POWERING PROGRESS
TRAINING REPORT
SIX MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
AT
BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED
RANIPUR , HARIDWAR (UTTARAKHAND)
INTRODUCTION.
BHEL – An Overview.
TURBO-GENERATOR
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
BHEL was established more than 50 years ago when its first plant was setup in
Bhopal ushering in the indigenous Heavy Electrical Equipment Industry in India.
A dream which has been more than realized with a well recognized track record of
performance it has been earning profits continuously since 1971-72 and will
achieve a turnover of Rs 134,000 crore for the plan year 2012, showing a growth
of 50% in the plan. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited is country’s ‘Navratna’
company and has earned its place among very prestigious national and
international companies. It finds place among the top class companies of the world
for manufacture of electrical equipments.
BHEL caters to core sectors of the Indian Economy viz., Power Generation's &
Transmission, Industry, Transportation, Telecommunication, Renewable Energy,
Defense, etc. BHEL has already attained ISO 9000 certification for quality
management, and ISO 14001 certification for environment management and
OHSAS – 18001 certification for Occupational Health and Safety Management
Systems. The Company today enjoys national and international presence featuring
in the “Fortune International -500” and is ranked among the top 10 companies in
the world, manufacturing power generation equipment. BHEL is the only PSU
among the 12 Indian companies to figure in “Forbes Asia Fabulous 50” list.
Probably the most significant aspect of BHEL’s growth has been its
diversification .The constant reorientation of the organization to meet the varied
needs in time with a philosophy that has led to total development of a total
capability from concepts to commissioning not only in the field of energy but also
in industry and transportation.
In the world power scene BHEL ranks among the top ten manufacturers of power
plant equipments not only in spectrum of products and services offered, it is right
on top. BHEL‘s technological excellence and turnkey capabilities have won it
worldwide recognition. Over 40 countries in world over have placed orders with
BHEL covering individual equipment to complete power stations on turnkey basis.
BHEL – A BRIEF PROFILE
BHEL has:-
BHEL today is the largest Engineering Enterprise of its kind in India with
excellent track record of performance, making profits continuously since
1971-72.
➢ Industry
➢ Transportation
➢ Transmission
➢ Defenses etc.
The greatest strength of BHEL is its highly skilled and committed 60,000
employees. Every employee is given an equal opportunity to develop
himself and grow in his career. Continuous training and retraining, career
planning, a positive work culture and participative style of management all
these have engendered development of a committed and motivated
workforce setting new benchmarks in terms of productivity, quality and
responsiveness.
POWER SECTOR –
Power generation sector comprises thermal, gas, hydro and nuclear power plant
business .BHEL supplied utility sets accounts to 87,646 MW 65% of the total
installed capacity of 1,38,175 MW in the country , as against nil in 1969 -70.
As part of India’s largest Solar Power-based Island Electrification Project in India,
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) has successfully commissioned two
Grid-Interactive Solar Power Plants of 100 KW each in Lakshadweep.
With this, the company has commissioned a total of eleven Solar Power Plants in
the Lakshadweep islands, adding over 1 MW of Solar Power to the power
generating capacity of the coral islands in the Arabian Sea.
➢ BHEL has proven turnkey capabilities for executing power projects
from concept to commissioning and manufactures boilers, thermal
turbine generator sets and auxiliaries up to 500MW.
➢ It possesses the technology and capability to procure thermal power
generation up to 1000MW.
➢ Co- generation and combined cycle plants have also been
introduced.
➢ For the efficient use of high ash content coal BHEL supplies
circulating fluidized boiler.
➢ BHEL manufacturers 235MW nuclear sets and has also commenced
production of 500MW nuclear turbine generator sets.
Custom made hydro sets of Francis, pelton and kaplan types for different head
discharge combination are also engineering and manufactured by BHEL.
In, all 700 utility sets of thermal, hydro, gas and nuclear have been placed on the
company as on date. The power plant equipment manufactured by BHEL is based
on contemporary technology comparable to the best in the world and is also
internationally competitive.
The Company has proven expertise in Plant Performance Improvement through
renovation modernization and up rating of variety of power plant equipment
besides specialized know how of residual life assessment, health diagnostics and
life extension of plants.
POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D) ---
BHEL offer wide-ranging products and systems for T & D applications Products.
