Representation 2nd degree implicit representation:

ax2  2bxy  cy2  2dx  2ey  f  0

Non-parametric Explicit form:
form: y = f(X) y = mx + b

Implicit form: This form of the expression, with the

Parametric form:
f(x, y) = 0 coefficients, provide a wide variety of 2D
x = x(t)
curve forms called CONIC SECTIONS
y = y(t)

y
y
M
P(x, y) P(x, y)
O
F(a, 0) x y O
M x
P(x, y) F(-ae, 0)
PARABOLA F(ae, 0)

directrix O F(ae, 0) x directrix directrix

x= -a x= -a/e ELLIPSE
x= a/e

directrix
HYPERBOLA
x= -a/e
directrix
x= a/e
 CONIC SECTIONS

PARABOLA HYPERBOLA ELLIPSE Special Conditions:

y  4ax; a  0 x  y 2  1;
2 2
x 2 y 2

a 2 b2   1;
Focus : (a, 0); a 2 b2 If b2 = ac, the equation represents a
b 2  a 2 (e 2  1); PARABOLA;
a  b  0.
Directrix  a. e  1; Foci : (ae,0).
b2  a 2 (1  e 2 );
eccentricity,e 1 Directrices : x  a/ e; If b2 < ac, the equation represents
0  e  1. an ELLIPSE;
x  at2; y  2at. x  a sec(t ), Foci : (ae,0);
y  b tan(t ); If b2 > ac, the equation represents
or Directrices : x  a / e.
  / 2  t   / 2. a HYPERBOLA.
x tan2 (); x  a cos(t ),
Rectangular
y  b sin(t );
y  2 a tan(). Hyperbola :
t [ , ].
e  2;x  ct; y  c /t.

Quadratic spline
PARAMETRIC CUBIC Splines With 6 Polynomial
segments
x(t) axt 3  bx t 2  cxt  d x, Spline curve refers to
any composite curve, formed
y(t)  ayt 3  byt 2  c yt  d y, with Polynomial sections,
satisfying specific continuity
z(t)  azt 3  bzt 2  czt d z . conditions (1st and 2nd
derivatives) at the boundary
of the pieces.
P(t) x(t) y(t) z(t) T CF, .
With 7
ax ay az  Polynomial
b bz 
  by segments
where, T  t 3 t2 t 1 and CF  
x 
To solve for: cx cy cz 
d d z 
CF  T 1P;  x dy
What do you need ??
 CUBIC SPLINES 4
x(t)   Bix t i1
4
i 1
P(t)   B it i 1
;t i  t  t 2 . P(t) is the position
vector of any point 4
i 1
y(t)   Biy t t1  t  t 2 .
i1
on the cubic spline
segment. i1
4
z(t)   Biz t i1 Use boundary
conditions
P(t) = [x(t), y(t), z(t)] Cartesian i1
to evaluate the
coeficients
or [r(t), (t), z(t)] Cylindrical
P(t)  B1  B2t  B3t 2  B4 t 3 ,
or [r(t), (t), (t)] Spherical
t1  t  t 2

BEZIER CURVES A few typical examples of cubic polynomials for Bezier

•Basis functions are real

•Degree of polynomial is one less than the number of
points
•Curve generally follows the shape of the defining polygon
•First and last points on the curve are coincident with the
first and last points of the polygon
•Tangent vectors at the ends of the curve have the same
directions as the respective spans
•The curve is contained within the convex hull of the defining
polygon
•Curve is invariant under any affine
transformation.
 BEZIER CURVES
B1
B0
Equation of a parametric Bezier curve:
n
P(t)   Bi J n,i (t); 0  t  1
i0
Bi’s are called the control points;
Jn,i(t) is the ith, nth order Bernstein
function.
n is the degree of the defining
Bernstein basis function (polynomial
curve segment).
This is one less than the number of
points used in defining Bezier polygons.
where the Bezier or Bernstein basis or blending function is:
B2
Binomial Coefficients:
(ith, nth-order Bernstein basis function)
n
J (t)   t i (1 t) ni ;
B3 n,i
i
n n!
 
