1)
• C25. "Lateral Stability of Long Precast Concrete Beams", T.J. Stratford, C.J. Burgoyne, Proc.
Instn Civ. Engrs Structs & Bldgs, 1999, 124, May, pp 169-180
• C26. "Stability Design of Long Precast Concrete Beams", T.J. Stratford, C.J. Burgoyne, Proc.
Instn Civ. Engrs Structs & Bldgs, 1999, 134, May, pp 159-168
• C27. "The Toppling of Hanging Beams", T.J. Stratford, C.J. Burgoyne, International Journal of
Solids and Structures 37 (2000), pp 3569-3589
• C28. "Load Distribution Test on Precast Hollow Core Slabs With Openings", T. Johnson, Z.
Ghadiali, PCI Journal, Vol. 17, No. 5, Sep-Oct 1972
• C29. "Load Distribution Tests on Precast Prestressed Hollow-Core Slab Construction", D.J.
LaGue, PCI Journal, Vol. 16, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1971, pp 10-18
• C30. "Tests to Determine the Lateral Distribution of Vertical Loads in a Long-Span Hollow-
Core Floor Assembly", D.W. Pfeifer, T.A. Nelson, PCI Journal, Vol. 28, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1983
• C31. "Precast, Prestressed Girder Camber Variability", M.K. Tadros, F. Fawzy, K.E. Hanna, PCI
Journal, Vol. 56, No. 1, Winter 2011
• C32. "A Rational Method for Estimating Camber and Deflection of Precast Prestressed
Members", L.D. Martin, PCI Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1977
• C33. "Horizontal Shear Strength of Composite Concrete Beams With a Rough Interface", R.E.
Loov, A.K. Patnaik, PCI Journal, Vol. 39, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1994
• C34. "Significance of Transformed Section Properties in Analysis for Required Prestressing", S.
Hennessey, M. Tadros, PCI Journal, Vol. 47, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2002
• C35. "Toward an Improved Understanding of Shear-Friction Behavior", Kent A. Harries,
Gabriel Zeno, and Bahram Shahrooz, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 109, No. 6, Nov-Dec 2012,
pp 835-844
• C36. "Effects of Production Practices On Camber of Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders",
Tyler K. Storm, Sami H. Rizkalla, and Paul Z. Zia, PCI Journal, Vol. 58, No. 1, Winter 2013
(discussion Vol. 58, No. 3)
• C37. "Estimating Prestress Losses", P. Zia, H.K. Preston, N.L. Scott, E.B. Workman, ACI
Concrete International, Vol. 11, No. 6, June 1979, pp 32-38
• C38. "A Probabilistic Comparison of Prestress Loss Methods in Prestressed Concrete Beams",
Christopher G. Gilbertson, and Theresa M. Ahlborn, PCI Journal, Vol. 49, No. 5, Sept-Oct.
2004, pp 52-69
• C39. "Prediction of Long-Term Prestress Losses", Samer A. Youakim, Amin Ghali, Susan E.
Hida & Vistasp M. Karbhari, PCI Journal, Vol. 52, No. 2, Mar-Apr. 2007, pp 2-16
• C40. "Estimating Prestress Loss in Pretensioned, High-Strength Concrete Members", Nabil Al-
Omaishi, Maher K. Tadros, and Stephen J. Seguirant, PCI Journal, Vol. 54, No. 4, Fall 2009, pp
132-159
• C41. "AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Provisions for Loss of Prestress", Brian
D. Swartz, Andrew Scanlon, and Andrea J. Schokker, PCI Journal, Vol. 57, No. 4, Fall 2009, pp
108-132 (discussion Vol. 58, No. 4)
• C42. "Prestressed Loss and Deflection of Precast Concrete Members", Maher K. Tadros, Amin
Ghali, and Arthur W. Meyer, PCI Journal, Vol. 30, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1985, pp 114-141
• C43. "Prestress Losses in Pretensioned High-Strength Concrete Bridge Girders", Maher K.
Tadros, Nabilal-Omaishi, Stephen J. Seguirant, and James G. Gallt, NCHRP Report 496, TRB
2003

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Concise Beam Technical Background (UNDER

1.2 Technical Basis

1.3 Analysis Method

1.4 Design Standards And Codes

1.5 Units Of Measure

1.6 Verification Of Results And The Verification Suite

2.2 Beam Segments

2.3 Concrete Materials

2.4 Support Conditions

2.4.1 Support Layout

2.4.2 Support Details

2.5 Simulating Continuity

2.6 Mild Reinforcing Steel

2.6.2 Longitudinal Rebar

2.6.3 Transverse Rebar (Stirrups)

2.6.4 Transverse Interface Ties

2.7 Prestressing Tendons

2.7.2 Tendon Profile

2.7.3 Prestress Loss

2.7.4 Transfer And Development Length

2.8 Design Parameters

2.8.2 Service Environment

2.9 Calculation Options

3.1 Analysis Effects

3.2 Analysis Stages

3.3.2 External Loads

3.3.3 Load Distributions

3.3.4 Load Cases

3.3.6 Load Envelopes

3.4. Analysis Sections

3.5 Section Properties

3.5.1 Uncracked Properties

3.5.2 Cracked Properties

4.1.1 Concrete Stresses

During Initial Lifting

During Transportation And Erection

4.1.2 Steel Stresses

Additional Rebar At Transfer

4.1.3 Deflection Estimate

Long-Term Deflection Growth

4.1.4 Crack Control And Crack Width Estimate

Partially Prestressed Concrete

4.2 Fatigue Limit State

4.2.1 Steel Stresses

4.3 Ultimate Limit State

4.3.1 Flexural Strength

4.3.2 Vertical Shear Strength In Service

Limited Shear At Supports

Transverse Shear and Steel Design

Hollow-Core Fill Design

Longitudinal Steel Check

4.3.3 Longitudinal Torsion In Service

4.3.4 Horizontal Interface Shear In Service

4.4 Stability Checks

4.4.1 Lateral Stability During Lifting and Transportation

5.2 Books and Manuals

5.3 Articles and Reports

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