They manufactured include power transformers, instrument
transformers, dry type transformers, series – and shunt reactor,
capacitor tanks, vacuum – and SF6 circuit breakers gas insulated
switch gears and insulators.
INDUSTRY SECTOR –
BHEL is a major contributor of equipment and system to important industries like
–
➢ Cement
➢ Petrochemicals
➢ Fertilizers
➢ Steel papers
➢ Refineries
➢ Mining and telecommunication
BHEL has indigenously developed the state-of-the-art controlled shunt reactor (for
reactive power management on long transmission lines). Presently a 400 kV
FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) projects is under execution.
TRANSPORTATION—
BHEL is involved in the development design, engineering, marketing, production,
installation, and maintenance and after-sales service of Rolling Stock and traction
propulsion systems. In the area of rolling stock, BHEL manufactures electric
locomotives up to 5000 HP, diesel-electric locomotives from 350 HP to 3100 HP,
both for mainline and shunting duly applications. BHEL is also producing rolling
stock for special applications viz., overhead equipment cars, Special well wagons,
Rail-cum-road vehicle etc., Besides traction propulsion systems for in-house use,
BHEL manufactures traction propulsion systems for other rolling stock producers
of electric locomotives, diesel-electric locomotives, electrical multiple units and
metro cars. The electric and diesel traction equipment on India Railways are
largely powered by electrical propulsion systems produced by BHEL. The
company also undertakes retooling and overhauling of rolling stock in the area of
urban transportation systems. BHEL is geared up to turnkey execution of electric
trolley bus systems, light rail systems etc. BHEL is also diversifying in the area of
port handing equipment and pipelines transportation systems.
TELECOMMUNICATION-
BHEL also caters to telecommunication sector by way of small, medium and large
switching system.
VISION
World-class , innovative, competitive and profitable engineering enterprise
providing total global business solutions.
MISSION
The leading Indian engineering enterprise providing quality products systems and
services in the fields of energy, transportation, infrastructure and other potential
areas.
VALUES
➢ Meeting commitments made to external and internal customers.
➢ Foster learning creativity and speed of response.
➢ Respect for dignity and potential of individuals.
➢ Loyalty and pride in the company.
➢ Team playing
➢ Zeal to excel.
➢ Integrity and fairness in all matters.
ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STAGES:
MAIN PRODUCTS:
➢ Steam Turbines
➢ Hydro Turbines
➢ Gas Turbines
➢ Turbo Generators
➢ Medium Size Motors.
DIFFERENT BLOCKS AT HEEP-
PLANT FACILITES:
S.No. Area/ Block Major Facilities Products
1. Block –I Machine Shop., Turbo
babbiting, micalastic
impregnation etc.
machining, fabrication
INTRODUCTION---
➢ MACHINE SHOP.
➢ T/G ROTOR WINDING.
➢ H/G IRON ASSEMBLY.
➢ EXCITER.
➢ T/G STATOR WINDING.
➢ TOTAL IMPREGNATION TECHNIQUE.
➢ T/G IRON ASSEMBLY.
➢ T/G MAIN ASSEMBLY.
➢ L.S.T.G ROTOR WINDING.
➢ L.S.T.G STATOR WINDING.
➢ L.S.T.G MAIN ASSEMBLY.
➢ TEST BED.
TURBO GENERATOR
LSTG AREA
1. THRI
2. TARI
3. THDI
4. THDD
5. THDF
6. THFF
COMPONENTS OF T.G. :-
➢ STATOR –
1. Stator frame
2.Stator core
3.Stator winding
4.End covers.
➢ ROTOR –
1. Rotor shaft
2. Rotor windings
3. Rotor retaining rings
➢ BEARINGS
➢ COOLING SYSTEM
➢ EXCITATION SYSTEM
STATOR
The generator stator is a tight construction supporting and
enclosing stator winding, core and hydrogen cooling medium.
Hydrogen is contained within the frame and circulated by fans
mounted at either end of rotor. The generator is driven by a direct
coupled steam turbine at the speed of 3000 rpm.
STATOR FRAME
STATOR CORE:-
STATOR WINDING:-
B. Corona Protection:-
END COVERS:-
This section is present in BAY-1. Two no. core pits with core
building and pressing facilities are available in this section. The section
is also equipped with optical centering device, core heating installation
and core loss testing facilities.
Armature Section:-
Cooling:-
Heat losses arising in the generator are dissipated through hydrogen. The
heat dissipating capacity of hydrogen is eight times to that of air.