 i  i!(n i)!
Basis Splines (B-splines):
- a generalisation of a Bézier curve, avoids the Runge
phenomenon without increasing the degree of the B-spline
basis The red curve is the Runge (The Cauchy–Lorentz
distribution or Breit–Wigner distribution) function.
The blue curve is a 5th-order interpolating polynomial (using
six equally-spaced interpolating points).
The green curve is a 9th-order interpolating
polynomial (using ten equally-spaced
interpolating points).
At the interpolating points, the error
between the function and the interpolating
polynomial is (by definition) zero.
Between the interpolating points (especially in
the region close to the endpoints 1 and
−1), the error between the function and the
interpolating polynomial gets worse for
higher-order polynomials.
 Basis Splines (B-splines):
Limitations of Bezier Curves: • Degree is independent of the No. of control Points

-Not enough flexibility • Local Control over Shape

-Higher degree with more No. of control points • More complex than Bezier

Given m values , called knots, with

-Larger degree has instability, numerical errors, and
computational costly
a B-spline of degree n is a parametriccurve
- Not enough local control (global effect of change).
composed of linear combination of basis B-splines bi,n
( of degree n): 1  n  p;
- / * unnecessary
The Pi are called control points or de Boor points (there
are m-n-1 control points). A polygon can be constructed by
connecting the de Boor points with lines, starting with P0 and
finishing with Pm−n−2. This polygon is called the de Boor
polygon.

B-splines
QUADRIC SURFACES
Some trivial examples:

(x  a)2  ( y  b)2  (z  c)2  r 2 ;

OPEN CLOSED SPHERE
x  r.cos.cos ,  2     2
CLAMPED
The above figures have p control points (p=10) and n =
3. Then, m must be 14, so that the knot vector has 14 knots.
To have the clamped effect, the first n+1 = 4 and the last 4 y  r.cos.sin ,     
knots must be identical. The remaining 14 - (4 + 4) = 6 knots can be
anywhere in the domain (giving non-periodic structure). z  r.sin.
In fact, the central curve is generated with knot vector:
U = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.14, 0.28, 0.42, 0.57, 0.71, 0.85, 1, 1, 1, 1 }.
Note that except for the first four and last four knots, the General expression of a Quadric Surface
middle ones are almost uniformly spaced. In fact, the little triangles
are the knot points. Periodic structure gives closed curves. Avoid Ax 2  By 2  Cz 2  Dxy  Eyz  Fxz + Gx  Hy  Jz K=0.
multiplicty at ends for open unclamped curves.
 x y z SUPERELLIPSOID
( ) 2  ( ) 2  ( ) 2  1; x 2 y 2
s2
z 2
ELLIPSOID
a b c [( ) s2  ( ) s2 ] s1
 ( ) s1 1;
x  a.cos .cos  ,   2     2 a b c
y  b.cos .sin  ,       x  a.coss1 .coss2  ,   2     2
z  c.sin . y  b.coss1 .sin s1  ,      
 2 2
2 z  c.sin s1.
r   x    y    ( z ) 2 1;
 SUPERQUADRICS:
 a   b   c
TORUS 
x  a.(r  cos).cos,    
 y  b.(r  cos).sin,    
 z  c.sin.

Fine vertical wires behind the front glass of the display screen
Dot pitch
separate the different colors of phosphors into strips. These wires
The dot pitch specification for a display monitor tells you how sharp
are positioned such that an electron beam from one of three guns
the displayed image can be. The dot pitch is measured in
at the rear of the tube is only able to strike phosphors of the
millimeters (mm) and a smaller number means a sharper image.
appropriate color. That is, the blue electron gun will strike blue
phosphors, but will find a wire blocks the path to red and green
Shadow mask
phosphors.
A shadow mask is a metal plate punched with tiny holes that
separate the colored phosphors in the layer behind the front glass of
Slot mask
the screen. Three electron guns at the back of the screen sweep
A type of shadow mask used in CRTs. There are two methods.
across the mask, with the beams only reaching the screen if they
The first is the aperture grille used in Sony's Trinitron monitors,
pass through the holes.
which uses vertical phosphor stripes and vertical slots in the mask
compared to the traditional shadow mask that uses phosphor dots
Aperture grille
and round holes in the mask.The second is a combination of
An aperture grille is one of two major technologies used to
traditional shadow mask and aperture grille technologies used in
manufacture color cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions and computer
NECT's CromaClear monitors. Sometimes known as a slotted
displays; the other is shadow mask.
shadow mask, this mask uses elliptical holes and vertical phosphor
stripes