ROTOR
The moving or rotating part of generator is known as rotor. The axial length
of shaft of the rotor is very large as compared to its diameter in case of
turbo generators. It is coiled heavily (field coils) as it has to support large
amount of current and voltage. Rotor revolves in most generators at a
speed of 3000rpm. Field coils are wound over it to make the magnetic poles
and to maintain magnetic strength the winding must carry a very high
current. As current flows heat is generated, but the temperature has to be
maintained because as temperature raises problems with insulation
becomes more pronounced. With good design and great care this problem
can be solved.
ROTOR SHAFT:-
The rotor shaft is cold rolled forging 26N1 or MOV116 grade and it is
imported from Japan and Italy.
Rotor shaft is a single piece. The longitudinal slots are distributed over
its circumference. After completion, the rotor is balanced in the
various planes and different speed and then subjected to an over
speed test at 120% of rotor speed. The rotor consists of electrically
active portion and two shaft ends approximately 60 % of rotor body
circumference have longitudinal slots which hold the field winding.
Slots pitch is selected so that the two solid poles are displaced by 180
degree the rotor wedges act as damper winding within the range of
winding slots. The rotor teeth at the rotor body are provided in radial
and axial poles enabling cooling air to be discharged.
➢ SHAFT MACHINING:-
➢ SLOTTING:-
➢ ROTOR WINDING :-
Rotor winding involves coiling of rotor. It is a two pole rotor.
Rotor coils are made of pure copper + 0.2% silver, which has high
tensile as well as temperature bearing properties. The coil doesn’t
deform even at high temperatures as on adding silver the thermal stresses
are eliminated. Rotor winding is also known as field winding which is
wound in longitudinal slots in rotor.
To protect the rotor windings against the effects of centrifugal force and the
secured in slots with wedges.
Slot wedges are made of copper-nickel-silicon alloy featuring high
temperature resistance and high strength.
There is retaining ring, which protects the rotor from the impact of
centrifugal force on end windings.
Comprehensive tests such as ultrasonic examination and liquid penetration
examination are carried out in the coils.
To ensure low contact resistance, retaining rings are coated with nickel,
aluminum and silver by three step flame-spraying process.
ROTOR WINDING:-
The winding consist of several coils inserted into the slots and
the series connected such that two coils group to form one pole. Each
coil consist of several series connected turns each of which consist of
two half turns connected by brazing in end section. The individual turn
of coil are insulated against each other by interlayer insulation. L-
shaped strip of laminated epoxy glass fiber with nomex filter are used
for slot insulation.
The field winding consists of several series connected coils into the
longitudinal slots of body. The coils are wound so that two poles are
obtained. The solid conductors have a rectangular cross-section.
These coils are formed arranging together the 14 no. of strips which makes
a half of the coil which means that total 28 strips are used to make single
coil of the field winding.
Depending upon the type of cooling there are 8 solid and 6 hollow strips in
each half of the coil.
Then the coils placed in the slots and tighten up to prevent the loosening by
tightening rings.
There are 7 turns per pole per pitch and rotor of 210 MW is ready to
test.There is a slight difference in formation of coils 500 MW turbo-
generators.
Nitrogen test is also performed for cleaning and leakage purposes and
finally impregnating it through vacuum impregnation technique.
The vacuum impregnation technique is the latest technique to
insulate the windings of stator and not used in rotors of any of the
generators being used in the power plants nowadays.
The process above is discussed is also known as transposition, which
involves the bending of the strips used in forming the coil of either
rotor or stator.
Conductor material:-
Insulation:-
The insulation between the individual turns is made up of layer of glass
fiber laminate the coils are insulated from the rotor body with L-shaped strip
of glass fiber laminate with nomex interlines to obtain the required leakage
path between the coil and rotor body, thick top strips of glass fiber laminate
are inserted below wedge. The top strip are provided with axial slots of
same cross-section and spacing and used on the rotor winding.
ROTOR RETAINING RINGS –
ROTOR FANS –
The cooling air in generator is cold by two axial flow fans located
at the rotor shaft one at each end augment the cooling of the winding.
The blades of fan have threaded roots for screwed into the rotor shaft.
Blades are drop forged from aluminum alloy. Threaded root fastenings
permit angle to be changed. Each blade is screwed at its root with a
threaded pin.
BEARINGS –
Leads are run in axial direction from the radial bolt of the exciter
coupling. They consist of low semi-circular conductors insulated from
each other and from the shaft by a tube.
The field current leads are coupled with exciter leads through a
multi contact plug in which allows unobstructed thermal expansion of
field current.
ROTOR ASSEMBLY:-
Rotor winding assembly and rotor assembly and rotor assembly
like rotor retaining ring fitting. All these four assemblies are carried
out in a ROTOR ASSEMBLY SECTION present in BAY-1. This section
is also in a dust-proof enclosure with no. of rotators, rotor bars laying
facilities and MI heating and mounting of retaining rings.
MACHINE SECTION:-
VENTILATION SYSTEM-
COOLING SYSTEM –
EXCITATION SYSTEM:-
EXCITER:-
EXCITER ROTOR
1. rectifier wheels
2. three phase main exciter
3. three phase pilot exciter
4. Metering and supervisory equipment.
MACHINE SECTION:-
1. ANNEALING PROCESS:-
2.WINDING PROCESS:-
NOTE:-
3.BRAZING:-
4. PRESSING:-
4. FIXING:-
4. SEPARATION:-
** Again press the coil as in pt.5 & take out the coil from the press.
4. PICKLING:-
➢ Send the coil for pickling to block 4 & check the quality of
pickling.
➢ Press the coil again after pickling then remove pressure and
take out.
➢ Prepare end half turn as per drawing with template.
➢ Braze item 2 & 3 corresponding to the variant with end half turn
with brazing alloy
Ag 40 Cd.
4. FINISHING:-
4. INSULATION:-
IMPREGNATION SECTION:-
This section is equipped with electric drying ovens, Air drying booths, Bath
for armature / rotor impregnation. Rotors / armatures of AC and DC motors
are impregnated in this section.
BABBITING SECTION:-
This section is equipped with alkaline degreasing baths, hot and cold rinsing
baths, pickling baths, tinning bath, and electric furnaces and centrifugal
Shot Blasting
babbitting machines, Babbitting of bearing liners for Turbo generators,
Turbines, Hydro generators, AC motors and DC motors is carried out in this
section.
TEST STAND:
Turbo-generators Test Bed -The Test Bed for Turbo-generators and Heavy
motors is equipped with one no. 6 MW drive motor and a tests pit for
carrying out testing of Turbo-generators and Heavy motors. Open circuit,
short circuit, temperature rise, hydraulic and hydrogen leakage test etc., are
carried out here for Turbo-generators. AC motors up to 11 MVA capacity and
DC machines up to 5000 amps and 850 volt can also be tested. Two DC
drive motors of 2200 KW and one of 1500 KW are available for type testing
of motors. Data logging equipment is also available.
It is equipped with a 12 MW drive motor and two number test pits. Open
circuit ,short circuit , sudden short circuit , temperature rise , hydraulic &
hydrogen leakage tests are carried out here Large size Turbo-generators.
This test bed can presently test Tgs of unit capacity up to 500 MW. With
certain addition in facilities (Higher capacity Drive motor and EOT cranes
and modification in controls and auxiliary systems), Turbo-generators of unit
size up to1000 MW can be tested.
PURPOSE –
To check any leakage of gas from stator and rotor as if there is any
leakage of gas used for cooling such as hydrogen then it may cause
an explosion.
Testing of stator frame involves two types of testing:
Why do we call it bar: It is quite difficult to manufacture, handle and wind the
coil in stator slot of generator of higher generation capacity because of its bigger
size and heavy weight. That is why we make coil in two parts. One part is bottom
part of coil called bottom or lower bar and other part of coil is called top bar or
upper bar.
Insulation Classification:
Thermal classification of insulation depends upon the temperature withstand
capacity of the insulation.
Class- Y upto 90’c
Class- A upto 105’c
Class- E upto 120’c
Class- B upto 130’c
Class- F upto150’c
Class- H upto 180’c
Class- C > 180’c and upto 220’c
Type of generators:
The generator may be classified based upon the cooling system used in the
generator such as:
THRI
TARI
THDI
THDD
THDF
THFF
Resin system:
a) Rich resin or Thermoreactive insulation system: In this type of
insulation system the bond content in resin is 35-37%. The raw materials are
ready to use and require preservation and working on temperature 20-25’c.
its shelf life is one year when kept at temperature 20’c which could be
increased when kept at temperature of 5’c.
TURBO GENERATOR
Each conductor must be capable of carrying rated current without over heating.
The stator winding consists of two layers made up of individual bars. Windings for
the stators are made of copper strips wound with insulated tape which is
impregnated with varnish, dried under vacuum and hot pressed to form a solid
insulation bar. These bars are then placed in the stator slots and held in with
wedges to form the end turns.
These end turns are rigidly placed and packed with blocks of insulation material to
withstand heavy pressure.
The stator bar consists of hollow (in case of 500 MW generators) solid strands
distributed over the entire bar cross-section, so that good heat dissipation is
ensured. In the straight slot portion the strands are transposed by 540 degrees. The
transposition provides for mutual neutralization of the voltage induced in the
individual strands due to slot cross field and end winding flux leakage and ensure
that minimum circulating current exists. The current flowing through the
conductors is thus uniformly distributed over the entire cross section so that the
current dependent losses will be reduced.
The alternate arrangement of one hollow strand and two solid strands ensures
optimum heat removal capacity and minimum losses. The electrical connection
between top and bottom bars is made by connecting sleeve.
Class “F” insulation is used.
The no. of layer of insulation depends on machine voltage. The bars are brought
under vacuum and impregnated with epoxy resin, which has very good penetration
property due to low viscosity. After impregnation bars are subjected to pressure
with nitrogen being used as pressurizing medium (VPI process). The impregnated
bars are formed to the required shape on moulds and cured in an oven at high
temperature to minimize the corona discharge between the insulation and slot wall
a final coat of semiconducting varnish is applied to the surface of all bars within
the slot range. In addition all bars are provided with an end corona protection to
control the electric field at the transition from the slot to end winding. The bars
consist of a large no. of separately insulated strands which are transposed to
reduce the skin effect.
PROJECT:
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF 500 MW
TURBO-GENERATOR STATOR WINDING BAR-:-
✔ Transposition of conductor.
MFG PROCESS:
CUTTING:
This process is done by automatic 3-444CNC machine. In this process the pre
insulated copper conductor is cut into number of required length. Insulation is
removed from both ends of the conductor cut.
Lower Bar :
Conductor size 8*4.6*1.5 mm (Hollow)
8*2.8 mm (Solid)
L - 10200 mm c- 500 mm
Upper Bar :
U – 10050 mm c- 5 mm
8*1.3 mm (Solid)
4. Stack Consolidation :
The core part of the bar stack is pressed in press (closed box) under pressure
(varies from product to product) and temperature of 160 C for a given period. The
consolidated stack is withdrawn from the press and the dimensions are checked.
6. Forming :The straight bar stack is formed as per overhang profile (as per
design), The overhang portion is consolidated after forming.
7. Brazing of coil lugs :
For water cooled generator bars, the electrical connection contact and water box
for inlet and outlet of water are brazed.
11. Insulation:
The bar is insulated with the given number of layers to build the wall thickness of
insulation subjected to the generating voltage of the machine.
b) Micalastic system: In case of poor resin system the insulated bars are heated
under vaccum and the impregnated (dipped) in heated resin so that all the air gaps
are filled, layer by layer, with resin. Then extra resin is drained out and bars are
heated and baked under pressed condition in closed box fixture.
VPI Micalastic system: The bars already laid in closed fixture and full fixture is
impregnated (dipped) in resin and then fixture with box is baked under given
temperature for given duration.
VIP Micalstic system: The individual (separate) bar is heated in vaccum and
impregnated in resin. Then bar is taken out and pressed in closed box fixture and
then baked at given temperature for given duration.
13. Finishing:
The baked and dimensionally correct bars are sanded-off to smoothen the edges
and the surface is calibrated, if required, for the dimension.
ii) ECP (End Corona Protection) coating: The grey semi-conducting varnish is
applied at the bend outside core end of bars in gradient to prevent from discharge
and minimize the end corona.
15. Testing:
a) Tan@ test: This test is carried out to ensure the healthiness of dielectric
(Insulation) i.e. dense or rare and measured the capacitance loss.
b) H.V. Test: Each bar is tested momentary at high voltage increased gradually
to three times higher than rated voltage.
16. Dispatched for Winding :
The bars preserved with polythene sleeves to protect from dust, dirt, oil, rain etc
are send to Block-I (Electric Machines Production Block – I, Turbo Generators
and Hydro Generators) for winding.
REFERENCES